Essentials Of Physical Anthropology with Infotrac

by Jurmain, Robert; Kilgore, Lynn; Trevathan, Wenda

• ISBN13: 9780495030614
• ISBN10: 0495030619
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-06
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This mainstream, four-color physical anthropology text is the best selling text in the brief physical anthropology market. The text presents a balanced, thorough introduction to the field of physical anthropology that also reflects the current state of the field. The heredity and evolution chapters (Chapters 1-5) have been expanded and updated to reflect the tremendous advances of molecular biology in all phases of physical anthropology, and the hominid evolution chapters (Chapters 8-11) have been reorganized and reinterpreted to reflect current academic thought springing from recent major finds. To make the text more accessible, the Sixth Edition includes many new visuals that, together with the many charts, helpful tables, multimedia, and engaging writing style, will bring the study of physical anthropology to life for today's student.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Supplements	xviii
Introduction	1	(19)
Introduction	2	(4)
What Is Anthropology?	6	(1)
Cultural Anthropology	6	(1)
Archaeology	7	(1)
Linguistic Anthropology	8	(1)
Physical Anthropology	8	(6)
Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method	14	(2)
The Anthropological Perspective	16	(2)
Summary	18	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	18	(1)
Media Resources	19	(1)
Readings of Interest	19	(1)
The Development of Evolutionary Theory	20	(22)
Introduction	21	(1)
A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought	22	(11)
The Scientific Revolution	23	(1)
Precursors to the Theory of Evolution	24	(4)
The Discovery of Natural Selection	28	(4)
Natural Selection	32	(1)
Natural Selection in Action	33	(3)
Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory	36	(1)
Opposition to Evolution	37	(2)
Summary	39	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	40	(1)
Media Resources	40	(1)
Readings of Interest	41	(1)
The Biological Basis for Life	42	(22)
Introduction	43	(1)
The Cell	43	(2)
DNA Structure	45	(1)
DNA Replication	46	(1)
Protein Synthesis	47	(3)
What Is a Gene?	50	(2)
Regulatory Genes	51	(1)
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis	52	(7)
Mitosis	54	(2)
Meiosis	56	(3)
New Frontiers	59	(2)
Summary	61	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	62	(1)
Media Resources	62	(1)
Readings of Interest	63	(1)
Heredity and Evolution	64	(24)
Introduction	65	(1)
The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel	65	(5)
Segregation	66	(2)
Dominance and Recessiveness	68	(1)
Independent Assortment	69	(1)
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans	70	(3)
Misconceptions Regarding Dominance and Recessiveness	72	(1)
Polygenic Inheritance	73	(2)
Genetic and Environmental Factors	75	(1)
Mitochondrial Inheritance	76	(1)
Modern Evolutionary Theory	76	(2)
The Modern Synthesis	77	(1)
A Current Definition of Evolution	77	(1)
Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation	78	(3)
Mutation	78	(1)
Gene Flow	78	(1)
Genetic Drift and Founder Effect	79	(2)
Recombination	81	(1)
Natural Selection Acts on Variation	81	(2)
Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors	83	(2)
Summary	85	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	86	(1)
Media Resources	87	(1)
Readings of Interest	87	(1)
Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution	88	(22)
Introduction	89	(1)
The Human Place in the Organic World	89	(2)
Principles of Classification	91	(4)
Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships	93	(2)
Definition of Species	95	(4)
Interpretation of Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record	96	(3)
Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary	99	(3)
Mammalian Evolution	102	(1)
The Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups	103	(1)
Processes of Macroevolution	104	(4)
Adaptive Radiation	104	(1)
Generalized and Specialized Characteristics	105	(1)
Modes of Evolutionary Change	106	(2)
Summary	108	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	108	(1)
Media Resources	109	(1)
Readings of Interest	109	(1)
An Overview of the Primates	110	(33)
Introduction	111	(1)
Characteristics of Primates	112	(4)
Primate Adaptations	116	(6)
Evolutionary Factors	116	(1)
Geographical Distribution and Habitats	117	(1)
Diet and Teeth	117	(3)
Locomotion	120	(2)
Primate Classification	122	(3)
A Survey of the Living Primates	125	(13)
Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises)	125	(2)
Tarsiers	127	(1)
Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans)	127	(5)
Hominoids (Apes and Humans)	132	(5)
Humans	137	(1)
Endangered Primates	138	(3)
Summary	141	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	142	(1)
Media Resources	142	(1)
Readings of Interest	142	(1)
Primate Behavior	143	(28)
Introduction	144	(1)
The Evolution of Behavior	145	(3)
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure	146	(2)
Why Be Social?	148	(1)
Primate Social Behavior	148	(7)
Dominance	148	(1)
Communication	149	(2)
Aggressive Interactions	151	(2)
Affiliation and Altruism	153	(2)
Reproduction and Reproductive Behaviors	155	(3)
Female and Male Reproductive Strategies	156	(1)
Sexual Selection	157	(1)
Infanticide as a Reproductive Strategy?	157	(1)
Mothers, Fathers, and Infants	158	(2)
Primate Cultural Behavior	160	(3)
Language	163	(4)
The Primate Continuum	167	(2)
Summary	169	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	170	(1)
Media Resources	170	(1)
Readings of Interest	170	(1)
Hominid Origins	171	(45)
Introduction	172	(1)
Early Primate Evolution	173	(2)
Miocene Fossil Hominoids	175	(2)
Definition of Hominid	177	(3)
What's in a Name?	179	(1)
The Bipedal Adaptation	180	(4)
Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture	184	(1)
Paleoanthropology as a Multidisciplinary Science	185	(1)
Dating Methods	186	(3)
Early Hominids from Africa	189	(4)
Earliest Traces: Pre-Australopithecus Finds	190	(3)
Australopithecus from East Africa	193	(7)
Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadar	195	(2)
A Contemporaneous Non-Australopithecine Find?	197	(1)
Later East African Australopithecine Finds	198	(2)
Early Homo	200	(1)
South African Hominids	201	(7)
Earliest Discoveries	201	(2)
Further Discoveries of South African Hominids	203	(1)
Review of Hominids from South Africa	204	(4)
Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?	208	(3)
Continuing Uncertainties---Taxonomic Issues	209	(1)
Putting It All Together	210	(1)
Adaptive Patterns of Early African Hominids	211	(2)
Summary	213	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	214	(1)
Media Resources	215	(1)
Readings of Interest	215	(1)
The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries	216	(27)
Introduction	217	(1)
A New Kind of Hominid	217	(3)
The Morphology of Homo erectus	220	(3)
Brain Size	220	(1)
Body Size	221	(1)
Cranial Shape	221	(2)
Dentition	223	(1)
Who Were the Earliest African Emigrants?	223	(2)
The Dmanisi Hominids	224	(1)
Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries	225	(9)
Java	226	(1)
Homo erectus from Java	226	(1)
Peking (Beijing)	227	(1)
Zhoukoudian Homo erectus	227	(3)
Other Chinese Sites	230	(1)
East Africa	231	(1)
Summary of East African Homo erectus/ergaster	232	(1)
North Africa	232	(1)
Europe	232	(2)
Technological and Population Trends in Homo erectus	234	(3)
Technological Trends	234	(2)
Population Trends	236	(1)
Interpretations of Homo erectus: Continuing Uncertainties	237	(2)
Summary	239	(2)
Critical Thinking Questions	241	(1)
Media Resources	241	(1)
Readings of Interest	242	(1)
Premodern Humans	243	(33)
Introduction	244	(1)
When, Where, and What	244	(3)
The Pleistocene	244	(2)
Dispersal of Middle Pleistocene Hominids	246	(1)
Middle Pleistocene Hominids: Terminology	246	(1)
Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene	247	(5)
Africa	247	(3)
Europe	250	(2)
Asia	252	(1)
A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution	252	(1)
Middle Pleistocene Culture	253	(2)
Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Upper Pleistocene	255	(10)
France and Spain	257	(5)
Central Europe	262	(1)
Western Asia	262	(2)
Central Asia	264	(1)
Culture of Neandertals	265	(3)
Technology	265	(1)
Subsistence	265	(1)
Symbolic Behavior	266	(1)
Burials	267	(1)
Genetic Evidence	268	(1)
Trends in Human Evolution: Understanding Premodern Humans	269	(4)
Summary	273	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	273	(1)
Media Resources	274	(1)
Readings of Interest	275	(1)
The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans	276	(28)
Introduction	277	(1)
Approaches to Understanding Modern Human Origins	278	(4)
The Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)	278	(3)
Partial Replacement Models	281	(1)
The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)	281	(1)
Seeing the Big Picture	282	(1)
The Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans	282	(9)
Africa	282	(3)
The Near East	285	(1)
Central Europe	286	(1)
Western Europe	286	(2)
Asia	288	(1)
Australia	289	(2)
Something New and Different	291	(2)
Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic	293	(6)
Europe	293	(3)
Africa	296	(3)
Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture	299	(2)
Summary	301	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	301	(1)
Media Resources	302	(1)
Readings of Interest	303	(1)
Human Variation and Adaptation	304	(34)
Introduction	305	(1)
Historical Views of Human Variation	306	(2)
The Concept of Race	308	(3)
Racism	311	(1)
Intelligence	311	(1)
Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation	312	(4)
Human Polymorphisms	313	(2)
Polymorphisms at the DNA Level	315	(1)
Human Biocultural Evolution	316	(2)
Population Genetics	318	(1)
The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation	319	(11)
Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Color	320	(3)
The Thermal Environment	323	(3)
High Altitude	326	(1)
Infectious Disease	327	(3)
The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease	330	(5)
Summary	335	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	336	(1)
Media Resources	336	(1)
Readings of Interest	337	(1)
The Anthropological Perspective on the Human Life Course	338	(22)
Introduction	339	(1)
Fundamentals of Growth and Development	340	(1)
Nutritional Requirements for Growth	341	(3)
Other Factors Influencing Growth and Development	344	(2)
Genetics	344	(1)
Hormones	344	(1)
Environmental Factors	345	(1)
The Human Life Cycle	346	(8)
Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy	347	(2)
Childhood	349	(1)
Adolescence	349	(2)
Adulthood	351	(1)
Aging	352	(1)
Human Longevity	353	(1)
Individuals, Society, and Evolution	354	(2)
Are We Still Evolving?	356	(1)
Summary	357	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	358	(1)
Media Resources	358	(1)
Readings of Interest	359	(1)
Lessons from the Past, Lessons for the Future	360	(18)
Introduction	361	(1)
How Successful Are We?	361	(1)
Humans and the Impact of Culture	362	(4)
The Loss of Biodiversity	366	(3)
The Present Crisis: Our Cultural Heritage?	369	(7)
Overpopulation	369	(2)
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming	371	(2)
Looking for Solutions	373	(3)
Summary	376	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	376	(1)
Media Resources	376	(1)
Readings of Interest	377	(1)
Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy	378	(8)
Appendix B: Summary of Early Hominid Fossil Finds from Africa	386	(5)
Appendix C: Population Genetics	391	(3)
Appendix D: Sexing and Aging the Skeleton	394	(6)
Glossary	400	(10)
Bibliography	410	(16)
Index	426