Essentials of Anaesthetic Equipment

Essentials of Anaesthetic Equipment gives a concise, easy to understand description of equipment and its use in anaesthesia, intensive care and pain relief. Written to provide the trainee anaesthetist with an attractive and modern introductory textbook of the equipment which is in current usage, it is superbly illustrated with colour photographs and simple diagrams. A glossary is included to define the large vocabulary of technical terminology. Anaesthetic and intensive care nurses and operating theatre practitioners will also find the book of value.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

Medical Gas Supply

1

(14)

Cylinders

2

(2)

Cylinder valves

4

(1)

Piped gas supply (piped medical gas and vacuum - PMGV)

5

(1)

Sources of supply

6

(3)

Entonox (BOX Medishield)

9

(1)

Compressed air

9

(1)

Centralized vacuum system

10

(5)

The Anesthetic Machine

15

(18)

Pressure gauge

17

(1)

Pressure regulator (reducing valve)

17

(2)

Second stage regulators and flow restrictors

19

(1)

One-way valve or backflow check valve

19

(1)

Flow control (needle) valves

19

(1)

Flowmeters

19

(1)

Vaporizers

20

(4)

Vaporizer filling devices

24

(1)

Non-return pressure relief safety valve

25

(1)

Emergency oxygen flush

25

(1)

Compressed oxygen outlet(s)

25

(1)

Oxygen supply failure alarm

26

(1)

Other modifications and designs

26

(1)

Anaesthesia in remote areas

27

(6)

Pollution in Theatre and Scavenging

33

(6)

Scavening

34

(2)

Cardiff Aldasorber

36

(3)

Breathing Systems

39

(16)

Properties of the ideal breathing system

40

(1)

Components of the breathing systems

40

(2)

Magill system (Mapleson A)

42

(1)

Lack system (Mapleson A)

43

(1)

Mapleson B and C systems

44

(1)

Bain system (Mapleson D)

44

(1)

T-piece system (Mapleson E and F)

45

(2)

The Humphrey ADE breathing system

47

(1)

Soda lime and circle breathing system

48

(7)

Tracheal and Tracheostomy Tubes and Airways

55

(18)

Tracheal tubes

56

(3)

Specially designed tracheal tubes

59

(1)

Tracheostomy tracheal tubes

60

(2)

Minitracheostomy and other emergency cricothyrotomy tubes

62

(1)

Double lumen endobronchial tubes

63

(1)

Endobronchial blocker

64

(1)

Oropharyngeal airway

65

(1)

Nasopharyngeal airway

65

(1)

Laryngeal mask

66

(7)

Masks

73

(8)

Face masks and angle pieces

74

(1)

Nasal masks (inhalers)

74

(1)

Catheter mount

75

(1)

Variable performance masks (medium concentration - MC)

75

(1)

Nasal cannulae

76

(1)

Venturi masks

76

(5)

Laryngoscopes and Tracheal Intubation Equipment

81

(8)

Laryngoscopes

82

(1)

Fibreoptic intubating laryngoscope

83

(1)

Magill forceps

84

(1)

Introducer, bougie, bite guard, local anaesthetic spray, Endotrol tube and Nosworthy airway

85

(1)

Cook retrograde intubation set

85

(4)

Ventilators

89

(14)

Manley MP3 ventilator

91

(1)

Penlon Anaesthesia Nuffield Ventilator Series 200

91

(2)

Bag in bottle ventilator

93

(1)

Siemens Servo 900 C ventilator

94

(1)

High frequency jet ventilator

95

(2)

VentiPAC

97

(1)

Venturi injector device

98

(1)

Ambu bag

98

(1)

PEEP valve

99

(1)

External low and high frequency oscillator (Hayek oscillator)

100

(3)

Humidification and Filtration

103

(8)

Heat and moisture exchanger (HME) humidifiers

104

(1)

Hot water bath humidifier

104

(2)

Nebulizers

106

(1)

Bacterial and viral filters

107

(4)

Non-Invasive Monitoring

111

(22)

Integrated monitoring

112

(1)

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

112

(1)

Arterial blood pressure

113

(2)

Pulse oximetry

115

(2)

End-tidal carbon dioxide

117

(3)

Oxygen concentration analysers

120

(1)

Inhalational agent concentration analysers

121

(1)

Wright respirometer

122

(1)

Pneumotachograph

123

(1)

Combined pneumotachograph and Pitot tube

123

(1)

Ventilator alarms

124

(1)

Peripheral nerve stimulators

125

(8)

Invasive Monitoring

133

(16)

Invasive arterial pressure monitoring

134

(2)

Central venous catheterization and pressure (CVP)

136

(3)

Balloon-tipped flow-guided pulmonary artery catheter

139

(2)

Oesophageal Doppler haemodynamic measurement

141

(1)

Temperature probes

142

(7)

Pain Management and Regional Anaesthesia

149

(12)

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

150

(1)

Epidural needles

151

(2)

Epidural catheter, filter and syringe

153

(1)

Spinal needles

154

(1)

Nerve block needles

155

(2)

Nerve stimulator for nerve blocks

157

(4)

Additional Equipment Used in anaesthesia and Intensive Care

161

(14)

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

162

(1)

Haemofiltration

162

(2)

Arterial blood gases analyser

164

(1)

Polarographic (Clark) oxygen electrode

164

(1)

pH electrode

165

(2)

Carbon dioxide electrode

167

(1)

Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP)

167

(1)

Intravenous giving sets

168

(1)

Intravenous cannulae

169

(1)

Blood warmers

169

(1)

Forced air warmers

170

(1)

Defibrillator

170

(5)

Electrical Safety

175

(11)

Principles of electricity

176

(1)

Identification of medical electrical equipment

176

(3)

Maintenance of equipment

179

(1)

Hazards of electrical shock

179

(1)

Diathermy

180

(1)

Static electricity

180

(6)

Appendix A Checklist for Anaesthetic Apparatus

186

(4)

Appendix B Recommendations for Standards of Monitoring During Anaesthesia and Recovery

190

(6)

Appendix C Graphical Symbols for Use in Labelling Medical Devices

196

(1)

Appendix D Directory of Manufacturers

197

(2)

Glossary

199

(4)

Index

203

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