Essentials of Human Physiology for Pharmacy : An Integrated Approach

by Kelly, Laurie

• ISBN13: 9781566769976
• ISBN10: 1566769973
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-03-29
• Publisher: CRC
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Textbooks on human physiology abound. However, they are either basic in nature or are rigorous treatments written for medical and graduate students and exceed the level of detail that pharmacy students need. Essentials of Human Physiology for Pharmacy puts the important topics right at students' fingertips. It describes physiology with just the right amount of detail and contains references to therapeutics and the practice of pharmacy that help students understand basic concepts. Providing the fundamentals of physiology specifically geared towards pharmacy students, the book establishes the connection between physiology and pharmacy.

Table of Contents

Physiology and the concept of homeostasis	p. 1
Study objectives	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Homeostasis	p. 1
Negative feedback	p. 4
Bibliography	p. 6
Plasma membrane	p. 7
Study objectives	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Structure and function of plasma membrane	p. 7
Membrane transport	p. 11
Passive diffusion through the membrane	p. 11
Osmosis	p. 12
Mediated transport	p. 13
Bibliography	p. 14
Membrane potential	p. 17
Study objectives	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Development of resting membrane potential	p. 18
Bibliography	p. 21
Electrical signals	p. 23
Study objectives	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Graded potentials	p. 23
Action potentials	p. 25
Conduction of the action potential	p. 28
Bibliography	p. 33
Synaptic transmission	p. 35
Study objectives	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Chemical synapses	p. 35
Summation	p. 38
Interconnections between neurons	p. 40
Factors affecting synaptic transmission	p. 41
Bibliography	p. 43
The nervous system	p. 45
Study objectives	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Classes of neurons	p. 46
Major levels of CNS function	p. 47
The brain	p. 49
Cerebrum	p. 49
Functional regions of the cerebral cortex	p. 51
Basal ganglia	p. 55
Thalamus	p. 56
Hypothalamus	p. 56
Brainstem	p. 57
Cerebellum	p. 58
Blood-Brain Barrier	p. 60
Cerebrospinal fluid	p. 61
Bibliography	p. 62
The spinal cord	p. 63
Study objectives	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Functions of the spinal cord	p. 65
Composition of the cord	p. 65
Gray matter	p. 66
White matter	p. 68
Spinal reflexes	p. 72
Bibliography	p. 75
Pain	p. 77
Study objectives	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Nociceptors	p. 78
Hyperalgesia	p. 80
Neurotransmitters of nociceptive afferent fibers	p. 81
Pain pathway	p. 81
Endogenous analgesic system	p. 82
Cutaneous pain	p. 83
Deep somatic pain	p. 84
Visceral pain	p. 85
Referred pain	p. 85
Phantom pain	p. 86
Pharmacologic treatment of pain	p. 87
Bibliography	p. 88
The autonomic nervous system	p. 91
Study objectives	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Regulation of autonomic nervous system activity	p. 92
Efferent pathways of autonomic nervous system	p. 93
Divisions of autonomic nervous system	p. 94
Sympathetic division	p. 94
Parasympathetic division	p. 97
Neurotransmitters of autonomic nervous system	p. 97
Termination of neurotransmitter activity	p. 99
Receptors for autonomic neurotransmitters	p. 99
Functions of the autonomic nervous system	p. 103
Adrenal medulla	p. 107
Bibliography	p. 109
The endocrine system	p. 111
Study objectives	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Biochemical classification of hormones	p. 112
Transport of hormones	p. 114
Functional classification of hormones	p. 115
Hormone interactions	p. 115
Mechanisms of hormone action	p. 116
Pituitary gland	p. 119
Relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland	p. 120
Negative feedback control of hormone release	p. 124
Hormones of the neurohypophysis	p. 124
Hormones of the adenohypophysis	p. 126
Thyroid gland	p. 129
Parathyroid glands	p. 131
Adrenal glands	p. 132
Pancreas	p. 136
Bibliography	p. 138
Skeletal muscle	p. 139
Study objectives	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Isometric vs. isotonic contraction	p. 140
Structure of skeletal muscle	p. 141
Neuromuscular junction	p. 143
Mechanism of contraction	p. 143
Sources of ATP for muscle contraction	p. 146
Muscle fatigue	p. 147
Oxygen debt	p. 147
Types of muscle fibers	p. 148
Muscle mechanics	p. 149
Bibliography	p. 153
Smooth muscle	p. 155
Study objectives	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Structure of smooth muscle	p. 155
Calcium and the mechanism of contraction	p. 157
Smooth muscle contraction is slow and prolonged	p. 158
Types of smooth muscle	p. 158
Factors influencing contractile activity of smooth muscle	p. 160
Length-tension relationship	p. 161
Bibliography	p. 162
Cardiac physiology	p. 163
Study objectives	p. 163
Introduction	p. 164
Functional anatomy of the heart	p. 164
Electrical activity of the heart	p. 169
Electrocardiogram	p. 174
Cardiac cycle	p. 177
Bibliography	p. 180
Cardiac output	p. 181
Study objectives	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
Control of heart rate	p. 183
Control of stroke volume	p. 185
Effect of exercise on cardiac output	p. 190
Bibliography	p. 191
The circulatory system	p. 193
Study objectives	p. 193
Introduction	p. 194
Blood vessels	p. 195
Blood pressure throughout systemic circulation	p. 197
Blood flow through a vessel	p. 199
Regulation of arterial pressure	p. 201
Autonomic nervous system	p. 202
Vasoactive substances	p. 208
Venous return	p. 213
Effects of gravity on the circulatory system	p. 216
Regulation of blood flow through tissues	p. 217
Effects of acute exercise on the circulatory system	p. 218
Capillary exchange	p. 219
Bibliography	p. 224
Blood and hemostasis	p. 227
Study objectives	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Plasma	p. 228
Erythrocytes	p. 228
Blood types	p. 229
Leukocytes	p. 230
Platelets	p. 232
Hemostasis	p. 233
Bibliography	p. 238
The respiratory system	p. 239
Study objectives	p. 239
Introduction	p. 240
Blood-gas interface	p. 240
Airways	p. 241
The pleura	p. 242
Mechanics of breathing	p. 243
Elastic behavior of lungs	p. 246
Interdependence	p. 250
Airway resistance	p. 251
Ventilation	p. 254
Diffusion	p. 258
Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide	p. 260
Ventilation-perfusion matching	p. 261
Gas transport in blood	p. 264
Regulation of ventilation	p. 269
Ventilatory response to exercise	p. 275
Bibliography	p. 276
The digestive system	p. 279
Study objectives	p. 279
Introduction	p. 279
Digestive tract wall	p. 281
Regulation of gastrointestinal function	p. 282
Mouth	p. 285
Pharynx	p. 287
Esophagus	p. 288
Stomach	p. 288
Liver	p. 295
Gallbladder	p. 297
Pancreas	p. 297
Transport of bile and pancreatic juice to small intestine	p. 298
Small intestine	p. 298
Large intestine	p. 303
Bibliography	p. 305
The renal system	p. 307
Study objectives	p. 307
Introduction	p. 308
Functional anatomy of kidneys	p. 309
Basic renal processes	p. 312
Glomerular filtration	p. 313
Tubular reabsorption	p. 316
Vasa recta	p. 325
Tubular secretion	p. 326
Plasma clearance	p. 327
Renal blood flow	p. 329
Control of sodium excretion: regulation of plasma volume	p. 336
Control of water excretion: regulation of plasma osmolarity	p. 338
Bibliography	p. 341
Index	p. 343
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