Essentials of Oceanography (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Garrison, Tom S.

• ISBN13: 9780534392598
• ISBN10: 0534392598
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-18
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This third edition of Essentials of Oceanography conveys Garrison?s enthusiasm for oceanography to non-science students taking the introductory course. It is a streamlined version of his best-selling Oceanography text, but was created specifically to meet the needs of the shorter course. This text provides students with a basic understanding of the scientific questions, complexities, and uncertainties involved in ocean use and the role and importance of oceans in nurturing and sustaining life on the planet. It further enhances students? natural enthusiasm for the ocean with integrated technology and a stunning visual program. This revision presents the most current scientific information on topics such as global warming as well as an improved and expanded illustration program. In addition, there is an increased emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of marine science, stressing its connections with astronomy, physics, chemistry, meteorology, geology, biology, ecology, history, and economics. Garrison brings focus and excitement to students? appreciation of the complex nature of the ocean and its interactions with other systems. Tom Garrison recently held student focus groups to discuss their impressions of Essentials of Oceanography and to hear their suggestions for improving the text. Nearly all changes to this new edition stem from student suggestions.

Table of Contents

Origins	1	(16)
A Marine Point of View	1	(1)
An Ocean World	2	(2)
Marine Science, Oceanography, and the Nature of Science	4	(1)
Origins	5	(6)
Galaxies and Stars	6	(2)
Earth and Ocean	8	(2)
The Origin of Life	10	(1)
The Distant Future of Earth	11	(6)
Other Ocean Worlds	12	(5)
History	17	(21)
Making Marine History	17	(1)
Voyaging and Discovery	18	(7)
Voyaging Begins	18	(1)
Science for Voyaging	19	(2)
Voyages of the Oceanian Peoples	21	(1)
The Age of Discovery	21	(4)
Voyaging for Science	25	(1)
James Cook	25	(1)
The Sampling Problem	26	(1)
Scientific Expeditions	26	(4)
The United States Exploring Expedition	26	(1)
Matthew Maury	27	(1)
The Challenger Expedition	28	(2)
Modern Oceanography	30	(8)
Polar Exploration	31	(2)
The Rise of Oceanographic Institutions	33	(1)
Satellite Oceanography	34	(4)
Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics	38	(22)
Fire and Ice	38	(1)
Earthquakes and Earthquake Waves	39	(1)
A Layered Earth	40	(5)
Internal Heat	42	(1)
Isostatic Equilibrium	42	(1)
Curious Coincidences?	43	(1)
Continental Drift	43	(1)
The Idea Transformed	44	(1)
The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics	45	(2)
Plate Boundaries	47	(5)
Divergent Plate Boundaries---Forming Ocean Basins	47	(2)
Convergent Plate Boundaries---Recycling Crust, Building Islands, Arcs and Continents	49	(1)
Transform Plate Boundaries---Fracturing Crust	50	(1)
Plate Interactions---A Summary	51	(1)
The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics	52	(4)
Hot Spots	52	(1)
Terranes	52	(1)
Paleomagnetism	53	(3)
An Overview, Problems, and Implications	56	(4)
Ocean Basins	60	(22)
Going Deep	60	(1)
Bathymetry	61	(2)
Echo Sounding	61	(1)
MultiBeam Systems	62	(1)
Satellite Altimetry	63	(1)
The Shape of Ocean Floors	63	(2)
Continental Margins	65	(6)
Continental Shelves	66	(3)
Continental Slopes	69	(1)
Submarine Canyons	70	(1)
Continental Rises	71	(1)
Deep-Ocean Basins	71	(7)
Oceanic Ridges	71	(1)
Hydrothermal Vents	72	(3)
Abyssal Plains and Abyssal Hills	75	(1)
Seamounts and Guyots	76	(1)
Trenches and Island Arcs	76	(2)
The Grand Tour	78	(4)
Sediments	82	(17)
The Memory of the Ocean	82	(1)
Sediment	83	(1)
Classifying Sediment	84	(4)
Terrigenous Sediments	86	(1)
Biogenous Sediments	86	(1)
Hydrogenous Sediments	86	(1)
Cosmogenous Sediments	87	(1)
Sediment Mixtures	87	(1)
The Distribution of Marine Sediments	88	(5)
The Sediments of Continental Margins	88	(1)
The Sediments of Deep-Ocean Basins	89	(3)
The Distribution of Sediments	92	(1)
Studying Sediments	93	(1)
Sediments as Historical Records	94	(5)
Water	99	(22)
Iceberg	99	(1)
The Water Molecule	100	(1)
Water and Heat	101	(3)
Heat Capacity	101	(1)
Water Temperature and Density	102	(1)
Freezing Water	103	(1)
Evaporating Water	104	(1)
Global Thermostatic Effects	104	(2)
The Density Structure of the Ocean	106	(1)
The Pycnocline	106	(1)
The Thermocline	106	(1)
The Halocline	107	(1)
Refraction, Light, and Sound	107	(4)
Light in the Ocean	108	(1)
Sound in the Ocean	109	(1)
The Sofar Layer	110	(1)
Sonar	110	(1)
The Dissolving Power of Water	111	(1)
Seawater	112	(3)
Salinity: Dissolved Solids and Water Together	113	(1)
The Source of the Ocean's Salts	113	(1)
The Principle of Constant Proportions	114	(1)
Determining Salinity	114	(1)
Chemical Equilibrium and Residence Times	115	(1)
Mixing Time	115	(1)
Dissolved Gases	115	(2)
Nitrogen	116	(1)
Oxygen	116	(1)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	116	(1)
Acid--Base Balance	117	(4)
Atmospheric Circulation	121	(18)
Riding the Wind	121	(1)
Atmosphere and Ocean	122	(1)
Composition and Properties of the Atmosphere	122	(2)
Atmospheric Circulation	124	(5)
Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude	124	(1)
Uneven Solar Heating and the Seasons	124	(1)
Uneven Solar Heating and Atmospheric Circulation	125	(1)
The Coriolis Effect	126	(1)
The Coriolis Effect and Atmospheric Circulation Cells	127	(2)
Wind Patterns	129	(2)
Monsoons	129	(1)
Sea Breezes and Land Breezes	130	(1)
El Nino and La Nina	130	(1)
Storms	131	(2)
Air Masses	132	(1)
Extratropical Cyclones	132	(1)
Tropical Cyclones	133	(6)
Ocean Circulation	139	(20)
Palm Trees in Ireland?	139	(1)
Surface Currents	140	(7)
Flow Within a Gyre	141	(2)
Geostrophic Gyres	143	(1)
Currents Within Gyres	144	(3)
Gyres: A Final Word	147	(1)
Effects of Surface Currents on Climate	147	(1)
Upwelling and Downwelling	148	(1)
Equatorial Upwelling	148	(1)
Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling	148	(1)
El Nino and La Nina	148	(4)
Thermohaline Circulation	152	(3)
Water Masses	152	(1)
Formation and Downwelling of Deep Water	153	(1)
Thermohaline Circulation Patterns	153	(1)
Thermohaline Flow and Surface Flow: The Global Heat Connection	154	(1)
Studying Currents	155	(4)
Waves	159	(21)
Sea Monster	159	(3)
Classifying Waves	162	(1)
Disturbing Force	162	(1)
Restoring Force	162	(1)
Wavelength	162	(1)
Deep Water Waves and Shallow Water Waves	163	(1)
Wind Waves	164	(7)
Factors That Affect Wind Wave Development	165	(1)
Wind Wave Height and Wavelength	166	(2)
Wavelength Records	168	(1)
Interference	168	(1)
Wind Waves Approaching Shore	169	(1)
Wave Refraction	170	(1)
Long Waves	171	(1)
A Word about ``Tidal Waves''	171	(1)
Storm Surges	171	(1)
Seiches	172	(1)
Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves	173	(7)
Origins	173	(1)
Speed	174	(1)
Encountering Tsunami	174	(1)
Tsunami in History	175	(2)
The Tsunami Warning Network	177	(3)
Tides	180	(16)
Tidal Bores	180	(1)
Tides and the Forces That Generate Them	181	(1)
The Equilibrium Theory of Tides	182	(4)
The Moon and Tidal Bulges	182	(2)
The Sun's Role	184	(1)
Sun and Moon Together	184	(2)
The Dynamic Theory of Tides	186	(6)
Tidal Patterns and Amphidromic Points	186	(2)
Tidal Datum	188	(1)
Tides in Confined Basins	189	(1)
Tidal Currents	189	(2)
Tidal Friction	191	(1)
Predicting Tides	191	(1)
Tides and Marine Organisms	192	(1)
Power from the Tides	192	(4)
Coasts	196	(25)
``... the Finest Harbour in the World''	196	(1)
Classifying Coasts	197	(3)
Erosional Coasts	200	(3)
Features of Erosional Coasts	200	(1)
Shore Straightening	200	(1)
Land Erosion Coasts	201	(1)
Volcanic Coasts	201	(2)
Depositional Coasts	203	(4)
Beaches	203	(1)
The Composition and Slope of Beaches	203	(1)
Beach Shape	204	(1)
Minor Beach Features	204	(1)
Longshore Transport	205	(1)
Coastal Cells	206	(1)
Large-Scale Features of Depositional Coasts	207	(4)
Sand Spits and Bay Mouth Bars	208	(1)
Barrier Islands and Sea Islands	208	(1)
Deltas	209	(2)
Coasts Formed by Biological Activity	211	(1)
Estuaries	212	(3)
Classification of Estuaries	212	(1)
Characteristics of Estuaries	213	(1)
The Value of Estuaries	214	(1)
Characteristics of U.S. Coasts	215	(1)
The Pacific Coast	215	(1)
The Atlantic Coast	215	(1)
The Gulf Coast	216	(1)
Human Interference in Coastal Processes	216	(5)
Life in the Ocean	221	(19)
The Ideal Habitat for Life	221	(1)
Energy and Marine Life	222	(5)
Primary Productivity	223	(1)
Feeding (Trophic) Relationships	224	(3)
Physical Factors That Affect Marine Life	227	(3)
Light	227	(1)
Temperature	228	(1)
Dissolved Nutrients	228	(1)
Salinity	229	(1)
Dissolved Gases	229	(1)
Acid--Base Balance	230	(1)
Hydrostatic Pressure	230	(1)
Limiting Factors	230	(1)
Classifications of the Marine Environment	231	(1)
Classification by Light	231	(1)
Classification by Location	231	(1)
Classification of Oceanic Life	232	(1)
Systems of Classification	232	(1)
Names	232	(1)
Marine Communities	233	(2)
Organisms Within Communities	234	(1)
Competition	234	(1)
Change in Marine Communities	235	(1)
Mass Extinctions	235	(5)
Pelagic Communities	240	(24)
Masters of the Storm	240	(1)
Plankton	241	(9)
Collecting and Studying Plankton	243	(1)
Phytoplankton: The Autotrophs	244	(2)
Phytoplankton Productivity	246	(2)
Zooplankton: The Heterotrophs	248	(1)
Plankton and Food Webs	249	(1)
Nekton	250	(14)
Squids and Nautiluses	250	(1)
Shrimps and Their Relatives	250	(1)
Fishes	251	(1)
The Cartilagenous Fishes	251	(1)
The Bony Fishes	252	(1)
The Problems of Fishes	252	(3)
Marine Reptiles	255	(1)
Marine Birds	255	(1)
Marine Mammals	256	(8)
Benthic Communities	264	(20)
The Resourceful Hermit	264	(1)
The Distribution of Benthic Organisms	265	(1)
Seaweeds and Plants	266	(4)
The Problems of Large Marine Autotrophs	266	(1)
Structure of Seaweeds	266	(1)
Classification of Seaweeds	267	(1)
Seaweed Communities	268	(1)
Vascular Marine Plants	269	(1)
Salt Marshes and Estuaries	270	(1)
Rocky Intertidal Communities	271	(3)
Sand Beach and Cobble Beach Communities	274	(1)
Coral Reef Communities	274	(3)
Coral Animals	275	(2)
Other Denizens of the Reef	277	(1)
Reef Types	277	(1)
The Deep-Sea Floor	277	(4)
Vent Communities	281	(3)
Uses and Abuses of the Ocean	284	(30)
Hard, Cold, Dangerous Work	284	(1)
Marine Resources	285	(1)
Physical Resources	286	(3)
Petroleum and Natural Gas	286	(1)
Sand and Gravel	286	(2)
Salts	288	(1)
Fresh Water	289	(1)
Biological Resources	289	(8)
Fish, Crustaceans, and Mollusks	290	(2)
Fishery Mismanagement	292	(2)
``Madhouse Economics''	294	(1)
Whaling	294	(1)
Botanical Resources	295	(1)
Aquaculture and Mariculture	295	(1)
Drugs	296	(1)
Nonextractive Resources	297	(1)
Resources and Pollution	298	(7)
Characteristics of a Pollutant	298	(1)
Oil	299	(2)
Heavy Metals and Synthetic Organic Chemicals	301	(2)
Eutrophication	303	(1)
Solid Waste	303	(1)
Sewage	304	(1)
The Costs of Pollution	305	(1)
Atmospheric Changes	305	(3)
Ozone Layer Depletion	305	(1)
Global Warming	306	(2)
A Cautionary Tale	308	(2)
What Can Be Done?	310	(4)
Afterword	314	(1)
Appendix I Measurements and Conversions	315	(3)
Appendix II Geological Time	318	(3)
Appendix III Latitude, Longitude, Time, and Navigation	321	(3)
Appendix IV Maps and Charts	324	(2)
Appendix V The Law of the Sea	326	(2)
Appendix VI Working in Marine Science	328	(4)
Glossary	332	(11)
Credits	343	(2)
Index	345