Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century

by Morris,T.A.

• ISBN13: 9780415150408
• ISBN10: 041515040X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-02-20
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Europe and England in the Sixteenth Centurycovers political, social, religious and economic history from the late Renaissance to Mary Stuart and Philip II. Structured in three parts, the Western European Environment, The Rise of Great Monarchies and the Crisis of the Monarchies, the book is unique in its coverage of both England and Europe, indicating how events on one side of the Channel influenced those on the other side. Drawing on numerous years of classroom experience,Europe and England in the Sixteenth Centuryis gracefully written and informed by the most recent and best scholarship in the field. Its excellent coverage of important topics is augmented by lucid historiographical essays, biographical sketches of major figures, clearly structured genealogical charts, chronologies, full glossaries of key words, and surveys of changing historiographical debates, including contemporary issues.

Table of Contents

List of illustrations and supporting material	xii	(3)
Introduction: How to Use This Book	xv
PART I THE WESTERN EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT	3	(98)
Chapter One The Sixteenth Century in Context	3	(18)
Western Europe as a unit	5	(1)
The political map of Western Europe	5	(1)
International relations	6	(2)
Population	8	(1)
Monarchy	9	(2)
The nobility	11	(1)
The commons	12	(3)
Patterns of trade and commerce	15	(2)
`Distance, the first enemy'	17	(1)
The fear of the Turk	18	(3)
Chapter Two The Intellectual Context of the Sixteenth Century	21	(16)
The religion of Western Europe	23	(1)
The Church	23	(3)
Themes of religious controversy	26	(1)
The Renaissance	27	(1)
Towards an Italian Renaissance	28	(4)
The political and intellectual impact of Humanism	32	(1)
The Northern Renaissance	33	(4)
Chapter Three The European Reconnaissance	37	(18)
The historical debate	39	(1)
The Portuguese achievement	39	(1)
The origins of Spanish expansion	40	(2)
Early Spanish settlement	42	(1)
The conquistadores	43	(2)
The administration of Spanish America	45	(1)
The economy of Spanish America	46	(2)
The impact upon the native population	48	(1)
Atlantic communications	49	(1)
The technology of reconnaissance	49	(1)
The Portuguese in the East Indies	50	(1)
The Portuguese in Africa and in Brazil	51	(1)
The Portuguese empire in decline	52	(1)
Interlopers	53	(2)
Chapter Four The First Generation of Religious Reform	55	(19)
The historical debate	57	(1)
German thought on the eve of the Reformation	58	(1)
Martin Luther	58	(1)
Theological influences upon Luther	59	(1)
The Indulgences Controversy, 1517-19	59	(2)
Luther and the printing press	61	(1)
A Summary of Luther's theology	62	(1)
Luther's political conservatism	63	(1)
Condemnation by pope and emperor	63	(1)
The impact of Lutheranism	64	(4)
The condition of Switzerland	68	(1)
Huldrych Zwingli	69	(1)
The Reformation in Zurich	69	(1)
Zwinglianism and its Switzerland	70	(1)
Religious civil war in Switzerland	70	(1)
Anabaptism	71	(1)
The spread and impact of Anabaptism	72	(2)
Chapter Five Calvin and Calvinism	74	(11)
Jean Calvin	76	(1)
The Institutes of the Christian Religion	76	(1)
Calvin's theology	76	(1)
Calvin and the Reformation in Geneva	77	(2)
The Ecclesiastical Ordinances	79	(1)
Political opposition in Geneva	80	(1)
Religious opposition in Geneva	80	(1)
The international impact of Calvinism	81	(4)
Chapter Six The Catholic Counter-Reformation	85	(16)
The historical debate	87	(1)
Catholic revival before Luther	87	(1)
Religious revival and the state	88	(1)
The new orders	88	(1)
The foundation of the Jesuits	89	(1)
The achievement of the Jesuits	89	(1)
The papacy and reform, 1513-42	90	(1)
The politics of the Council of Trent	91	(1)
The Council of Trent: conclusions	92	(1)
The Catholic Reformation in action	93	(5)
The culture of the Catholic Reformation	98	(3)
PART II THE RISE OF THE GREAT MONARCHIES	101	(104)
Chapter Seven Spain 1469-1555: From Unification to World Power	101	(23)
The historical debate	103	(1)
The historical background of the Spanish kingdoms	103	(3)
Isabella, Ferdinand and the `unification' of the Spanish crowns	106	(1)
The government of Castile	106	(3)
The conquest of Granada, 1482-92	109	(1)
The end of convivencia	109	(2)
The kingdom of Aragon	111	(1)
The Spanish Church in the age of Ximenes	112	(1)
The foreign policy of the Catholic Monarchs	113	(1)
Constitutional crisis and regency, 1504-17	114	(1)
The inheritance of Charles of Habsburg	115	(1)
The reception of Charles in Spain	116	(1)
The Revolt of the Comuneros	116	(2)
Charles and the government of Spain	118	(1)
The representative institutions under Charles	119	(1)
The Castilian economy under the Catholic Monarchs	120	(1)
Spain and the impact of Empire	120	(4)
Chapter Eight England in the Reign of Henry VII	124	(16)
The historical debate	126	(1)
The disputed succession	126	(2)
The Tudor seizure of power	128	(1)
The political inheritance	128	(1)
Consolidating the victory, 1485-6	128	(1)
Pretenders and conspiracies	129	(2)
Central government	131	(2)
Local government	133	(2)
Order in the distant localities	135	(1)
English foreign policy	136	(2)
Trade and the economy	138	(2)
Chapter Nine International Conflict	140	(15)
The Italian context	142	(2)
The campaigns of Charles VIII, 1494-6	144	(1)
The campaigns of Louis XII, 1498-1504	145	(1)
The League of Cambrai and the Holy League	145	(1)
Marignano	146	(2)
The ascendancy of Charles V, 1520-6	148	(1)
The League of Cognac, 1526-9	149	(2)
France on the defensive, 1530-47	151	(2)
The wars of Henry II	153	(2)
Chapter Ten Henry VIII: The Ascendancy of Wolsey	155	(13)
The historical debate	157	(1)
The young king	157	(1)
The rise of Wolsey	158	(1)
The status of Wolsey	158	(1)
English foreign policy	159	(2)
Wolsey and the government of the realm	162	(1)
Wolsey and the Church	163	(1)
Wolsey and faction	163	(2)
The origins of the royal divorce	165	(1)
The struggle for the divorce	166	(2)
Chapter Eleven The Henrician Reformation	168	(18)
The historical debate	170	(1)
The English Church	170	(1)
- and its opponents: Lollardy and Lutheranism	171	(1)
Anti-clericalism	171	(1)
The royal divorce: the failure of a papal solution	172	(1)
Erastianism	172	(1)
Thomas Cromwell	173	(1)
The Reformation statutes	173	(1)
The dissolution of the monasteries	174	(1)
Resistance and the Pilgrimage of Grace	175	(1)
The Church of England	176	(1)
The Reformation in the localities	177	(1)
A revolution in government?	177	(2)
Royal authority in the distant localities	179	(1)
Social reform	180	(2)
Foreign policy and the Reformation, 1538-40	182	(1)
Foreign policy: France and Scotland, 1540-7	182	(2)
The final years: the rule of faction	184	(2)
Chapter Twelve France in the Reigns of Francis I and Henry II	186	(19)
The historical debate	188	(1)
The kingdom of France	188	(2)
The economic context	190	(1)
The monarch and his authority	191	(1)
The government of the realm	191	(3)
The style of the monarchy	194	(1)
The crown's finances	194	(1)
Humanism and heresy	195	(2)
The Gallican Church	197	(1)
The new reign: Henry II and his court	197	(2)
Old problems	199	(6)
PART III THE CRISIS OF THE GREAT MONARCHIES	205	(146)
Chapter Thirteen Germany and the Holy Roman Empire in the Time of Charles V	205	(19)
The historical debate	207	(1)
Germany: the political and economic context	207	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire	208	(2)
The political philosophy of Charles V	210	(1)
Worms and Brussels, 1521-2	211	(2)
Ferdinand's regency and the Knights War	213	(1)
The Peasants War	213	(1)
The establishment of princely Protestantism, 1526-30	214	(1)
The Schmalkaldic League	215	(1)
The Colloquy of Regensburg	216	(1)
The Schmalkaldic War, 1541-7	217	(1)
The issue of the imperial succession	218	(1)
Defeat and abdication	219	(1)
The Netherlands under Charles V	220	(1)
Charles V: conclusions	221	(1)
The Empire after Charles	221	(3)
Chapter Fourteen The Reigns of Edward and Mary: A Mid-Tudor Crisis?	224	(17)
The historical debate	226	(1)
The economic context	226	(1)
The political context: Somerset's seizure of power	227	(1)
The war with Scotland	228	(1)
Religion	229	(3)
Social policy, 1547-9	232	(1)
The risings of 1549	232	(1)
The fall of Somerset, 1549-50	233	(1)
Northumberland's policy: change or continuity?	233	(1)
The accession of Mary	234	(1)
Mary Tudor	235	(1)
The Spanish marriage	235	(1)
Wyatt's rebellion	236	(1)
Foreign policy	236	(1)
Religion	237	(2)
The government of the realm	239	(2)
Chapter Fifteen The French Wars of Religion	241	(21)
The historical debate	243	(1)
Calvinism in France	244	(2)
The crisis of the nobility	246	(1)
The road to war, 1560-2	246	(1)
Catherine de Medici	247	(1)
The politiques	248	(1)
The balance of the forces, 1562-70	249	(1)
St Bartholomew	249	(3)
-and its aftermath	252	(1)
The political theories of the wars	253	(1)
1574-84	254	(3)
The League and the towns	257	(1)
The League and the crown	258	(4)
Chapter Sixteen The Revolt of the Netherlands	262	(20)
The historical debate	264	(1)
The Netherlands	264	(3)
The administration of Philip II, 1555-64	267	(1)
Personalities	267	(2)
The triple crises of 1563-5	269	(1)
The outbreak of the first revolt, 1565-8	269	(1)
Alva and his government	270	(1)
The revolt in Holland and Zealand	271	(1)
The Success of the second revolt	272	(1)
The Spanish army of Flanders	272	(1)
The third revolt	273	(1)
The Netherlands and foreign powers	274	(1)
Religious divisions amongst the rebels	275	(1)
The campaigns of Parma and Nassau, 1583-94	275	(1)
Stalemate and truce, 1595-1609	276	(2)
The development of the Dutch state	278	(2)
The development of the Dutch economy	280	(1)
The southern Netherlands	280	(2)
Chapter Seventeen Spain under Philip II	282	(15)
The historical debate	284	(1)
Formative influences on the reign	284	(1)
The administration of Spain	285	(1)
The finances of the Spanish state	286	(1)
The Counter-Reformation in Spain	287	(1)
Domestic consolidation	288	(2)
Spanish military resources	290	(1)
Foreign policy	291	(4)
Economic trends	295	(2)
Chapter Eighteen The England of Elizabeth: State, Church and Society	297	(24)
The historical debate	299	(1)
The government of the realm	299	(3)
The religious settlement: formative influences	302	(2)
Crown and Parliament: cooperation or confrontation?	304	(1)
Puritanism: a definition	305	(2)
The Church and Puritanism	307	(5)
The Society and economy of Elizabethan England	312	(3)
Trade and industry	315	(3)
Elizabethan Ireland	318	(3)
Chapter Nineteen The England of Elizabeth: The Realm in Danger	321	(18)
Elizabeth's inheritance	323	(1)
The questions of marriage and the succession	324	(1)
The marriage question in Parliament	324	(1)
The bases of Elizabethan foreign policy	325	(1)
Foreign policy	326	(1)
The threat of the Queen of Scots	330	(1)
The revolt of the Northern Earls	331	(1)
English Catholicism	332	(2)
The fall of the Queen of Scots	334	(1)
War with Spain	334	(2)
Conclusions	336	(3)
Chapter Twenty Henry IV and the Recovery of France	339	(12)
The historical debate	341	(1)
The failure of the League	341	(1)
The success of Henry of Navarre	342	(1)
The pacification of the realm: the Edict of Nantes	343	(1)
Henry IV and the Catholic Church in France	344	(1)
French foreign policy: war with Spain	344	(1)
Financial crisis	345	(1)
Social crisis and recovery	345	(1)
Sully and recovery	346	(1)
Commercial recovery	347	(1)
The recovery of royal authority	348	(1)
French foreign policy: Pax Gallicana, 1598-1610	349	(2)
Appendix: Comparative Questions	351	(2)
Index	353