Ethics in Criminal Justice : In Search of the Truth

by Souryal, Sam S.

• ISBN13: 9781583605561
• ISBN10: 1583605568
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
Chapter 1 Acquainting Yourself with Ethics
A Tour of the Ethics Hall of Fame	1	(44)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	2	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	2	(1)
Overview	3	(1)
Exhibit 1-Knowledge and Reasoning	3	(6)
A Life Unexamined Is Not Worth Living	4	(1)
Exploring Virtue	5	(1)
Knowledge and Virtue	6	(1)
The Reasoning Process	7	(1)
Socratic Reasoning	8	(1)
The Death of Socrates	8	(1)
Exhibit 2-Intellect and Truth	9	(5)
Sources of Intellect	10	(1)
Nature of the Truth	10	(1)
Plato's Divided Line	11	(2)
Plato's Dual Truths: Physical and Metaphysical	13	(1)
Exhibit 3-The Nature of Reality	14	(3)
Discovering Reality	15	(1)
Aristotle's Ethical Realism	15	(2)
Exhibit 4-The Nature of Morality	17	(6)
Morality and Ethics	18	(1)
Morality Defined	18	(1)
Moral Principles	19	(1)
Relativist Views of Morality	19	(2)
Situational Morality	21	(1)
The Jimmy Carter Story	22	(1)
Exhibit 5-Nature of Goodness	23	(8)
The Good Life	23	(1)
The Grammar of Goodness	24	(3)
The Principle of Summum Bonum	27	(1)
A Guiding Formula for Moral Judgment	28	(2)
E=PJ²	28	(2)
Summary	30	(1)
Exhibit 6-Actions and Consequences	31	(4)
Bad Actions/Good Consequences	32	(1)
Good Actions/Bad Consequences	33	(1)
The Utilitarian Measure	33	(1)
Pioneers of Utilitarianism	34	(1)
Exhibit 7-Determinism and Intentionalism	35	(4)
Determinism	36	(1)
Scientific Determinism	37	(1)
Intentionalism	38	(1)
Exhibit 8-The Ethical Person	39	(6)
Profile of the Ethical Person	40	(1)
Review Questions	41	(1)
References	42	(3)
Chapter 2 Familiarizing Yourself with Ethics
Nature, Definitions, and Categories	45	(37)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	46	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	46	(1)
Overview	47	(6)
Captain Balian's Story	47	(1)
Was the Captain Right?	48	(1)
Lieutenant Lotem's Story	49	(1)
Was the Lieutenant Right?	50	(1)
Moral Judgment in Criminal Justice	51	(2)
Warning: The Deception of Occupational Subculture	53	(1)
Occupational Subculture	53	(1)
The Philosophy of Wisdom	54	(5)
Wisdom and Knowledge	56	(1)
Fallacious Reasoning	57	(2)
The Nature of Ethics	59	(1)
Ethics Defined	59	(1)
A Definitional Caveat	59	(1)
The Scope of Ethics	60	(1)
Ethical Theory	61	(1)
Credibility of Ethics	62	(2)
The Rule of Reasonableness	63	(1)
Categories of Ethical Theory: Normative and Metaethics	64	(4)
Normative Ethics	65	(1)
Metaethics	66	(2)
Normative Ethics: Deontological and Teleological	68	(2)
Deontological Theory	68	(1)
Teleological Theory	69	(1)
Historical Origins of Ethics	70	(9)
Metaphysical/Eternal Law View	71	(2)
Religious View	73	(1)
Social and Legalistic Views	74	(1)
The Medieval View	75	(1)
The Social Contract View	76	(3)
Review Questions	79	(1)
References	80	(2)
Chapter 3 Understanding Criminal Justice Ethics
Sources and Sanctions
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	82	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	82	(1)
Overview	82	(1)
Ethics of Natural Law	83	(6)
Natural Law Defined	84	(1)
Natural Law as the Law of Humanity	85	(1)
Relevance of Natural Law	86	(1)
The Hierarchical Order of Virtues	87	(1)
Moral Implications	88	(1)
Ethics of Religious Testaments	89	(7)
The Role of Religion in Society	89	(1)
Radical Views of Religion	90	(1)
Dysfunctions of Religion	91	(1)
Religion and Ethics	92	(1)
Ethics in Christianity	93	(1)
Moral Implications	94	(2)
Ethics of Constitutional Provisions	96	(3)
Ethics of the U.S. Constitution	96	(3)
Ethics of Law	99	(6)
The Idea of Legitimacy	99	(1)
Ethics of Positive Law	100	(1)
The Edwin Meese Syndrome	101	(1)
The Imperative of Ethical Discretion	102	(1)
Ethical Discretion	102	(2)
Incorruptibility	104	(1)
Conclusions	105	(1)
Professional Codes of Ethics	105	(9)
The Function of Codes	109	(1)
Ethics of Public Service	110	(2)
Ethics of Professionalism	112	(2)
Moral Implications	114	(1)
Philosophical Theories of Ethics	114	(1)
Review Questions	115	(1)
References	116	(3)
Chapter 4 Meeting the Masters
Ethical Theories, Concepts, and Issues	119	(80)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	120	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	120	(1)
Overview	121	(1)
The Stoicism School: Ethics of Freedom from Passion, Moral Fortitude, and Tranquility (Epictetus)	122	(7)
Introduction	122	(3)
Epictetus: Inner Peace and Contentment through Self-Discipline	125	(1)
Epictetus's Ethical Theory	126	(1)
Major Issues in Epictetus's Ethical Philosophy	127	(2)
The Hedonistic School: Ethics of the Pursuit of Pleasure (Aristippus and Epicurus)	129	(6)
Introduction	129	(1)
Aristippus: The Cyrenaic (Egotistic) School of Hedonism	130	(1)
Aristippus's Philosophical Theory	131	(1)
Epicurus: The Epicurean School of Prudence, Tranquility, and Intellectual Hedonism	132	(1)
Epicurus's Ethical Theory	132	(1)
Major Issues in Epicurus's Ethical Philosophy	133	(2)
The Virtue School: Ethics of Knowledge and Moral Character (Plato and Aristotle)	135	(12)
Introduction	135	(1)
Plato: The Virtues of Perfection through Knowledge and Justice	136	(1)
Plato's Philosophical Theory	137	(1)
Major Issues in Plato's Ethical Philosophy	138	(3)
Aristotle: The Virtues of Moral Character and Self-Realization	141	(1)
Aristotle's Philosophical Theory	142	(1)
Major Issues in Aristotle's Ethical Philosophy	143	(4)
The Religious (Scholastic) School: Ethics of the Love of God (Augustine and Aquinas)	147	(11)
Introduction	147	(2)
Saint Augustine: Spiritual Safety and the Happiness of Salvation	149	(1)
Saint Augustine's Ethical Theory	149	(2)
Major Issues in Saint Augustine's Ethical Philosophy	151	(3)
Saint Thomas Aquinas: Morality as the Vision of God	154	(1)
Aquinas's Ethical Theory	154	(2)
Major Issues in Aquinas's Ethical Philosophy	156	(2)
The Naturalistic School: Ethics of Egoism and Power (Hobbes and Nietzsche)	158	(11)
Introduction	158	(2)
Thomas Hobbes: Ethics of "Might Makes Right"	160	(1)
Hobbes's Ethical Theory	161	(1)
Major Issues in Hobbes's Ethical Philosophy	162	(2)
Friedrich Nietzsche: Ethics of the Superman	164	(1)
Nietzsche's Ethical Theory	165	(2)
Major Issues in Nietzsche's Ethical Philosophy	167	(2)
Ethics of Utilitarianism (Bentham)	169	(6)
Introduction	169	(2)
Jeremy Bentham: Ethical Hedonism and Social Happiness	171	(1)
Bentham's Ethical Theory	172	(1)
Major Issues in Bentham's Ethical Philosophy	173	(2)
Ethics of Duty and Reason (Kant)	175	(6)
Introduction	175	(1)
Kant's Ethical Theory	176	(1)
Major Issues in Kant's Ethical Philosophy	177	(4)
The Existential School: Ethics of Moral Individualism and Freedom of Choice (Sartre and de Beauvoir)	181	(7)
Introduction	181	(2)
Sartre and de Beauvoir	183	(1)
Major Issues in Existential Theory	184	(4)
Ethics of Social Justice (Rawls)	188	(7)
Introduction	188	(1)
John Rawls: Ethics of Social Justice	189	(1)
Rawls's Ethical Theory	189	(2)
Major Issues in Rawls's Ethical Philosophy	191	(4)
Review Questions	195	(1)
References	196	(3)
Chapter 5 The Ambivalent Reality
Major Unethical Themes in Criminal Justice Management	199	(26)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	200	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	200	(1)
Overview	200	(2)
The Imperative of Ethics in Criminal Justice	202	(2)
A House on the Sand: The Spoils of Management	204	(2)
The Cunning of Unethical Management	206	(1)
The Harvest of Shame	206	(1)
Principle-Based Management	207	(8)
The Challenge of Principle-Based Management	208	(2)
Rethinking Professionalism	210	(1)
The Truth of Professionalism: Looking Good versus Being Good	211	(2)
The Lungs of Professionalism: Integrated Thinking and Moral Agility	213	(1)
Institutional Integrity	214	(1)
Rushmorean Criminal Justice Agencies	215	(2)
A Profile of Rushmorean Courage	217	(3)
The Extent of Corruption in Criminal Justice Agencies	220	(2)
The Root Sins in Criminal Justice Management	221	(1)
References	222	(3)
Chapter 6 Lying and Deception in Criminal Justice	225	(18)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	226	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	226	(1)
Introduction and Confession	226	(1)
General Theory of Lying	227	(1)
The Origins of Lying	228	(2)
The Doctrine of Veracity	230	(1)
Can Lying Be Morally Justifiable?	231	(1)
Basic Rules on Lying	232	(1)
The Extent of Lying	233	(2)
Institutional Lying in Criminal Justice	235	(6)
Lying in Policing	237	(1)
Lying in Probation	238	(1)
Lying in Parole	239	(1)
Lying in Corrections	240	(1)
Conclusions	241	(1)
Review Questions	241	(1)
References	242	(1)
Chapter 7 Racial Prejudice and Racial Discrimination	243	(36)
What You Will Learn From This Chapter	244	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	244	(1)
Overview	245	(1)
Glimpses of Racism in Criminal Justice	246	(1)
Nature of Racial Injustice	247	(2)
The Wilberforce Story	248	(1)
The Ethical View of Racial Injustice	249	(1)
Basic Theory of Prejudice	250	(1)
Prejudice and Knowledge	251	(1)
Targets of Prejudice	252	(1)
Types of Prejudice: Cultural and Psychological	253	(1)
Basic Theory of Discrimination	254	(2)
Roots of Racism	256	(10)
The Mystical Conception of Racism	256	(2)
The Biological Conception of Racism	258	(4)
Social and Legal Conceptions of Racism	262	(4)
The Social View	262	(2)
The Legal View	264	(2)
Institutional Racism	266	(6)
Reverse Discrimination	267	(2)
Is the Criminal Justice System Racist?	269	(1)
The Debate	269	(1)
Accusations against Police	270	(1)
Accusations against the Correctional System	271	(1)
Accusations against Parole	271	(1)
The Wilbanks Rebuttal	271	(1)
Exploratory Issues in Racism	272	(2)
Moral Guidelines in Understanding Racism	274	(1)
Conclusions	275	(1)
Review Questions	276	(1)
References	276	(3)
Chapter 8 Egoism and the Abuse of Authority	279	(34)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	280	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	280	(1)
Overview	280	(1)
Glimpses of Egoism in Criminal Justice	281	(2)
Perceptions of Egoism in Criminal Justice	283	(2)
The Blindness of Egoism	285	(1)
Types of Egoism	286	(1)
Egoism-The Natural View Theory	286	(2)
Hobbes's Theory of Natural Egoism	287	(1)
Egoism-The Altruistic View Theory	288	(2)
Butler's Theory of Altruistic Egoism	289	(1)
Official Responsibility: The Antidote for Natural Egoism	290	(5)
Official Responsibility	291	(1)
Authority Defined	292	(1)
Power Defined	292	(1)
Egoism as Deadly Force	293	(2)
Capital Punishment as State Egoism	295	(6)
The Abolitionist View	296	(1)
The Retentionist View	297	(1)
Comments and Questions to Ponder	298	(3)
Egoism-Ethics of Means and Ends	301	(5)
The Dirty Harry Scenario	303	(1)
The D'Angelo versus Kirkham Scenario	303	(1)
Discussion	304	(2)
Ethical Guidelines	306	(1)
Conclusions	307	(1)
Review Questions	307	(1)
References	308	(5)
Chapter 9 Ethics of Criminal Justice Today
What Is Being Done and What Can Be Done?	313	(12)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	314	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	314	(1)
Overview	314	(8)
The Dual Essence of Criminal Justice: The Social Order and the Moral Order	315	(2)
The Dual Practice of Criminal Justice: The Ideal Model and the Serviceable Model	317	(2)
The Serviceable Model: Moral Double Bookkeeping	319	(1)
Physiology of the Serviceable Model	320	(1)
Critique of the Serviceable Model	321	(1)
Where Do We Go from Here?	322	(1)
References	322	(3)
Chapter 10 Ethics and Police	325	(32)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	326	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	326	(1)
Overview	326	(1)
The Problematic Nature of Policing	327	(2)
The Peculiar Environment of the Police	329	(1)
The Semiprofessional Professionals	330	(2)
The Police Prerogative to Abuse Power	332	(2)
Concerns Pertinent to the Nature of Police Power	332	(1)
Concerns Pertinent to Lack of Trust	333	(1)
The Police in Search of a Soul	334	(1)
The Intellectual Virtue: Ethics of Democracy	335	(8)
Why Not Democracy?	336	(1)
Democratic Ethics	337	(1)
Basic Democratic Principles	338	(2)
The Rodney King Case	340	(1)
Haven't We Learned Anything Yet?	341	(1)
The Farther Reaches of Democratic Ethics	342	(1)
The Moral Virtue: Ethics of Shunning Corruption	343	(3)
Corruption Defined	344	(1)
Scope of Police Corruption	345	(1)
The Dust and Ashes of Corruption	346	(1)
Hedonistic and Obligatory Corruption	346	(5)
Gratuities, Bribes, and Payoffs	347	(1)
Theft and Burglary	347	(1)
Sexual Misconduct	348	(1)
When Police Are Out of Control	348	(2)
Obligatory Corruption	350	(1)
The Obligatory Ethic Not to Deceive	351	(2)
Can Corruption Be Administratively Stopped?	353	(1)
Review Questions	354	(1)
References	355	(2)
Chapter 11 Ethics and Corrections (Prisons)	357	(48)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	358	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions 358
Overview	358	(2)
The Corrections Debate	360	(1)
Ethics of Life for Life: The Influence of Beccaria	361	(2)
Ethics of Life for Life: The Morality of Punishment	363	(2)
Ethics of Life for Life: The Moral Justifications for Prisons	365	(2)
Retribution	365	(1)
Prevention/Incapacitation	366	(1)
Deterrence	366	(1)
Rehabilitation	367	(1)
Ethics of Life for Life: A Society That Loves Walls	367	(2)
Ethics of Life for Life: Putting Pain Back into Prisons	369	(2)
From the Ethics of Life for Life to the Ethics of Man and Corrections: Changing Attitudes about Prisons	371	(2)
Ethics of Contemporary Corrections	373	(7)
Ethics of Retribution	373	(1)
Lex Talionis	373	(1)
Punishment Works	374	(2)
Ethics of Treatment	376	(1)
Does Rehabilitation Work?	377	(1)
Methods of Rehabilitation	378	(1)
The State of Rehabilitation Today	379	(1)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: What Good is Brutality?	380	(3)
The Brutality Issue	381	(2)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Scapegoating Theory	383	(2)
The Influence of Foucault	383	(2)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Holier-than-Thou Syndrome	385	(2)
Crime As Virus	385	(2)
A Camp of Outcasts	387	(1)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: We're All Doing Time	387	(2)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: Postcards from Prison	389	(2)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: Rehabilitation through Inner Corrections	391	(2)
Inner Corrections	391	(1)
The Future of Inner Corrections	392	(1)
Corruption of Prison Personnel	393	(6)
Patterns of Prison Corruption	394	(3)
Assessment of Prison Corruption	397	(2)
Review Questions	399	(1)
References	400	(5)
Chapter 12 Ethics of Probation and Parole	405	(28)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter	406	(1)
Key Terms and Definitions	406	(1)
Overview	406	(1)
The Professional Orientation of Probation and Parole	407	(3)
The Probation Mystique	409	(1)
The Borderless Community	410	(2)
The Yellow Wind	412	(1)
Romancing the Stone or Stoning the Romance: Ethics of Community-Based Corrections	413	(1)
The Case for Community-Based Corrections	414	(2)
The Case against Community-Based Corrections	416	(8)
The Leniency View of Morris and Tonry	417	(1)
Intensive Probation	418	(2)
Electronic Monitoring	420	(2)
The Severity View of von Hirsh	422	(1)
Proportionality and Desert	422	(1)
Restrictions against Humiliation and Degradation	423	(1)
Implications Concerning the Privacy of Third Parties	423	(1)
Work Strategies of Probation and Parole Practitioners	424	(1)
Common Unethical Practices in Probation/Parole	425	(2)
Ethical Choices in Probation/Parole	427	(2)
The Punitive/Law Enforcement Practitioner	427	(1)
The Welfare/Therapeutic Practitioner	428	(1)
The Passive/Time Server Practitioner	428	(1)
The Combined Model Practitioner	428	(1)
Review Questions	429	(1)
References	430	(3)
Chapter 13 What Can Be Done to Restore Ethics?	433	(4)
Reflections and Ethical Lessons to Teach	434	(1)
An Ethical Lesson to Teach Criminal Justice Practitioners	435	(2)
Name Index	437	(6)
Subject Index	443