Essentials of Exercise Physiology

by McArdle, William D.; Katch, Frank I.; Katch, Victor L.

• ISBN13: 9780683305074
• ISBN10: 0683305077
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Summary

Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing. Text, for students, includes the fundamental aspects of exercise physiology. Discusses basic and applied exercise physiology and information important to health-related professionals. Previous edition: c1994. Includes The Student Study Guide and Workbook. Softcover.

Table of Contents

Section 1: Introduction to Exercise Physiology	3	(38)
Origins of Exercise Physiology: Foundations for the Field of Study	5	(33)
Earliest Development	8	(1)
Early United States Experience	8	(10)
Contributions of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory (1927--1946)	18	(1)
Nordic Connection (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland)	19	(3)
Other Contributors to Exercise Physiology	22	(1)
Contemporary Developments	22	(1)
A Common Link	23	(2)
General Goals of Science	25	(1)
Hierarchy in Science	25	(1)
Casual and Causal Relationships	26	(3)
Factors That Affect Relationships Among Variables	29	(3)
Establishing Laws	32	(1)
Developing Theories	32	(1)
Certainty of Science	33	(1)
Publishing Results of Experiments	34	(1)
Empirical vs. Theoretical Research; Basic vs. Applied Research	34	(2)
Thought Questions	36	(1)
Selected References	37	(1)
Section 2: Nutrition and Energy Transfer	38	(190)
Macronutrients and Food Energy	40	(27)
Carbohydrates	41	(6)
Lipids	47	(4)
Proteins	51	(5)
Recommended Dietary Allowance	56	(5)
Calorie---A Measurement of Food Energy	61	(1)
Gross Energy Value of Foods	61	(1)
Net Energy Value of Foods	62	(3)
Calories Equal Calories	65	(1)
Thought Questions	65	(1)
Selected References	66	(1)
Micronutrients and Water	67	(28)
Vitamins	68	(6)
Vitamin Supplements: The Competitive Edge?	74	(1)
Minerals	75	(7)
Minerals and Exercise Performance	82	(2)
Water in the Body	84	(2)
Water Requirement in Exercise	86	(6)
Thought Questions	92	(1)
Selected References	93	(2)
Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer	95	(29)
Adenosine Triphosphate: The Energy Currency	98	(2)
Phosphocreatine: The Energy Reservoir	100	(1)
Intramuscular High-Energy Phosphates	101	(1)
Energy Source Important	101	(1)
Cellular Oxidation	102	(3)
Energy Release From Carbohydrate	105	(7)
Energy Release From Fat	112	(2)
Energy Release From Protein	114	(2)
The Metabolic Mill	116	(1)
Fats Burn in a Carbohydrate Flame	116	(1)
Regulation of Energy Metabolism	117	(1)
Acid-Base Regulation and pH	118	(2)
Buffering and Strenuous Exercise	120	(2)
Thought Questions	122	(1)
Selected References	122	(2)
Human Energy Transfer During Exercise	124	(18)
Immediate Energy: The ATP-PCr System	125	(1)
Short-Term Energy: The lactic Acid System	126	(1)
Long-Term Energy: The Aerobic System	127	(5)
Fast-and Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers	132	(1)
Energy Spectrum of Exercise	132	(3)
Oxygen Uptake During Recovery: The So-Called ``Oxygen Debt''	135	(6)
Thought Questions	141	(1)
Selected References	141	(1)
Measurement of Human Energy Expenditure	142	(12)
Heat Produced by the Body	143	(5)
Direct Versus Indirect Calorimetry	148	(1)
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)	148	(1)
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (R)	149	(3)
Thought Questions	152	(1)
Selected References	153	(1)
Energy Expenditure During Rest and Physical Activity	154	(25)
Energy Expenditure at Rest: Basal Metabolic Rate	155	(1)
Influence of Body Size on Resting Metabolism	156	(1)
Estimating Resting Daily Energy Expenditure	157	(1)
Factors Affecting Energy Expenditure	157	(5)
Energy Cost of Recreational and Sport Activities	162	(1)
Average Daily Rates of Energy Expenditure	163	(1)
Classification of Work	163	(3)
Economy of Movement	166	(1)
Mechanical Efficiency	167	(1)
Energy Expenditure During Walking	168	(2)
Energy Expenditure During Running	170	(4)
Energy Expenditure During Swimming	174	(3)
Thought Questions	177	(1)
Selected References	178	(1)
Evaluating Energy-Generating Capacities During Exercise	179	(27)
Overview of Energy Transfer Capacity During Exercise	180	(1)
Anaerobic Energy: Immediate and Short-Term Energy Systems	181	(7)
Aerobic Energy: Long-Term Energy System	188	(1)
Maximal Oxygen Uptake Measurement	189	(9)
Maximal Oxygen Uptake Predictions	198	(6)
Thought Questions	204	(1)
Selected References	205	(1)
Optimal Nutrition for Exercise and Sport	206	(22)
Nutrient Requirements	207	(2)
Exercise and Food Intake	209	(5)
The Precompetition Meal	214	(2)
Carbohydrate Intake Before, During, and After Intense Exercise	216	(2)
Glucose Intake, Electrolytes, and Water Uptake	218	(1)
Recommended Oral Rehydration Beverage	219	(1)
Post-Exercise Carbohydrate Intake	219	(2)
Carbohydrate Needs in Intense Training	221	(1)
Diet, Glycogen Stores, and Endurance	221	(3)
Carbohydrate Loading	224	(1)
Thought Questions	225	(1)
Selected References	226	(2)
Section 3: The Physiologic Support Systems	228	(126)
The Pulmonary System and Exercise	230	(32)
Anatomy of Ventilation	231	(3)
Lung Volumes and Capacities	234	(3)
Pulmonary Ventilation	237	(2)
Disruptions in Normal Breathing Patterns	239	(2)
Respired Gases: Concentrations and Partial Pressures	241	(1)
Movement of Gas in Air and Fluids	242	(1)
Gas Exchange in the Body	243	(2)
Oxygen Transport in the Blood	245	(3)
Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood	248	(2)
Ventilatory Control	250	(2)
Ventilatory Control in Exercise	252	(2)
Pulmonary Ventilation and Energy Demands	254	(4)
Does Ventilation Limit Aerobic Capacity?	258	(2)
Thought Questions	260	(1)
Selected References	261	(1)
The Cardiovascular System and Exercise	262	(34)
Components of the Cardiovascular System	264	(4)
Blood Pressure	268	(3)
Heart's Blood Supply	271	(4)
Heart Rate Regulation	275	(5)
Blood Distribution	280	(2)
Integrated Response in Exercise	282	(2)
Cardiac Output	284	(1)
Resting Cardiac Output	285	(1)
Exercise Cardiac Output	285	(1)
Exercise Stroke Volume	286	(2)
Exercise Heart Rate	288	(1)
Cardiac Output Distribution	288	(1)
Cardiac Output and Oxygen Transport	289	(1)
Extraction of Oxygen: The a-vO2 Difference	290	(1)
Cardiovascular Adjustments to Upper-Body Exercise	291	(1)
``Athlete's Heart''	292	(2)
Thought Questions	294	(1)
Selected References	294	(2)
The Neuromuscular System and Exercise	296	(32)
Neuromotor System Organization	297	(10)
Motor Unit Physiology	307	(3)
Proprioceptors in Muscles, Joints, and Tendons	310	(4)
Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle	314	(1)
Gross Structure of Skeletal Muscle	315	(1)
Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructure	316	(3)
Chemical and Mechanical Events During Contraction and Relaxation	319	(3)
Muscle Fiber Type	322	(4)
Thought Questions	326	(1)
Selected References	327	(1)
Hormones, Exercise, and Training	328	(26)
Endocrine System Overview	329	(1)
Endocrine System Organization	329	(2)
Resting and Exercise-Induced Endocrine Secretions	331	(3)
Anterior Pituitary Hormones	334	(2)
Posterior Pituitary Hormones	336	(1)
Thyroid Hormones	337	(1)
Parathyroid Hormone	337	(1)
Adrenal Hormones	338	(2)
Pancreatic Hormones	340	(2)
Diabetes Mellitus	342	(4)
Endurance Training and Endocrine Function	346	(5)
Resistance Training and Endocrine Function	351	(1)
Thought Questions	352	(1)
Selected References	352	(2)
Section 4: Exercise Training and Adaptations in Functional Capacity	354	(72)
Training the Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy Systems	356	(32)
Training Must Focus on Energy Requirements	357	(1)
General Training Principles	358	(2)
Anaerobic Training	360	(2)
Aerobic Training	362	(4)
Factors That Affect Aerobic Conditioning	366	(2)
Adaptations to Exercise Training	368	(7)
Formulating an Aerobic Training Program	375	(5)
Continuous Versus Intermittent Aerobic Training	380	(2)
Maintaining Aerobic Fitness	382	(1)
Exercise Training During Pregnancy	382	(4)
Thought Questions	386	(1)
Selected References	387	(1)
Training Muscles to Become Stronger	388	(38)
Foundations for Studying Muscular Strength	389	(1)
Measurement of Muscular Strength	390	(3)
Strength Testing Considerations	393	(1)
Training Muscles to Become Stronger	393	(6)
Gender Differences in Muscular Strength	399	(3)
Resistance Training for Children	402	(1)
Systems of Resistance Training	402	(9)
Neural Adaptations	411	(1)
Muscle Adaptations	412	(3)
Connective Tissue and Bone Adaptations	415	(1)
Cardiovascular Adaptations	415	(2)
Metabolic Stress of Resistance Training	417	(2)
Body Composition Adaptations	419	(1)
Muscle Soreness and Stiffness	419	(5)
Thought Questions	424	(1)
Selected References	425	(1)
Section 5: Factors Affecting Physiological Function, Energy Transfer, and Exercise Performance	426	(72)
Environment and Exercise	428	(33)
Thermoregulation	429	(1)
Thermal Balance	429	(1)
Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Temperature	430	(1)
Thermoregulation in Cold Stress	431	(1)
Thermoregulation in Heat Stress	431	(3)
Integration of Heat Dissipating Mechanisms	434	(1)
Effects of Clothing on Thermoregulation	434	(3)
Nutritional Aspects of Exercise in Extreme Environments	437	(1)
Exercise in the Heat	438	(1)
Circulatory Adjustments	438	(1)
Core Temperature During Exercise	439	(1)
Water Loss in the Heat	439	(4)
Factors That Improve Heat Tolerance	443	(3)
Evaluating Environmental Heat Stress	446	(1)
Exercise in the Cold	447	(1)
Evaluating Environmental Cold Stress	447	(2)
Stress of Altitude	449	(1)
Acclimatization	450	(3)
Altitude-Related Medical Problems	453	(2)
Exercise Capacity at Altitude	455	(1)
Altitude Training and Sea Level Performance	456	(2)
Thought Questions	458	(1)
Selected References	459	(2)
Ergogenic Aids	461	(37)
Anabolic Steroids	463	(3)
Androstenedione: A Legal Supplement in Some Sports	466	(2)
Clenbuterol: Anabolic Steroid Substitute	468	(1)
Growth Hormone: The Next Magic Pill?	469	(1)
DHEA: New Drug On the Circuit	469	(2)
Amphetamines	471	(1)
Caffeine	471	(5)
Alcohol	476	(2)
Pangamic Acid	478	(1)
Buffering Solutions	478	(2)
Phosphate Loading	480	(1)
Anti-Cortisol Producing Compounds	480	(1)
Chromium	481	(3)
Creatine	484	(5)
Red Blood Cell Reinfusion	489	(2)
Warm-Up	491	(1)
Breathing Hyperoxic Gas	492	(3)
Thought Questions	495	(1)
Selected References	495	(3)
Section 6: Optimizing Body Composition, Aging, and Health-Related Exercise Benefits	498	(165)
Body Composition: Components, Assessment, and Human Variability	500	(28)
Gross Composition of the Human Body	501	(4)
Leaness, Exercise, and Menstrual Irregularities	505	(1)
Methods to Assess Body Size and Composition	506	(12)
Body Mass Index	518	(2)
Average Values for Body Composition	520	(2)
Body Composition of Champion Athletes	522	(4)
Thought Questions	526	(1)
Selected References	526	(2)
Obesity, Exercise, and Weight Control	528	(26)
Obesity: A Long-Term Process	529	(1)
Not Necessarily Overeating	529	(3)
Health Risks of Obesity	532	(1)
How Fat is Too Fat?	533	(7)
The Energy Balance Equation	540	(1)
Dieting to Tip the Energy Balance Equation	541	(4)
Exercising to Tip the Energy Balance Equation	545	(4)
Diet Plus Exercise: The Ideal Combination	549	(1)
Gaining Weight	550	(2)
Thought Questions	552	(1)
Selected References	552	(2)
Exercise, Aging, and Cardiovascular Health	554	(33)
Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health	555	(1)
Safety of Exercising	556	(1)
The New Gerontology	557	(1)
Concept of Successful Aging	558	(1)
Aging and Bodily Function	558	(10)
Regular Exercise: A Fountain of Youth?	568	(3)
Coronary Heart Disease	571	(3)
Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease	574	(8)
Behavioral Changes Improve Overall Health Profile	582	(1)
Thought Questions	583	(1)
Selected References	584	(3)
Clinical Exercise Physiology for Health-Related Professionals	587	(76)
The Exercise Physiologist/Health-Fitness Professional In the Clinical Setting	588	(1)
Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology: A Vital Link	588	(2)
Training and Certification by Professional Organizations	590	(3)
Exercise Programs for Special Populations	593	(1)
Oncology	593	(2)
Cardiovascular Diseases	595	(3)
Cardiac Disease Assessment	598	(7)
Stress Test Protocols	605	(1)
Maximal Treadmill, Cycle Ergometer, and Swimming Tests	606	(1)
Safety of Stress Testing	607	(3)
Exercise-Induced Indicators of CHD	610	(1)
Invasive Physiologic Tests	611	(1)
Patient Classification for Cardiac Rehabilitation	611	(1)
Phases of Cardiac Rehabilitation	612	(1)
Exercise Prescription	612	(2)
The Rehabilitation Program	614	(2)
Cardiac Medications	616	(1)
Pulmonary Diseases	616	(8)
Pulmonary Assessments	624	(1)
Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Exercise Prescription	625	(1)
Pulmonary Medications	626	(2)
Thought Questions	628	(1)
Selected References	628	(4)
Appendices
A. Reliable Information Resources and Exercise Physiology	632	(3)
B. The Internet and Exercise Physiology	635	(10)
C. The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology	645	(3)
D. Metabolic Computations in Open-Circuit Spirometry	648	(5)
E. Frequently Cited Journals in Exercise Physiology	653	(1)
F. Evaluation of Body Composition---Girth Method	654	(7)
G. Evaluation of Body Composition---Skinfold Method	661	(2)
Index	663