Essentials of Fire Fighting

by Hall, Richard; Ifsta Committee; Adams, Barbara; International Fire Service Training Association

• ISBN13: 9780879391492
• ISBN10: 0879391499
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-06-01
• Publisher: Rittenhouse Book Distributors

Table of Contents

NFPA 1001 References Within Essentials of Fire Fighting	xxiii
Preface	xxiv
Introduction	1	(676)
Scope and Purpose	2	(1)
Gender Usage	2	(3)
Firefighter Orientation and Safety	5	(28)
Introduction	5	(1)
Fire Department Organization	5	(7)
Organizational Principles	5	(2)
Unity of Command	7	(1)
Span of Control	7	(1)
Division of Labor	7	(1)
Discipline	7	(1)
Fire Companies	7	(1)
Fire Department Personnel	8	(1)
Firefighter I and Firefighter II	8	(1)
Other Fire Department Personnel	9	(1)
Special Operations Personnel	10	(1)
Fire Prevention Personnel	11	(1)
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Personnel	11	(1)
Training Personnel	12	(1)
Fire Department Regulations	12	(2)
Policies and Procedures	12	(1)
Standard Operating Procedures	12	(2)
Incident Management System	14	(5)
Components of the IMS	14	(1)
Overview	14	(1)
Command	14	(1)
Operations	15	(1)
Planning	15	(1)
Logistics	15	(1)
Finance/Administration	15	(1)
IMS Terms	15	(1)
Command	15	(1)
Division	15	(1)
Group	16	(1)
Sector	16	(1)
Supervisor	16	(1)
Incident Action Plan	16	(1)
Incident Commander	16	(1)
Resources	16	(1)
Implementing the System	16	(1)
Transfer of Command	17	(1)
Command and Control of the Incident	18	(1)
Notification That Command Has Transferred	18	(1)
Building the Organization	18	(1)
Tracking Resources	18	(1)
Terminating the Incident	18	(1)
Interacting With Other Organizations	19	(1)
Emergency Medical Services	19	(1)
Hospitals	19	(1)
Law Enforcement	19	(1)
Utility Companies	20	(1)
Other Agencies	20	(1)
Firefighter Safety	20	(3)
Safety Standards for the Fire Service	21	(1)
Employee Interest	21	(1)
Firefighter Health Considerations	22	(1)
Employee Assistance Programs	22	(1)
Safety on the Apparatus	23	(1)
Safety in the Fire Station	24	(3)
Personal Safety	25	(1)
Tool and Equipment Safety	26	(1)
Hand Tools	26	(1)
Power Tools	26	(1)
Power Saws	27	(1)
Safety in Training	27	(1)
Maintaining Personal Safety	28	(1)
Maintaining and Servicing Equipment	28	(1)
Emergency Scene Safety	28	(5)
Crowd Control	29	(1)
Personnel Accountability System	29	(1)
Tag System	30	(1)
SCBA Tag System	30	(3)
Fire Behavior	33	(32)
Introduction	33	(1)
Physical Science	33	(7)
Measurement Systems	33	(1)
Energy and Work	34	(1)
Power	35	(1)
Heat and Temperature	35	(1)
Transmission of Heat	36	(1)
Conduction	36	(1)
Convection	37	(1)
Radiation	37	(1)
Matter	38	(1)
Conservation of Mass and Energy	39	(1)
Chemical Reactions	39	(1)
Combustion	40	(1)
Fire Tetrahedron	40	(13)
Oxygen (Oxidizing Agent)	41	(1)
Fuel	42	(3)
Heat	45	(2)
Self-Sustained Chemical Reaction	47	(1)
Fire Development	48	(1)
Ignition	48	(1)
Growth	49	(1)
Flashover	49	(2)
Fully Developed	51	(1)
Decay	51	(1)
Factors that Affect Fire Development	52	(1)
Special Considerations	53	(3)
Flameover/Rollover	53	(1)
Thermal Layering of Gases	53	(1)
Backdraft	54	(1)
Products of Combustion	55	(1)
Fire Extinguishment Theory	56	(2)
Temperature Reduction	56	(1)
Fuel Removal	56	(1)
Oxygen Exclusion	57	(1)
Chemical Flame Inhibition	57	(1)
Classification of Fires	58	(3)
Class A Fires	58	(1)
Class B Fires	58	(1)
Class C Fires	58	(1)
Class D Fires	59	(2)
End Notes	61	(1)
Other References	61	(4)
Building Construction	65	(14)
Introduction	65	(1)
Types of Building Construction	65	(2)
Type I (Fire-Resistive) Contruction	65	(1)
Type II (Noncombustible or Limited Combustible) Construction	66	(1)
Type III (Ordinary) Construction	66	(1)
Type IV (Heavy Timber) Construction	67	(1)
Type V (Wood-Frame) Construction	67	(1)
Effects of Fire on Common Building Materials	67	(4)
Wood	68	(1)
Masonry	69	(1)
Cast Iron	69	(1)
Steel	70	(1)
Reinforced Concrete	70	(1)
Gypsum	71	(1)
Glass/Fiberglass	71	(1)
Firefighter Hazards Related to Building Construction	71	(8)
Dangerous Building Conditions	71	(1)
Fire Loading	72	(1)
Combustible Furnishings and Finishes	72	(1)
Roof Coverings	72	(1)
Wooden Floors and Ceilings	73	(1)
Large, Open Spaces	73	(1)
Building Collapse	73	(1)
Lightweight and Truss Construction Hazards	74	(2)
Construction, Renovation, and Demolition Hazards	76	(3)
Firefighter Personal Protective Equipment	79	(46)
Introduction	79	(1)
Personal Protective Clothing	80	(7)
Helmets	81	(1)
Eye Protection	81	(1)
Hearing Protection	82	(1)
Protective Hoods	82	(1)
Firefighter Protective Coats	83	(1)
Firefighter Protective Trousers	83	(1)
Hand Protection	84	(1)
Foot Protection	84	(1)
Wildland Personal Protective Clothing	85	(1)
Station/Work Uniforms	86	(1)
Care of Personal Protective Clothing	86	(1)
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus	87	(13)
Respiratory Hazards	87	(1)
Oxygen Deficiency	87	(1)
Elevated Temperatures	88	(1)
Smoke	88	(1)
Toxic Atmospheres Associated With Fire	88	(3)
Toxic Atmospheres Not Associated With Fire	91	(2)
Protective Breathing Apparatus Limitations	93	(1)
Limitations of Wearer	93	(1)
Limitations of Equipment	94	(1)
Limitations of Air Supply	94	(1)
Types of Breathing Apparatus	95	(1)
Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus	95	(4)
Open-Circuit Airline Equipment	99	(1)
Closed-Circuit Breathing Apparatus	99	(1)
Mounting Protective Breathing Apparatus	99	(1)
Personal Alert Safety Systems	99	(1)
Donning and Doffing Protective Breathing Apparatus	100	(5)
General Donning Considerations	101	(1)
Donning From a Storage Case	101	(1)
Donning From a Seat Mount	102	(1)
Side or Rear Mount	102	(1)
Compartment or Backup Mount	103	(1)
Donning the Facepiece	103	(1)
Doffing SCBA	104	(1)
Inspection and Maintenance of Protective Apparatus	105	(2)
Daily/Weekly Inspections	105	(1)
Monthly Inspection and Maintenance	106	(1)
Annual Inspection and Maintenance	106	(1)
Reservicing Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Cylinders	106	(1)
Using Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus	107	(4)
Safety Precautions for SCBA Use	107	(1)
Emergency Situations	108	(1)
Special Uses of SCBA	109	(1)
Operating in Areas of Obscured Visibility	109	(1)
Exiting Areas With Restricted Openings Under Emergency Circumstances	109	(1)
Changing Cylinders	110	(1)
Skill Sheets	111	(14)
Portable Extinguishers	125	(22)
Introduction	125	(1)
Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers	125	(8)
Pump-Tank Water Extinguishers	127	(1)
Stored-Pressure Water Extinguishers	127	(1)
Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Extinguishers	128	(1)
Halon Extinguishers	128	(1)
Halon 1211	129	(1)
Halon 1301	129	(1)
Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers	129	(1)
Dry Chemical Extinguishers	130	(1)
Handheld Units	131	(1)
Wheeled Units	131	(1)
Extinguishers and Powder Extinguishing Agents for Metal Fires	132	(1)
Extinguisher Rating System	133	(2)
Class A Ratings	134	(1)
Class B Ratings	134	(1)
Class C Ratings	134	(1)
Class D Ratings	134	(1)
Multiple Markings	134	(1)
Selecting Portable Fire Extinguishers	135	(1)
Using Portable Fire Extinguishers	136	(1)
Inspecting Portable Fire Extinguishers	137	(1)
Damaged Portable Extinguishers	138	(1)
Obsolete Portable Extinguishers	139	(1)
Skill Sheets	140	(7)
Ropes and Knots	147	(28)
Introduction	147	(1)
Types of Rope and Their Usage	147	(1)
Rope Materials	148	(1)
Rope Construction	148	(2)
Laid (Twisted) Natural or Synthetic Rope	150	(1)
Braided Rope	150	(1)
Braid-on-Braid Rope (Double Braid)	150	(1)
Kernmantle Rope	150	(1)
Rope Maintenance	150	(3)
Inspecting Rope	151	(1)
Laid Rope	151	(1)
Braided Rope	151	(1)
Braid-on-Braid Rope	151	(1)
Kernmantle Rope	151	(1)
Maintaining a Rope Logbook	152	(1)
Cleaning Rope	152	(1)
Natural Fibers	152	(1)
Synthetic Fibers	153	(1)
Storage of Life Safety Ropes	153	(1)
Bagging a Rope	154	(1)
Coiling/Uncoiling a Rope	154	(1)
Knots	154	(2)
Elements of a Knot	154	(1)
Single/Double Overhand Safety Knots	155	(1)
Bowline	155	(1)
Half Hitch	155	(1)
Clove Hitch	155	(1)
Figure-Eight Family of Knots	156	(1)
Figure-Eight Follow Through	156	(1)
Figure-Eight on a Bight	156	(1)
Becket Bend (Sheet Bend)	156	(1)
Hoisting Tools and Equipment	156	(2)
Hoisting Safety Considerations	157	(1)
Axe	157	(1)
Pike Pole	157	(1)
Ladder	157	(1)
Hoselines	157	(1)
Portable Fans	157	(1)
Rope Rescue	158	(1)
Skill Sheets	159	(16)
Rescue and Extrication	175	(58)
Introduction	175	(1)
Fireground Search and Rescue	175	(5)
Building Search	175	(1)
Conducting a Search	176	(1)
Primary Search	176	(2)
Secondary Search	178	(1)
Multistory Buildings	178	(1)
Search Methods	179	(1)
Marking Systems	179	(1)
Safety	180	(3)
Safety During Building Searches	180	(1)
Trapped or Disoriented Firefighters	181	(1)
Safety Guidelines	182	(1)
Victim Removal	183	(3)
Cradle-in-Arms Lift/Carry	185	(1)
Seat Lift/Carry	185	(1)
Two- or Three-Person Lift/Carry	185	(1)
Moving a Victim Onto a Long Backboard or Litter	185	(1)
Extremities Lift/Carry	185	(1)
Chair Lift/Carry	185	(1)
Incline Drag	185	(1)
Blanket Drag	186	(1)
Rescue and Extrication Tools and Equipment	186	(11)
Emergency Power and Lighting Equipment	186	(1)
Power Plants	186	(1)
Lighting Equipment	187	(1)
Auxiliary Electrical Equipment	187	(1)
Maintaining Power Plants and Lighting Equipment	188	(1)
Hydraulic Tools	188	(1)
Powered Hydraulic Tools	188	(2)
Manual Hydraulic Tools	190	(1)
Nonhydraulic Jacks	190	(1)
Screw Jacks	190	(1)
Ratchet-Lever Jack	191	(1)
Cribbing	192	(1)
Pneumatic (Air-Powered) Tools	192	(1)
Air Chisels	193	(1)
Pneumatic Nailers	193	(1)
Lifting/Pulling Tools	193	(1)
Tripods	193	(1)
Winches	194	(1)
Come-Alongs	194	(1)
Chains	194	(1)
Air Bags	195	(1)
Block and Tackle Systems	196	(1)
Vehicle Extrication	197	(9)
Scene Size-Up	197	(1)
Assessing the Need for Extrication Activities	197	(1)
Stabilizing the Vehicle	198	(2)
Gaining Access to Victims	200	(1)
Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) and Side-Impact Protection Systems (SIPS)	201	(1)
Disentanglement and Patient Management	201	(1)
Patient Removal	202	(1)
Removing Glass	202	(1)
Removing Laminated Glass	203	(1)
Removing Tempered Glass	203	(2)
Removing the Roof and Doors	205	(1)
Displacing the Dashboard	205	(1)
Special Rescue Situations	206	(9)
Rescue From Collapsed Buildings	206	(1)
Types of Collapse	206	(1)
Hazards	207	(1)
Shoring	208	(1)
Tunneling	208	(1)
Rescue From French Cave-Ins	208	(2)
Rescue From Caves and Tunnels	210	(1)
Rescues Involving Electricity	210	(1)
Water and Ice Rescue	211	(1)
Water Rescue Methods	212	(1)
Ice Rescue Methods	212	(1)
Industrial Extrication	213	(1)
Elevator Rescue	213	(1)
Escalator Rescue	214	(1)
Skill Sheets	215	(18)
Forcible Entry	233	(48)
Introduction	233	(1)
Forcible Entry Tools	234	(30)
Cutting Tools	234	(1)
Axes and Hatchets	234	(1)
Handsaws	234	(1)
Power Saws	235	(1)
Metal Cutting Devices and Cutting Torches	236	(1)
Prying Tools	236	(1)
Manual Prying Tools	237	(1)
Hydraulic Prying Tools	237	(1)
Pushing/Pulling Tools	238	(1)
Striking Tools	239	(1)
Tool Combinations	239	(1)
Tool Safety	240	(21)
Projected (Factory) Windows	261	(1)
Projected-In	262	(1)
Projected-Out	262	(1)
Pivoted-Projected	262	(1)
Awning and Jalousie Windows	262	(1)
High-Security Windows	263	(1)
Lexan® Windows	263	(1)
Barred or Screened Windows and Openings	263	(1)
Breaching Walls	264	(2)
Plaster or Gypsum Partition Walls	264	(1)
Brick or Concrete Block Walls	265	(1)
Metal Walls	266	(1)
Breaching Floors	266	(2)
Wood Floors	266	(1)
Concrete/Reinforced Concrete Floors	266	(2)
Skill Sheets	268	(13)
Ground Ladders	281	(64)
Introduction	281	(1)
Basic Parts of a Ladder	281	(4)
Ladder Types	285	(2)
Single (Wall) Ladders	285	(1)
Roof Ladders	285	(1)
Folding Ladders	286	(1)
Extension Ladders	286	(1)
Combination Ladders	287	(1)
Pompier Ladders	287	(1)
Ladder Inspection and Maintenance	287	(3)
Maintenance	287	(1)
Cleaning Ladders	288	(1)
Inspecting and Service Testing Ladders	288	(1)
Wood Ladders/Ladders With Wood Components	289	(1)
Roof Ladders	289	(1)
Extension Ladders	289	(1)
Handling Ladders	290	(3)
Ladder Safety	290	(1)
Selecting the Proper Ladder for the Job	291	(1)
Methods of Mounting Ground Ladders on Apparatus	292	(1)
Removing Ladders From Apparatus	292	(1)
Proper Lifting and Lowering Methods	293	(1)
Ladder Carries	293	(2)
One-Firefighter Low-Shoulder Carry	294	(1)
Two-Firefighter Low-Shoulder Carry	294	(1)
Three-Firefighter Flat-Shoulder Carry	294	(1)
Four-Firefighter Flat-Shoulder Carry	294	(1)
Two-Firefighter Arm's Length On-Edge Carry	295	(1)
Special Procedures For Carrying Roof Ladders	295	(1)
Positioning (Placement) of Ground Ladders	295	(4)
Responsibility for Positioning	296	(1)
Factors Affecting Ground Ladder Placement	296	(3)
General Procedures for Raising and Climbing Ladders	299	(1)
Transition From Carry to Raise	299	(1)
Electrical Hazards	299	(1)
Position of the Fly Section on Extension Ladders	300	(1)
Tying the Halyard	300	(1)
Ladder Raises	300	(2)
One-Firefighter Raises	300	(1)
One-Firefighter Single Ladder Raises	300	(1)
One-Firefighter Extension Ladder Raise	301	(1)
Two-Firefighter Raises	301	(1)
Three-Firefighter Flat Raise	301	(1)
Four-Firefighter Flat Raise	302	(1)
Placing a Roof Ladder	302	(1)
Special Procedures for Moving Ground Ladders	302	(1)
Pivoting Ladders With Two Firefighters	302	(1)
Shifting Raised Ground Ladders	302	(1)
Securing the Ladder	303	(1)
Heeling	303	(1)
Tying in	303	(1)
Climbing Ladders	304	(1)
Working on a Ladder	304	(1)
Assisting a Victim Down a Ladder	305	(2)
Skill Sheets	307	(38)
Ventilation	345	(34)
Introduction	345	(1)
Advantages of Ventilation	346	(3)
Rescue Operations	346	(1)
Fire Attack and Extinguishment	346	(1)
Property Conservation	346	(1)
Fire Spread Control	347	(1)
Reduction of Flashover Potential	348	(1)
Reduction of Backdraft Potential	348	(1)
Considerations Affection the Decision to Ventilate	349	(6)
Life Safety Hazards	349	(1)
Visible Smoke Conditions	349	(1)
The Building Involved	349	(1)
High-Rise Buildings	350	(2)
Basements and Windowless Buildings	352	(1)
Location and Extent of the Fire	352	(1)
Selecting the Place to Ventilate	353	(2)
Vertical Ventilation	355	(8)
Safety Precautions	356	(1)
Existing Roof Openings	357	(1)
Roofs	358	(1)
Flat Roofs	359	(1)
Pitched Roofs	359	(1)
Arched Roofs	359	(1)
Concrete Roofs	360	(1)
Metal Roofs	361	(1)
Trench or Strip Ventilation	361	(1)
Basement Fires	361	(2)
Precautions Against Upsetting Established Vertical Ventilation	363	(1)
Horizontal Ventilation	363	(3)
Weather Conditions	364	(1)
Exposures	364	(1)
Precautions Against Upsetting Horizontal Ventilation	365	(1)
Forced Ventilation	366	(4)
Advantages of Forced Ventilation	366	(1)
Disadvantages of Forced Ventilation	367	(1)
Negative-Pressure Ventilation	367	(1)
Positive-Pressure Ventilation	368	(1)
Hydraulic Ventilation	369	(1)
The Effect of Building Ventilation Systems in Fire Situations	370	(2)
Skill Sheets	372	(7)
Water Supply	379	(18)
Introduction	379	(1)
Principles of Municipal Water Supply Systems	379	(6)
Sources of Water Supply	379	(1)
Means of Moving Water	380	(1)
Direct Pumping System	380	(1)
Gravity System	381	(1)
Combination System	381	(1)
Processing or Treatment Facilities	382	(1)
Distribution System	382	(1)
Water Main Valves	383	(2)
Water Pipes	385	(1)
Kinds of Pressure	385	(1)
Static Pressure	385	(1)
Normal Operating Pressure	386	(1)
Residual Pressure	386	(1)
Flow Pressure	386	(1)
Fire Hydrants	386	(3)
Location of Fire Hydrants	388	(1)
Fire Hydrant Inspection and Maintenance	388	(1)
Using a Pitot Tube	389	(1)
Alternative Water Supplies	389	(1)
Rural Water Supply Operations	390	(4)
Water Shuttling/Shuttles	391	(2)
Relay Pumping	393	(1)
Skill Sheet	394	(3)
Fire Hose	397	(90)
Introduction	397	(1)
Fire Hose Sizes	397	(2)
Causes and Prevention of Fire Hose Damage	399	(2)
Mechanical Damage	399	(1)
Thermal Damage	399	(1)
Organic Damage	400	(1)
Chemical Damage	400	(1)
General Care and Maintenance of Fire Hose	401	(1)
Washing Hose	401	(1)
Drying Hose	402	(1)
Storing Hose	402	(1)
Fire Hose Couplings	402	(4)
Types of Fire Hose Couplings	402	(1)
Threaded Couplings	403	(2)
Storz-Type Couplings	405	(1)
Care of Fire Hose Couplings	405	(1)
Hose Appliances and Hose Tools	406	(7)
Hose Appliances	406	(1)
Valves	406	(1)
Valve Devices	406	(3)
Fittings	409	(1)
Intake Devices	410	(1)
Hose Tools	410	(1)
Hose Roller (Hoist)	410	(1)
Hose Jacket	410	(1)
Hose Clamp	411	(1)
Spanner, Hydrant Wrench, and Rubber Mallet	412	(1)
Hose Bridge or Ramp	412	(1)
Chafing Block	413	(1)
Hose Strap, Hose Rope, and Hose Chain	413	(1)
Hose Rolls	413	(2)
Straight Roll	414	(1)
Donut Roll	414	(1)
Twin Donut Roll	414	(1)
Self-Locking Twin Donut Roll	415	(1)
Coupling and Uncoupling Fire Hose	415	(1)
Basic Hose Loads and Finishes	415	(5)
Hose Loading Guidelines	416	(1)
Accordion Load	417	(1)
Horseshoe Load	417	(1)
Flat Load	418	(1)
Hose Load Finishes	419	(1)
Straight Finish	420	(1)
Reverse Horseshoe Finish	420	(1)
Preconnected Hose Loads for Attack Lines	420	(2)
Preconnected Flat Load	421	(1)
Triple Layer Load	421	(1)
Minuteman Load	422	(1)
Booster Hose Reels	422	(1)
Supply Hose Lays	422	(7)
Forward Lay	423	(1)
Making the Hydrant Connection	424	(1)
Using Four-Way Hydrant Valves	424	(1)
Reverse Lay	425	(2)
Making Hydrant Connections With Soft Sleeve Hose	427	(1)
Making Hydrant Connections With Hard Suction Hose	427	(1)
Split Lay	428	(1)
Handling Hoselines	429	(1)
Preconnected Hoselines	429	(1)
Preconnected Flat Load	429	(1)
Minuteman Load	429	(1)
Triple Layer Load	429	(1)
Other Hoselines	429	(1)
Wyed Lines	429	(1)
Shoulder Loads From Flat or Horseshoe Loads	429	(1)
Shoulder Loads From Accordion or Flat Loads	429	(1)
Working Line Drag	429	(1)
Advancing Hoselines to Final Positions	429	(5)
Advancing Hose Into a Structure	430	(1)
Advancing Hose Up a Stairway	430	(1)
Advancing Hose Down a Stairway	431	(1)
Advancing Hose From a Standpipe	431	(1)
Advancing Hose Up a Ladder	432	(2)
Extending a Section of Hose	434	(1)
Retrieving a Loose Hoseline	434	(1)
Replacing Burst Sections	434	(1)
Operation Hoselines	434	(3)
Operating Medium-Size Attack Lines	434	(1)
One-Firefighter Method	434	(1)
Two-Firefighter Method	434	(1)
Operating Large-Size Attack Lines	435	(1)
One-Firefighter Method	435	(1)
Two-Firefighter Method	435	(1)
Three-Firefighter Method	436	(1)
Service Testing Fire Hose	437	(2)
Test Site Preparation	437	(1)
Service Test Procedure	437	(2)
Skill Sheets	439	(48)
Fire Streams	487	(34)
Introduction	487	(1)
Extinguishing Properties of Water	487	(2)
Pressure Loss/Gain	489	(2)
Friction Loss	490	(1)
Elevation Loss/Gain	490	(1)
Water Hammer	491	(1)
Water Fire Stream Patterns and Nozzles	491	(7)
Solid Stream	492	(1)
Handling Solid Stream Nozzles	493	(1)
Advantages	494	(1)
Disadvantages	494	(1)
Fog Stream	494	(1)
Water-Flow Adjustment	495	(1)
Handling Fog Stream Nozzles	496	(1)
Advantages	496	(1)
Disadvantages	496	(1)
Broken Stream	496	(1)
Nozzle Control Valves	497	(1)
Ball Valve	497	(1)
Slide Valve	497	(1)
Rotary Control Valve	498	(1)
Maintenance of Nozzles	498	(1)
Extinguishing Fire With Fire Fighting Foam	498	(11)
How Foam Is Generated	499	(1)
Foam Expansion	499	(1)
Foam Concentrates	500	(1)
Class A Foam	500	(1)
Class B Foam	500	(5)
Specific Application Foams	505	(1)
Foam Proportioning	505	(3)
Induction	508	(1)
Injection	508	(1)
Batch-Mixing	508	(1)
Premixing	508	(1)
Foam Proportioners and Foam Delivery Devices/Generating Systems	509	(4)
Foam Proportioners	509	(1)
Portable Foam Proportioners	510	(1)
Apparatus-Mounted Proportioners	510	(1)
Foam Delivery Devices (Nozzles/Generating Systems)	511	(1)
Handline Nozzles	511	(1)
Medium-and High-Expansion Foam Generating Devices	512	(1)
Assembling a Foam Fire Stream System	513	(1)
Foam Application Techniques	514	(1)
Roll-On Method	514	(1)
Bank-Down Method	514	(1)
Rain-Down Method	514	(1)
Foam Hazards	515	(1)
Skill Sheet	516	(5)
Fire Control	521	(38)
Introduction	521	(1)
Suppressing Class A (Structural) Fires	522	(6)
Stream Selection	523	(2)
Hoseline Selection	525	(1)
Direct Attack	525	(2)
Indirect Attack	527	(1)
Combination Attack	527	(1)
Deploying Master Stream Devices	528	(1)
Supplying the Master Stream	528	(1)
Staffing the Master Stream Device	529	(1)
Suppressing Class B Fires	529	(6)
Using Water to Control Class B Fires	531	(1)
Cooling Agent	531	(1)
Mechanical Tool	531	(1)
Substitute Medium	531	(1)
Protective Cover	531	(1)
Bulk Transport Vehicle Fires	532	(1)
Control of Gas Utilities	533	(2)
Suppressing Class C Fires	535	(6)
Transmission Lines and Equipment	536	(1)
Underground Lines	536	(1)
Commercial High-Voltage Installations	537	(1)
Controlling Electrical Power	538	(1)
Electrical Hazards	538	(1)
Guidelines For Electrical Emergencies	539	(2)
Suppressing Class D Fires	541	(1)
Fire Company Tactics	541	(3)
Fires in Structures	541	(1)
First-Due Engine Company	541	(1)
Second-Due Engine Company	542	(1)
Truck/Rescue Company	543	(1)
Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC)	544	(1)
Chief Officer/Incident Commander	544	(1)
Fires in Upper Levels of Structures	544	(1)
Fires Belowground in Structures	545	(2)
Fires at Properties Protected by Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems	547	(1)
Vehicle Fires	548	(1)
Basic Procedures	548	(1)
Hazards	549	(1)
Trash and Dumpster® Container Fires	549	(1)
Fires and Emergencies in Confined Enclosures	549	(3)
Air Monitoring	551	(1)
Accountability System	551	(1)
Fire Attack	551	(1)
Wildland Fire Techniques	552	(7)
Fuel	553	(1)
Weather	553	(1)
Topography	554	(1)
Parts of a Wildland Fire	554	(2)
Attacking the Fire	556	(1)
Ten Standard Fire Fighting Orders	556	(3)
Fire Detection, Alarm, and Suppression Systems	559	(28)
Introduction	559	(1)
Types of Alarm Systems	559	(6)
Heat Detectors	560	(1)
Fixed-Temperature Heat Detectors	560	(2)
Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors	562	(1)
Smoke Detectors	563	(1)
Photoelectric Smoke Detector	563	(1)
Ionization Smoke Detector	564	(1)
Power Sources	565	(1)
Flame Detectors	565	(1)
Fire-Gas Detectors	566	(1)
Combination Detectors	566	(1)
Indicating Devices	566	(1)
Automatic Alarm Systems	567	(4)
Auxiliary System	567	(1)
Remote Station System	568	(1)
Proprietary System	569	(1)
Central Station Systems	569	(1)
Supervising Fire Alarm Systems	570	(1)
Auxiliary Services	571	(1)
Automatic Sprinkler Systems	571	(7)
Sprinkler System Effects on Life Safety	572	(1)
Sprinkler System Fundamentals	572	(1)
Sprinklers	573	(2)
Sprinkler Position	575	(1)
Sprinkler Storage	575	(1)
Control Valves	576	(1)
Operating Valves	577	(1)
Water Flow Alarms	578	(1)
Water Supply	578	(2)
Applications of Sprinkler Systems	580	(3)
Wet-Pipe System	580	(1)
Dry-Pipe System	580	(1)
Preaction System	581	(1)
Deluge System	581	(1)
Residential Systems	582	(1)
Factors to Consider During Fires at Protected Properties	583	(4)
Loss Control	587	(34)
Introduction	587	(1)
Philosophy of Loss Control	587	(1)
Salvage	587	(9)
Planning	588	(1)
Procedures	588	(2)
Salvage Covers and Equipment	590	(1)
Salvage Cover Maintenance	590	(1)
Salvage Equipment	591	(3)
Methods of Folding/Rolling and Spreading Salvage Covers	594	(1)
One-Firefighter Spread With a Rolled Salvage Cover	594	(1)
One-Firefighter Spread With a Folded Salvage Cover	594	(1)
Two-Firefighter Spread With a Folded Salvage Cover	594	(1)
Improvising With Salvage Covers	595	(1)
Removing Water With Chutes	595	(1)
Constructing a Catchall	595	(1)
Covering Openings	595	(1)
Overhaul	596	(4)
Skill Sheets	600	(21)
Protecting Evidence for Fire Cause Determination	621	(12)
Introduction	621	(1)
Responsibilities of the Firefighter	622	(1)
Role of the Investigator	622	(1)
Observations of the Emergency Responders	623	(4)
Observations En Route	623	(1)
Observations Upon Arrival	624	(1)
Observations During Fire Fighting	625	(2)
Responsibilities After the Fire	627	(1)
Conduct and Statements at the Scene	627	(1)
Securing the Fire Scene	628	(1)
Legal Considerations	628	(1)
Protecting and Preserving Evidence	629	(4)
Fire Department Communications	633	(22)
Introduction	633	(1)
Telecommunications Center Personnel	633	(3)
Role of the Telecommunicator	633	(1)
Customer Service	634	(1)
Telecommunicator Skills	635	(1)
Communication Skills	635	(1)
Map Reading	635	(1)
Telecommunications Center	636	(4)
Communications Equipment	637	(1)
Alarm Receiving Equipment	637	(1)
Telephones	637	(1)
Fax Machines	638	(1)
Radios	638	(1)
Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD)	638	(1)
Recording Information	639	(1)
Voice Recorders	639	(1)
Radio Logs	639	(1)
Receiving Nonemergency Telephone Calls From the Public	640	(1)
Receiving Reports of Emergencies From the Public	640	(4)
Public Alerting Systems	641	(1)
Telephone	641	(1)
Radio	642	(1)
Walk-Ins	642	(1)
Wired Telegraph Circuit Box	642	(1)
Telephone Fire Alarm Box	643	(1)
Radio Fire Alarm Box	643	(1)
Procedures for Reporting a Fire/Emergency	643	(1)
By Telephone	643	(1)
From a Fire Alarm Telegraph Box	644	(1)
From a Local Alarm Box	644	(1)
Alerting Fire Department Personnel	644	(1)
Staffed Stations	644	(1)
Unstaffed Stations	645	(1)
Radio Communications	645	(6)
Radio Procedures	645	(2)
Dispatching for Emergency Medical Services (EMS)	647	(1)
Arrival and Progress Reports	647	(1)
Tactical Channels	648	(1)
Calls for Additional Response	649	(1)
Emergency Radio Traffic	649	(1)
Evacuation Signals	649	(2)
Incident Reports	651	(4)
Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education	655	(22)
Introduction	655	(1)
Fire Prevention	656	(1)
Fire Hazards	656	(3)
Common Fire Hazards	658	(1)
Special Fire Hazards	658	(1)
Commercial Occupancies	658	(1)
Manufacturing	658	(1)
Public Assembly	659	(1)
Target Hazard Properties	659	(1)
Fire Safety Surveys	659	(3)
Personal Requirements	660	(1)
Survey Equipment	660	(1)
At the Survey Site	660	(1)
At the Fire Station	661	(1)
Scheduling the Fire Safety Survey	661	(1)
Pre-Incident Survey	662	(4)
Making the Survey	662	(2)
Maps and Sketch Making	664	(2)
Photographs	666	(1)
The Exit Interview	666	(1)
Residential Fire Safety Surveys	666	(5)
Firefighter Responsibilities	668	(1)
Conducting the Residential Fire Safety Survey	668	(1)
Interior Survey Concerns	669	(1)
Outside Survey Concerns	670	(1)
Home Safety Issues	671	(1)
Public Fire and Life Safety Education	671	(4)
Presenting Fire and Life Safety Information	671	(1)
Fire and Life Safety Presentation Topics	672	(1)
Stop, Drop, and Roll	672	(1)
Home Safety	672	(1)
Smoke Detectors	673	(2)
Fire Station Tours	675	(2)
Appendix NFPA 1001 Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, 1997 Edition	677	(16)
Index	693