Essentials of Geology (with GeologyNOW)

by Wicander, Reed; Monroe, James S.

• ISBN13: 9780495013655
• ISBN10: 049501365X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-08
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

1. Understanding Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. 2. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory. 3. Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks. 4. Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity. 5. Volcanism and Volcanoes. 6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil. 7. Sediment and Sedimentary Rock. 8. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks. 9. Earthquakes and Earth's Interior. 10. Deformation and Mountain Building. 11. Mass Wasting. 12. Running Water. 13. Groundwater. 14. Glaciers and Glaciation. 15. The Work of Wind and Deserts. 16. The Seafloor, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes. 17. Geologic Time: Concepts and Principals. 18. Earth History. 19. Life History.

Table of Contents

Understanding Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology	2	(24)
Introduction to Earth Systems	4	(1)
What Is Geology?	5	(3)
Geo-Focus 1.1: The Aral Sea	6	(2)
Geology and the Human Experience	8	(1)
How Geology Affects Our Everyday Lives	9	(2)
Natural Events	9	(1)
Economics and Politics	9	(1)
Our Role as Decision Makers	9	(1)
Consumers and Citizens	9	(2)
Sustainable Development	11	(1)
Global Geologic and Environmental Issues	11	(2)
The Origin of the Solar System and the Differentiation of Early Earth	13	(1)
Earth as a Dynamic Planet	14	(1)
Geology and the Formulation of Theories	15	(1)
Plate Tectonic Theory	16	(1)
The Rock Cycle	17	(2)
Groups of Rocks	17	(1)
The Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics	18	(1)
Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism	19	(2)
How the Study of Geology Benefits Us	21	(2)
Geo-Recap	23	(3)
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory	26	(26)
Introduction	28	(1)
Early Ideas about Continental Drift	28	(2)
Edward Suess and Glossopteris Flora	29	(1)
Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis	29	(1)
Evidence for Continental Drift	30	(5)
Continental Fit	30	(1)
Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges	30	(1)
Glacial Evidence	30	(1)
Fossil Evidence	31	(2)
Cultural Connections: The Struggle toward Scientific Progress	33	(1)
Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering	33	(2)
Magnetic Reversals Related to Seafloor Spreading	35	(3)
Plate Tectonic Theory	38	(1)
The Supercontinent Cycle	39	(1)
Three Types of Plate Boundaries	39	(4)
Divergent Boundaries	39	(2)
Convergent Boundaries	41	(2)
Transform Boundaries	43	(1)
Plate Movement and Motion	43	(3)
Relative Motion and Average Rate	45	(1)
Absolute Motion	45	(1)
The Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics	46	(2)
Geo-Focus 2.1: Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics	48	(1)
Tectonics and Natural Resources	48	(1)
Geo-Recap	49	(3)
Minerals--- The Building Blocks of Rocks	52	(22)
Introduction	54	(1)
Solid Matter	54	(4)
Elements and Atoms	54	(2)
Bonding and Compounds	56	(2)
Getting Started with Minerals	58	(2)
Naturally Occurring, Inorganic Substances	59	(1)
Mineral Crystals	59	(1)
Chemical Composition of Minerals	59	(1)
Geo-Focus 3.1: Gold and Silver	60	(1)
Physical Properties of Minerals	60	(1)
The Multitude of Minerals	60	(1)
Mineral Groups	61	(4)
The Silicate Minerals	63	(2)
Other Mineral Groups	65	(1)
Mineral Identification	65	(3)
Color and Luster	65	(1)
Crystal Form	66	(1)
Cleavage and Fracture	66	(1)
Hardness	67	(1)
Specific Gravity	67	(1)
Other Useful Mineral Properties	68	(1)
Where and How Minerals Form	68	(1)
The Rock-Forming Minerals	68	(2)
Cultural Connections: Human History and Minerals	69	(1)
Mineral Resources and Reserves	70	(2)
Geo-Recap	72	(2)
Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity	74	(22)
Introduction	76	(1)
The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava	76	(2)
Composition of Magma	76	(1)
Magma and Lava Temperatures	77	(1)
Viscosity---Resistance to Flow	77	(1)
How Magma Originates and Changes	78	(3)
Bowen's Reaction Series	78	(1)
The Origin of Magma at Spreading Ridges	79	(1)
Subduction Zones and the Origin of Magma	80	(1)
Processes That Result in Chemical Changes in Magma	81	(1)
Characteristics of Igneous Rocks	81	(8)
Igneous Rock Textures	82	(1)
Cultural Connections: Hell Helped Early Earth Science	83	(1)
The Composition of Igneous Rocks	84	(1)
Classifying Igneous Rocks	84	(4)
Geo-Focus 4.1: Little Rock, Big Story	88	(1)
Intrusive Igneous Bodies: Plutons---Characteristics and Origins	89	(2)
Dikes and Sills	89	(1)
Laccoliths	90	(1)
Volcanic Pipes and Necks	90	(1)
Batholiths and Stocks	90	(1)
How Batholiths Are Emplaced in Earth's Crust	91	(2)
Geo-Recap	93	(3)
Volcanism and Volcanoes	96	(26)
Introduction	98	(1)
Volcanism	98	(6)
Volcanic Gases	98	(1)
Cultural Connections: Vulcan Shapes Roman History	99	(2)
Lava Flows	101	(1)
Pyroclastic Materials	102	(2)
Types of Volcanoes	104	(6)
Shield Volcanoes	105	(1)
Cinder Cones	106	(1)
Composite Volcanoes	107	(1)
Lava Domes	108	(2)
Geo-Focus 5.1: Eruptions of Cascade Range Volcanoes	110	(1)
Other Types of Eruptions	110	(3)
Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus	110	(2)
Pyroclastic Sheet Deposits	112	(1)
Size and Duration of Eruptions	113	(1)
Predicting Eruptions	113	(2)
Distribution of Volcanoes	115	(1)
Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons	116	(3)
Divergent Plate Boundaries and Igneous Activity	116	(1)
Igneous Activity at Convergent Plate Boundaries	117	(1)
Intraplate Volcanism	117	(2)
Geo-Recap	119	(3)
Weathering, Erosion, and Soil	122	(22)
Introduction	124	(1)
Mechanical Weathering	125	(2)
Frost Action	125	(1)
Pressure Release	125	(1)
Thermal Expansion and Contraction	125	(1)
Organisms and Mechanical Weathering	126	(1)
Chemical Weathering---Decomposition of Earth Materials	127	(2)
Solution	127	(1)
Oxidation	128	(1)
Hydrolysis	129	(1)
Rates of Chemical Weathering	129	(2)
Particle Size and the Rate of Chemical Weathering	129	(1)
Climate and Chemical Weathering	129	(1)
The Importance of Parent Material	129	(1)
Geo-Focus 6.1: Industrialization and Acid Rain	130	(1)
Soil Composition	131	(2)
The Soil Profile	133	(1)
Factors in Soil Formation	134	(2)
Climate and Soil	134	(2)
Parent Material	136	(1)
Activities of Organisms	136	(1)
The Lay of the Land---Relief and Slope	136	(1)
Time	136	(1)
Soil Degradation	136	(4)
Cultural Connections: The Agricultural Revolution	137	(3)
Weathering and Natural Resources	140	(1)
Geo-Recap	141	(3)
Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks	144	(22)
Introduction	146	(1)
Sediment Transport and Deposition	147	(1)
From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock	148	(1)
Types of Sedimentary Rocks	149	(3)
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks	150	(1)
Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks	151	(1)
Sedimentary Facies	152	(3)
Cultural Connections: Deep Time	154	(1)
Reading the Story in Sedimentary Rocks	155	(6)
Sedimentary Structures	155	(3)
Geo-Focus 7.1: Sandstone Lion	158	(1)
Fossils	159	(1)
Determining the Depositional Environment	160	(1)
Resources in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks	161	(2)
Petroleum and Natural Gas	161	(1)
Banded Iron Formation	162	(1)
Geo-Recap	163	(3)
Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks	166	(20)
Introduction	168	(1)
The Agents of Metamorphism	169	(1)
Heat	169	(1)
Pressure	169	(1)
Fluid Activity	170	(1)
The Three Types of Metamorphism	170	(5)
Contact Metamorphism	170	(1)
Cultural Connections: The Real Face of the Scientific Method	171	(2)
Dynamic Metamorphism	173	(1)
Regional Metamorphism	173	(2)
The Classification of Metamorphic Rocks	175	(4)
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks	175	(2)
Geo-Focus 8.1: Starting Off with a Clean Slate	177	(1)
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks	178	(1)
Metamorphic Zones	179	(1)
Metamorphism and Plate Tectonics	180	(2)
Metamorphism and Natural Resources	182	(1)
Geo-Recap	183	(3)
Earthquakes and Earth's Interior	186	(30)
Introduction	188	(1)
The Elastic Rebound Theory	189	(1)
Seismology	190	(1)
Where Earthquakes Occur	191	(2)
Seismic Waves	193	(1)
Body Waves	193	(1)
Surface Waves	193	(1)
How an Earthquake's Epicenter Is Located	194	(1)
Size and Strength of an Earthquake	194	(4)
Intensity	196	(1)
Magnitude	196	(2)
Effects of Earthquakes	198	(5)
Ground Shaking	198	(1)
Fire	199	(1)
Tsunami: Killer Waves	199	(1)
Geo-Focus 9.1: Designing Earthquake-Resistant Structures	200	(3)
Ground Failure	203	(1)
Predicting Earthquakes	203	(3)
Earthquake Precursors	203	(1)
Earthquake Prediction Programs	204	(1)
Cultural Connections: Responding to Earthquakes	205	(1)
Can Earthquakes Be Controlled?	206	(1)
Earth's Interior	207	(5)
The Behavior of Seismic Waves	208	(1)
The Core	209	(1)
The Mantle	210	(1)
Seismic Tomography	211	(1)
The Crust	212	(1)
Earth's Internal Heat	212	(1)
Geo-Recap	213	(3)
Deformation and Mountain Building	216	(28)
Introduction	218	(1)
Rock Deformation	219	(1)
Strike and Dip---Determining the Orientation of Rock Layers	220	(1)
Deformation and Geologic Structures	221	(11)
Folded Rock Layers	221	(3)
Joints	224	(2)
Faults	226	(4)
Geo-Focus 10.1: Geologic Maps---Their Construction and Uses	230	(2)
Deformation and the Origin of Mountains	232	(1)
Definition of Mountain	232	(1)
Types of Mountains	232	(1)
Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Mountains	233	(4)
Plate Boundaries and Mountain Building	234	(2)
Terranes and the Origin of Mountains	236	(1)
Earth's Continental Crust	237	(4)
Floating Continents?	237	(2)
The Principle of Isostasy	239	(1)
Isostatic Rebound	240	(1)
Geo-Recap	241	(3)
Mass Wasting	244	(24)
Introduction	246	(1)
Factors That Influence Mass Wasting	247	(5)
Slope Angle	247	(1)
Weathering and Climate	248	(1)
Water Content	248	(1)
Vegetation	248	(1)
Overloading	249	(1)
Geo-Focus 11.1: The Tragedy at Aberfan, Wales	250	(7)
Geology and Slope Stability	257
Triggering Mechanisms	252	(1)
Types of Mass Wasting	252	(9)
Falls	252	(1)
Slides	253	(2)
Flows	255	(4)
Complex Movements	259	(2)
Recognizing and Minimizing the Effects of Mass Movements	261	(5)
Geo-Recap	266	(2)
Running Water	268	(26)
Introduction	270	(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle	271	(1)
Running Water	271	(4)
Geo-Focus 12.1: Dams, Reservoirs, and Hydroelectric Power	272	(1)
Sheet Flow and Channel Flow	272	(1)
Gradient, Velocity, and Discharge	272	(3)
How Running Water Erodes and Transports Sediment	275	(1)
Deposition by Running Water	276	(7)
Deposits of Braided and Meandering Channels	276	(2)
Floodplain Deposits	278	(2)
Deltas	280	(1)
Alluvial Fans	280	(3)
Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns	283	(3)
Cultural Connections: Flood Stories from Around the World	284	(2)
Base Level	286	(1)
Graded Streams	287	(1)
Valley Evolution	287	(5)
Stages in Valley and Stream Formation	289	(1)
Stream Terraces	290	(1)
Incised Meanders	290	(2)
Geo-Recap	292	(2)
Groundwater	294	(26)
Introduction	296	(1)
Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle	296	(1)
How Earth Materials Absorb Water	296	(1)
The Water Table	297	(1)
How Groundwater Moves	298	(1)
Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems	298	(4)
Springs	299	(1)
Water Wells	300	(1)
Artesian Systems	300	(1)
Cultural Connections: Dowsing	301	(1)
How Groundwater Erodes and Deposits Materials	302	(2)
Sinkholes and Karst Topography	302	(1)
Caves and Cave Deposits	303	(1)
How Humans Affect the Groundwater System	304	(7)
Lowering the Water Table	305	(2)
Saltwater Incursion	307	(1)
Subsidence	308	(1)
Groundwater Contamination	308	(2)
Groundwater Quality	310	(1)
Hydrothermal Activity and Groundwater	311	(6)
Geo-Focus 13.1: Arsenic and Old Lace	312	(2)
Hot Springs	314	(1)
Geysers	314	(2)
Geothermal Energy	316	(1)
Geo-Recap	317	(3)
Glaciers and Glaciation	320	(26)
Introduction	322	(1)
Glaciers---Part of the Hydrologic Cycle	322	(1)
How Glaciers Form and Move	323	(1)
Types of Glaciers	324	(1)
Valley Glaciers	324	(1)
Continental Glaciers	325	(1)
Accumulation and Wastage---The Glacial Budget	325	(2)
Cultural Connections: The Ice Man	326	(1)
Glacial Movement	327	(1)
Erosion and Transport by Glaciers	328	(6)
Erosion by Valley Glaciers	328	(2)
Geo-Focus 14.1: Glaciers in the National Parks	330	(3)
Continental Glaciers and Erosional Landforms	333	(1)
Glacial Deposits	334	(6)
Landforms Composed of Till	335	(1)
Landforms Composed of Stratified Drift	336	(2)
Deposits in Glacial Lakes	338	(2)
Causes of Ice Ages	340	(3)
The Milankovitch Theory	341	(1)
Short-Term Climatic Events	342	(1)
Geo-Recap	343	(3)
The Work of Wind and Deserts	346	(20)
Introduction	348	(1)
How Wind Transports Sediment	348	(1)
Bed Load	348	(1)
Suspended Load	349	(1)
How Wind Erodes Landforms	349	(1)
Abrasion	349	(1)
Deflation	350	(1)
Types of Wind Deposits	350	(4)
The Formation and Migration of Dunes	351	(1)
Dune Types	352	(2)
Loess	354	(1)
Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns	354	(2)
Location of Deserts	356	(1)
Characteristics of Deserts	356	(5)
Temperature and Vegetation	356	(1)
Weathering and Soils	357	(1)
Geo-Focus 15.1: Radioactive Waste Disposal---Safe or Sorry?	358	(1)
Mass Wasting, Streams, and Groundwater	358	(1)
Wind	359	(1)
Cultural Connections: Living in the Desert	360	(1)
Types of Landforms in Deserts	361	(3)
Geo-Recap	364	(2)
The Seafloor, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes	366	(26)
Introduction	368	(1)
Exploration of the Oceans	368	(1)
Features of the Seafloor	368	(5)
Continental Margins	369	(2)
Deep-Ocean Basins	371	(2)
Deep-Sea Sediments and Reefs	373	(1)
Shorelines and Shoreline Processes	374	(6)
Tides	375	(1)
Geo-Focus 16.1: Energy from the Oceans	376	(1)
Waves	377	(2)
Nearshore Currents	379	(1)
Deposition along Shorelines	380	(5)
Beaches	380	(2)
Spits, Baymouth Bars, and Tombolos	382	(1)
Barrier Islands	383	(1)
The Nearshore Sediment Budget	383	(2)
Erosion of Shorelines	385	(1)
Types of Coasts	385	(3)
Depositional and Erosional Coasts	386	(1)
Submergent and Emergent Coasts	387	(1)
Resources from the Sea	388	(2)
Geo-Recap	390	(2)
Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles	392	(24)
Introduction	394	(1)
The Start of the Concept of Geologic Time	395	(1)
James Hutton's Contributions	395	(1)
Relative-Dating Methods	395	(7)
Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating	395	(1)
Cultural Connections: Earth's Age and Christian Traditions	396	(2)
Unconformities	398	(4)
The Correlation of Rock Units	402	(3)
Absolute-Dating Methods	405	(6)
Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives	405	(1)
Geo-Focus 17.1: Radon: The Silent Killer	406	(1)
Sources of Uncertainty	407	(2)
Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs	409	(1)
Carbon 14 Dating Method	410	(1)
How the Geologic Time Scale Was Developed	411	(1)
Geo-Recap	412	(4)
Earth History	416	(38)
Introduction	418	(1)
Precambrian Earth History	418	(6)
The Origin and Evolution of Continents	418	(2)
Shields, Platforms, and Cratons	420	(1)
Archean Earth History	420	(1)
Proterozoic Earth History	421	(3)
The Paleozoic Geography of Earth	424	(1)
Paleozoic Evolution of North America	425	(7)
The Sauk Sequence	428	(1)
The Tippecanoe Sequence	428	(1)
The Kaskaskia Sequence	428	(1)
The Absaroka Sequence	428	(4)
The History of the Paleozoic Mobile Belts	432	(3)
The Appalachian Mobile Belt	432	(2)
The Cordilleran Mobile Belt	434	(1)
The Ouachita Mobile Belt	435	(1)
The Role of Microplates	435	(1)
The Breakup of Pangaea	435	(1)
The Mesozoic History of North America	435	(8)
Eastern Coastal Region	437	(1)
Gulf Coastal Region	438	(1)
Western Region	439	(3)
Geo-Focus 18.1: Petrified Forest National Park	442	(1)
Cenozoic Earth History	443	(7)
Cenozoic Plate Tectonics and Orogeny	444	(1)
The North American Cordillera	444	(2)
The Continental Interior and the Gulf Coastal Plain	446	(1)
Eastern North America	447	(1)
Pleistocene Glaciation	447	(3)
Geo-Recap	450	(4)
Life History	454	(34)
Introduction	456	(1)
Precambrian Life History	456	(2)
Paleozoic Life	458	(5)
Marine Invertebrates	458	(2)
The Permian Mass Extinction	460	(1)
Vertebrates	461	(2)
Plants	463	(1)
Mesozoic Life	463	(11)
Marine Invertebrates	464	(1)
The Diversification of Reptiles	464	(2)
Geo-Focus 19.1: Dinosaur Behavior	466	(5)
Birds	471	(1)
Mammals	472	(1)
Plants	472	(1)
Cretaceous Mass Extinctions	473	(1)
Cenozoic Life History	474	(8)
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton	474	(1)
Diversification of Mammals	474	(1)
Cenozoic Mammals	475	(1)
Pleistocene Faunas	475	(2)
Primate Evolution	477	(4)
Cultural Connections: The Lessons of Earth History	481	(1)
Geo-Recap	482	(3)
Appendices
A: English---Metric Conversion Chart	485	(1)
B: Periodic Table of the Elements	486	(2)
Answers Multiple-Choice Review Questions	488	(1)
Glossary	489	(7)
Index	496