The Essentials of Learning and Conditioning

by Domjan, Michael P.

• ISBN13: 9780534574345
• ISBN10: 0534574343
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-06-10
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Want an accurate account of learning and conditioning--the "essentials"--without excessive detail? Michael Domjan's THE ESSENTIALS OF LEARNING AND CONDITIONING is a concise textbook that quickly guides you through key topics, summarizing contemporary perspectives and making research results understandable.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Basic Concepts and Definitions	1	(14)
Fundamental Features of Learning	2	(5)
Learning and Other Forms of Behavior Change	2	(3)
Learning, Performance, and Levels of Analysis	5	(1)
A Definition of Learning	6	(1)
Naturalistic versus Experimental Observations	7	(1)
The Fundamental Learning Experiment	8	(5)
The Control Problem in Studies of Learning	10	(1)
The General-Process Approach to the Study of Learning	11	(1)
The Use of Nonhuman Subjects in Research on Learning	12	(1)
Summary	13	(1)
Practice Questions	14	(1)
Technical Terms	14	(1)
The Structure of Unconditioned Behavior	15	(13)
Shaping and Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Substrates of Behavior	16	(1)
The Concept of the Reflex	17	(2)
Complex Forms of Elicited Behavior	19	(3)
Modal Action Patterns	19	(2)
Sign Stimuli	21	(1)
The Organization of Elicited Behavior	22	(4)
Motivational Factors	23	(1)
Appetitive and Consummatory Behavior	23	(1)
Behavior Systems	24	(2)
Summary	26	(1)
Practice Questions	26	(1)
Suggested Readings	27	(1)
Technical Terms	27	(1)
Habituation and Sensitization	28	(17)
General Principles of Regulation	30	(1)
Effects of the Repeated Presentation of an Eliciting Stimulus	31	(7)
Characteristics of Habituation Effects	33	(5)
Characteristics of Sensitization Effects	38	(1)
The Dual-Process Theory of Habituation and Sensitization	38	(4)
The S-R System and the State System	39	(1)
Implications of the Dual-Process Theory	40	(2)
Summary	42	(1)
Practice Questions	42	(1)
Suggested Readings	43	(1)
Technical Terms	43	(2)
Pavlovian Conditioning: Basic Concepts	45	(21)
Pavlov's Proverbial Bell	46	(1)
Contemporary Pavlovian Conditioning Preparations	47	(2)
Appetitive Conditioning	47	(1)
Aversive Conditioning	48	(1)
The Nature of the Conditioned Response	49	(3)
Skeletal versus Glandular Conditioned Responses	50	(1)
Similarity of Conditioned and Unconditioned Responses	50	(1)
The Behavior System Approach	51	(1)
The Contents of Pavlovian Associations	52	(4)
Effects of US Devaluation	53	(1)
Effects of US Inflation	54	(2)
Stimulus Factors in Classical Conditioning	56	(2)
CS Novelty and the Latent Inhibition Effect	56	(1)
CS-US Relevance and Selective Associations	56	(2)
The Control Problem in Pavlovian Conditioning	58	(3)
Prevalence of Pavlovian Conditioning	61	(2)
Summary	63	(1)
Practice Questions	64	(1)
Suggested Readings	64	(1)
Technical Terms	64	(2)
Stimulus Relations in Pavlovian Conditioning	66	(18)
Temporal Relation between CS and US	67	(3)
Simultaneous Conditioning	67	(1)
Delayed Conditioning	67	(1)
Trace Conditioning	67	(1)
Effects of the CS-US Interval	68	(2)
Temporal Encoding of US Occurrence	70	(1)
Signal Relation between CS and US	70	(4)
CS/US Contiguity and the Blocking Effect	71	(1)
CS/US Contingency	72	(2)
Higher-Order Relations in Pavlovian Conditioning: Conditioned Inhibition	74	(5)
Inhibitory Conditioning Procedures	74	(3)
Behavioral Manifestations of Conditioned Inhibition	77	(2)
Higher-Order Relations in Pavlovian Conditioning: Conditioned Facilitation	79	(2)
Stimulus Relations in Conditioned Facilitation	80	(1)
Distinguishing between B-US and B(A-US) Relations	80	(1)
Summary	81	(1)
Practice Questions	82	(1)
Suggested Readings	83	(1)
Technical Terms	83	(1)
Theories of Associative Learning	84	(17)
The Rescorla-Wagner Model	86	(5)
Application to the Blocking Effect	87	(1)
Loss of Associative Value despite Pairings with the US	88	(1)
Conditioned Inhibition	89	(1)
Extinction of Excitation and Inhibition	90	(1)
Problems with the Rescorla-Wagner Model	91	(1)
Other Models of Classical Conditioning	91	(7)
Attentional Models of Conditioning	92	(1)
Temporal Factors and Conditioned Responding	93	(2)
The Comparator Hypothesis	95	(3)
Overview of Theoretical Alternatives	98	(1)
Practice Questions	99	(1)
Suggested Readings	99	(1)
Technical Terms	100	(1)
Instrumental or Operant Conditioning	101	(18)
The Traditions of Thorndike and Skinner	103	(4)
Methodological Considerations	104	(3)
The Establishment of an Instrumental or Operant Response	107	(4)
Learning Where and What to Run For	107	(1)
Constructing New Responses from Familiar Components	108	(1)
Shaping New Responses	108	(3)
The Importance of Immediate Reinforcement	111	(1)
Event Relations in Instrumental Conditioning	112	(5)
The S-R Association: Thorndike's Law of Effect	113	(1)
S-O and S(R-O) Relations	113	(2)
Implications for Neural Mechanisms	115	(1)
Implications for Constraints on Instrumental Conditioning	115	(2)
Summary	117	(1)
Practice Questions	117	(1)
Suggested Readings	118	(1)
Technical Terms	118	(1)
Schedules of Reinforcement	119	(17)
The Cumulative Record	120	(1)
Simple Schedules of Reinforcement	121	(5)
Ratio Schedules	122	(1)
Interval Schedules	123	(3)
Mechanisms of Schedule Performance	126	(2)
Feedback Functions for Ratio Schedules	126	(1)
Feedback Functions for Interval Schedules	127	(1)
Feedback Functions and Schedule Performance	128	(1)
Chained Schedules of Reinforcement	128	(3)
Heterogeneous Chains	129	(1)
Homogeneous Chains	129	(2)
Training Response Chains	131	(1)
Concurrent Schedules	131	(2)
Summary	133	(1)
Practice Questions	134	(1)
Suggested Readings	134	(1)
Technical Terms	134	(2)
Theories of Reinforcement	136	(16)
Thorndike and the Law of Effect	137	(1)
Hull and Drive Reduction Theory	138	(3)
Primary Reinforcers	139	(1)
Secondary Reinforcers and Acquired Drives	140	(1)
Sensory Reinforcement	140	(1)
Reinforcers as Responses	141	(3)
The Premack Principle	141	(1)
The Premack Revolution	142	(1)
Applications of the Premack Principle	142	(1)
Theoretical Problems	143	(1)
The Response Deprivation Hypothesis	144	(2)
Response Deprivation and the Law of Effect	144	(1)
Response Deprivation and Response Probability	145	(1)
Response Deprivation and the Locus of Reinforcement Effects	145	(1)
The Behavioral Regulation Approach	146	(4)
The Behavioral Bliss Point	146	(1)
Imposing an Instrumental Contingency	146	(2)
Responding to Schedule Constraints	148	(1)
Contributions of Behavioral Regulation	149	(1)
Summary	150	(1)
Practice Questions	150	(1)
Suggested Readings	151	(1)
Technical Terms	151	(1)
Extinction of Conditioned Behavior	152	(20)
Effects of Extinction Procedures	153	(1)
Extinction and Original Learning	154	(7)
Spontaneous Recovery	154	(1)
Renewal of Original Excitatory Conditioning	154	(3)
Reinstatement of Conditioned Excitation	157	(1)
Sensitivity to US or Reinforcer Devaluation	158	(3)
What Is Learned in Extinction?	161	(3)
Inhibitory S-R Associations	161	(3)
``Paradoxical'' Reward Effects	164	(6)
Overtraining Extinction Effect	164	(1)
Magnitude of Reinforcement Extinction Effect	164	(2)
Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect	166	(1)
Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect	167	(3)
Summary	170	(1)
Practice Questions	170	(1)
Suggested Readings	171	(1)
Technical Terms	171	(1)
Punishment	172	(15)
Effective and Ineffective Punishment	173	(3)
When Punishment Fails	174	(1)
When Punishment Succeeds	175	(1)
Research Evidence on Punishment	176	(6)
Response-Reinforcer Contingency	176	(1)
Response-Reinforcer Contiguity	177	(1)
Intensity of the Aversive Stimulus	177	(2)
Signaled Punishment	179	(1)
Punishment and Mechanisms Maintaining the Punished Response	179	(1)
Punishment and Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior	180	(1)
Paradoxical Effects of Punishment	180	(2)
Can and Should We Create a Society Free of Punishment?	182	(1)
Alternatives to Punishment	183	(2)
Time-Out	183	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior	184	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Practice Questions	186	(1)
Suggested Readings	186	(1)
Technical Terms	186	(1)
Avoidance Learning	187	(19)
Dominant Questions in the Analysis of Avoidance Learning	188	(1)
Origins of the Study of Avoidance Learning	189	(1)
Contemporary Avoidance Conditioning Procedures	190	(4)
Discriminated Avoidance	190	(2)
Nondiscriminated or Free-Operant Avoidance	192	(2)
Theoretical Approaches to Avoidance Learning	194	(9)
Test of the Role of the Instrumental Contingency	194	(2)
The Two-Factor Theory of Avoidance	196	(2)
Conditioned Temporal Cues	198	(1)
Safety Signals in Avoidance Learning	199	(1)
Avoidance Learning and Unconditioned Defensive Behavior	200	(3)
Summary	203	(1)
Practice Questions	204	(1)
Suggested Readings	205	(1)
Technical Terms	205	(1)
Stimulus Control of Behavior	206	(21)
Measurement of Stimulus Control	207	(5)
Identifying Relevant Stimuli	208	(1)
Identifying Relevant Stimulus Features	209	(1)
Measurement of the Degree of Stimulus Control	209	(3)
Determinants of Stimulus Control: Stimulus and Organismic Factors	212	(3)
Sensory Capacity	212	(1)
Sensory Orientation	213	(1)
Stimulus Intensity or Salience	213	(1)
Motivational Factors	214	(1)
Determinants of Stimulus Control: Learning Factors	215	(10)
Pavlovian and Instrumental Conditioning	215	(1)
Stimulus Discrimination Training	216	(2)
Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement	218	(1)
Differential Reinforcement and Stimulus Control	219	(1)
Interdimensional versus Intradimensional Discriminations	220	(2)
Stimulus Equivalence Training	222	(2)
Shaping of Discriminations and Perceptual-Concept Learning	224	(1)
Summary	225	(1)
Practice Questions	225	(1)
Suggested Readings	226	(1)
Technical Terms	226	(1)
Memory Mechanisms	227	(17)
Stages of Information Processing	228	(1)
The Matching-to-Sample Procedure	229	(2)
Simultaneous and Delayed Matching to Sample	230	(1)
Procedural Controls for Memory	231	(1)
Types of Memory	231	(6)
Reference Memory and Working Memory	232	(1)
Active Memory and Passive Memory	233	(1)
Retrospective Memory and Prospective Memory	234	(3)
Sources of Memory Failure	237	(4)
Interference	237	(3)
Retrieval Failure	240	(1)
Summary	241	(1)
Practice Questions	242	(1)
Suggested Readings	242	(1)
Technical Terms	243	(1)
Glossary	244	(11)
References	255	(16)
Index	271