Essentials of Photonics, Second Edition

by Rogers; Alan

• ISBN13: 9780849338366
• ISBN10: 0849338360
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2008-12-05
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Building on the bestselling, Essentials of Optoelectronics, this edition bears a new title to reflect the dramatic changes in the field. Starting from the principles of photonics and leading to applications, this edition emphasizes guided-wave optics and the devices that depend on it. The book features an expanded applications chapter that explores recent developments in the field as well as additional sections that cover optical amplifiers, tunable lasers, and gratings devices in extensive detail. Due to the timeliness and authoritativeness of the content, this standard textbook also makes an excellent reference for photonics professionals working in communications device research and development.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
The Author	p. xiii
Photons and Electrons	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Historical Sketch	p. 1
The Wave Nature of Light	p. 3
Polarization	p. 7
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 9
Emission and Absorption Processes	p. 10
Photon Statistics	p. 12
The Behaviour of Electrons	p. 14
Lasers	p. 22
Summary	p. 22
Problems	p. 23
References	p. 23
Further Reading	p. 23
Wave Properties of Light	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 25
Wave Representation	p. 25
Electromagnetic Waves	p. 29
Velocity and Refractive Index	p. 29
Energy, Power, and Intensity	p. 31
Optical Polarisation	p. 33
Reflection and Refraction	p. 34
Total Internal Reflection	p. 43
Interference of Light	p. 47
Light Waveguiding	p. 48
Interferometers	p. 51
Diffraction	p. 58
Gaussian Beams and Stable Optical Resonators	p. 64
Conclusion	p. 66
Problems	p. 66
References	p. 67
Further Reading	p. 68
Polarization Optics	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
The Polarization Ellipse	p. 69
Crystal Optics	p. 72
Retarding Waveplates	p. 77
A Variable Waveplate: The Soleil-Babinet Compensator	p. 80
Polarizing Prisms	p. 81
Linear Birefringence	p. 82
Circular Birefringence	p. 82
Elliptical Birefringence	p. 83
Practical Polarization Effects	p. 85
The Electro-Optic Effect	p. 87
The Magneto-Optic Effect	p. 87
The Electrogyration Effect	p. 91
Polarization Analysis	p. 91
The Form of the Jones Matrices	p. 97
Linear Birefringence Matrix	p. 97
Circular Birefringence Matrix	p. 98
Elliptical Birefringence Matrix	p. 99
The Essence of the Jones Calculus	p. 99
The Retarder/Rotator Pair	p. 104
Conclusions	p. 106
Problems	p. 106
References	p. 107
Further Reading	p. 108
Light and Matter: Emission, Propagation, and Absorption Processes	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Classical Theory of Light Propagation in Uniform Dielectric Media	p. 109
Optical Dispersion	p. 118
Emission and Absorption of Light	p. 121
The Elementary Processes	p. 121
Elements of Laser Action	p. 122
Luminescence	p. 126
Photodetection	p. 128
Photo-Emission	p. 129
Conclusions	p. 130
Problems	p. 131
References	p. 132
Further Reading	p. 132
Optical Coherence and Correlation	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Measure of Coherence	p. 135
Wiener-Khinchin Theorem	p. 140
Dual-Beam Interference	p. 141
Practical Examples	p. 145
Michelson's Stellar Interferometer	p. 145
The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer	p. 145
The Optical-Fibre Gyroscope	p. 146
Birefringence Depolarization of Polarized Light	p. 147
Coherence Properties of Lasers	p. 148
Conclusion	p. 149
Problems	p. 150
References	p. 150
Further Reading	p. 150
Some Essential Physics of Radiation and Solids	p. 151
Introduction	p. 151
Radiation	p. 151
Black-Body Radiation	p. 151
The Quantum Result	p. 156
'Black-Body' Sources	p. 158
The Theory of Laser Action	p. 158
The Rate Equations and the Gain Mechanism	p. 158
The Laser Structure	p. 164
Mode-Locking	p. 167
Q-Switching	p. 169
Electrons in Solids	p. 171
Elements of the Band Theory of Solids	p. 172
Metals, Insulation, and Semiconductors	p. 178
Brillouin Zones	p. 180
Electron Energy Distribution in Semiconductors	p. 184
Extrinsic Semiconductors	p. 188
Binary and Ternary Semiconductors	p. 191
Conclusion	p. 193
Problems	p. 193
References	p. 194
Further Reading	p. 194
Optical Sources, Modulators, and Detectors	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
Optical Sources	p. 195
Laser Sources	p. 196
Introduction	p. 196
The Argon Laser: A Four-Level System	p. 196
The Dye Laser	p. 197
The Nd-YAG Laser: A Solid-State System	p. 199
Other Types of Laser	p. 201
Semiconductor Sources	p. 201
The p-n Junction	p. 201
The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)	p. 205
The Semiconductor Laser Diode (SLD)	p. 206
Special Types of SLD	p. 211
Optical Modulators	p. 211
The Electro-Optic Modulator	p. 213
The Magneto-Optic Modulator	p. 219
The Acousto-Optic Modulator	p. 220
The Raman-Nath Regime	p. 221
The Bragg Regime	p. 226
Photodetectors	p. 231
Photoconductive Detectors	p. 231
Photodiodes	p. 234
Junction Photodiodes	p. 234
Performance Parameters for Photodiodes	p. 238
The PIN Photodiode	p. 242
The Photomultiplier	p. 242
The Avalanche Photodiode (APD)	p. 244
Photon Counting	p. 245
Conclusions	p. 246
Problems	p. 247
References	p. 249
Further Reading	p. 249
Optical Waveguides	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
The Planar Waveguide	p. 251
Integrated Optics	p. 259
Cylindrical Waveguides	p. 260
Optical Fibres	p. 264
Optical Fibres for Communications	p. 267
Optical-Fibre Attenuation	p. 268
Optical-Fibre Dispersion	p. 269
Modal Dispersion	p. 271
Material Dispersion	p. 274
Waveguide Dispersion	p. 276
Polarization-Mode Dispersion (PMD)	p. 278
Dispersion Compensation	p. 280
Polarization-Holding Waveguides	p. 281
Photonic Crystal Fibres	p. 286
Solid-Core PCF	p. 287
Hollow-Core PCF	p. 288
Conclusions	p. 289
Problems	p. 289
References	p. 291
Further Reading	p. 291
Nonlinear Optics	p. 293
General Introduction	p. 293
Nonlinear Optics and Optical Fibres	p. 294
The Formalism of Nonlinear Optics	p. 296
Second-Harmonic Generation and Phase Matching	p. 297
Optical Mixing	p. 303
Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index	p. 304
Optical Kerr Effect	p. 305
Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)	p. 307
Four-Photon Mixing (FPM)	p. 309
Parametric and Inelastic Processes	p. 311
Raman Scattering	p. 312
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)	p. 315
The Raman Effect in Optical Fibres	p. 315
Practical Applications of the Raman Effect	p. 317
Brillouin Scattering	p. 319
Solitons	p. 325
Photosensitivity	p. 328
Introduction	p. 328
The Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG)	p. 331
Nonlinear Effects in Photonic Crystal Fibres (PCF)	p. 335
Raman and Brillouin Spectroscopy in Gases	p. 335
Generation of Harmonics	p. 336
X-Ray Generation	p. 336
Conclusions	p. 336
Problems	p. 337
References	p. 338
Further Reading	p. 339
Photonics in Action	p. 341
Introduction	p. 341
Antireflective Coatings	p. 341
Optical-Fibre Current Measurement	p. 345
The Integrated Optical Spectrum Analyser	p. 353
The Audio Compact Disc (CD)	p. 356
The Optical-Fibre Gyroscope	p. 361
Holography	p. 367
Optical-Time-Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) and Its Use in Distributed Optical-Fibre Raman Temperature Sensing (DTS)	p. 373
Optical-Time-Domain Reflectometry (OTDR)	p. 374
Distributed Optical-Fibre Raman Temperature Sensing	p. 377
Distributed Optical-Fibre Measurement in General	p. 381
Measurement of Very Short Optical Pulses: The Autocorrelator	p. 382
Topics in Optical-Fibre Communications	p. 387
The Optical-Fibre Amplifier	p. 389
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)	p. 393
The Optical-Fibre Laser	p. 396
Optical Waveguide Couplers and Switches	p. 397
Coherent Systems	p. 401
More on Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)	p. 408
Dependence on Optical Path Length	p. 409
Distinction between 'Long' and 'Short' Regimes-Correlation Length	p. 412
Conclusions	p. 413
Problems	p. 413
References	p. 416
Further Reading	p. 416
Epilogue: And What of the Future?	p. 419
Appendices	p. 423
Maxwell's Equations	p. 423
The Fourier Inversion Theorem	p. 425
Symmetry of the Permittivity Tensor	p. 426
The Polarization Ellipse	p. 428
Radiation from an Oscillating Dipole	p. 431
The [delta]-Function	p. 436
The Fermi-Dirac Function	p. 438
Second-Harmonic Generation	p. 441
The Sampling Theorem	p. 444
The Semiconductor Equation	p. 446
The Formal Analysis of Polarization-Mode Dispersion (PMD)	p. 450
References	p. 453
Answers to Numerical Questions	p. 455
Index	p. 457
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