European Environmental Law

by Jans, Jan H.

• ISBN13: 9789076871769
• ISBN10: 9076871760
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-02-01
• Publisher: Europa Law Pub Netherlands

Summary

This leading monograph on European Environmental Law now completely updated and revised. Taking into account new case law of the Court of Justice and recent environmental directives and regulations.

Author Biography

Prof. Jans teaches Administrative Law at the University of Groningen. Dr. Vedder is associate professor in European law at the University of Groningen

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Acknowledgments	p. vi
Contents	p. vii
Abbreviations	p. xiv
Development and Principles
The Development of European Environmental Law	p. 3
General Principles of EC Law in Relation to Environmental Protection	p. 10
Article 174 EC	p. 26
The Objectives of European Environment Policy	p. 26
The Principles of European Environment Policy	p. 35
The Policy Aspects to be Taken into Account	p. 46
Legal Basis
Article 175 EC	p. 53
Articles 174-175 EC and External Relations	p. 58
Article 95 EC	p. 66
Article 175 EC or Article 95 EC?	p. 68
Article 133 EC	p. 70
'Comitology' and Environmental Legislation	p. 76
Other Incidental Legal Bases	p. 77
The Provisions on the Common Agricultural Policy	p. 77
The Provisions on the Common Transport Policy	p. 79
Harmonisation of Indirect Taxes	p. 80
Research and Technological Development	p. 81
Nuclear Energy and Basic Safety Standards	p. 81
Harmonisation
General Remarks	p. 87
The Scope of Harmonisation	p. 87
Total Harmonisation	p. 94
General Remarks	p. 94
Derogation Precluded	p. 95
Minimum Harmonisation	p. 98
General Remarks	p. 98
Minimum Standards and the Euratom Treaty	p. 100
Minimum Harmonisation and Article 95 EC	p. 101
Article 176 EC	p. 103
Derogation ex Article 95 EC	p. 111
Inherent Competence to Derogate?	p. 121
Implementation and Enforcement
The Duty to Transpose Environmental Directives into National Law	p. 127
Aspects of Transposition	p. 129
Must Every Provision be Transposed?	p. 129
Legally Binding Rules	p. 134
Transposition by Means of Administrative Circulars	p. 136
Transposition by Means of Environmental Agreements	p. 138
Implementation by Compliance in Fact	p. 140
Use of Different Wording in National Legislation	p. 143
Implementation by Local or Regional Authorities	p. 146
Transposition of Environmental Regulations?	p. 148
Enforcement of European Environmental Law	p. 150
General Remarks	p. 150
Supervision by the Commission	p. 157
The Treaty Infringement Procedure	p. 157
Informal Complaints to the Commission	p. 163
Legal Protection
General Remarks	p. 167
Legal Protection before National Courts	p. 167
The Direct Effect of EC Environmental Law	p. 168
Direct Effect of Provisions in Environmental Directives	p. 173
Absence of Horizontal Direct Effect of Directives	p. 189
Consequences of Direct Effect: Integral Application of EC Law	p. 193
The Doctrine of Consistent Interpretation	p. 197
The Significance of Francovich for Environmental Law	p. 202
The Breach Must be Sufficiently Serious	p. 204
Conferring Rights on Individuals	p. 204
Direct Causal Link	p. 208
Legal Protection Before the Court of Justice	p. 209
Legal Protection under Article 230 EC	p. 209
Regulation 1367/2006	p. 214
Free Movement of Goods
General Remarks	p. 223
Environmental Charges and Article 25 EC	p. 224
Article 90 EC	p. 226
The Impact of Tax Harmonisation	p. 230
Non-tariff Restrictions and Protection of the Environment	p. 233
The Scope of Application of Article 28 EC	p. 234
The Scope of Application of Article 29 EC	p. 239
Exceptions under Article 30 EC	p. 241
The Rule of Reason and Environmental Protection	p. 245
Other Aspects for the Application of the Exceptions	p. 250
Environment and Competition
General Remarks	p. 267
The Fundamentals of EC Competition Law	p. 268
Market Definition	p. 268
Undertaking	p. 269
Article 81 EC	p. 269
Why Environmental Agreements exist and Restrict Competition	p. 269
Article 81(1) EC	p. 270
Article 81(3) EC	p. 274
Promoting Technical or Economic Progress	p. 275
Allowing Consumers a Fair Share	p. 276
Restrictions Must be Indispensable	p. 277
Competition Must not be Eliminated	p. 279
Block Exemptions	p. 279
Article 82 EC	p. 280
The Useful Effect Doctrine	p. 282
The Position of the Member States	p. 282
The Position of the European Institutions	p. 284
Article 86 EC	p. 284
Article 86(1) EC and Environmental Protection	p. 285
Article 86(2) EC and Environmental Protection	p. 286
State Aid and Articles 87 and 88 EC	p. 287
Why There is Environmental Aid and Why it Distorts Competition	p. 287
The Scope of Article 87(1) EC	p. 289
Aid Granted Through State Resources	p. 289
Favouring Certain Undertakings	p. 290
Adverse Effect on Trade Between Member States	p. 295
Application of Article 87(2) and (3) EC to Environmental Aid	p. 295
General Remarks	p. 295
Article 87(2) EC	p. 296
Article 87(3) EC	p. 296
The Future of the Guidelines	p. 299
European Aid for Environmental Protection	p. 299
The Structural Funds	p. 299
Life	p. 300
The Cohesion Fund	p. 301
Conclusions	p. 301
Substantive European Environmental Law
The Environmental Action Programmes	p. 305
The Notification Directive and other Notification Obligations	p. 307
Environmental Impact Assessment	p. 311
The Scope of the EIA Directive	p. 312
Projects Subject to an EIA	p. 314
The EIA Procedure	p. 316
The Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive	p. 319
The Scope of the SEA Directive	p. 320
Plans and Programmes Subject to SEA	p. 320
The SEA Procedure	p. 321
The Seveso II Directive	p. 322
The IPPC Directive	p. 324
The Scope of the IPPC Directive	p. 324
The Integrated Approach	p. 325
Environmental Governance and the Aarhus Convention	p. 327
Access to Environmental Information at Member State Level	p. 327
Access to Environmental Information at EU Level	p. 331
Public Participation in Decision-making at Member State Level	p. 332
Public Participation in Decision-making at EU Level	p. 333
Access to Justice at Member State Level	p. 334
Access to Justice at EU Level	p. 335
Integrated Product Policy	p. 335
The Eco-label Regulation	p. 336
The Eco-audit (EMAS) Regulation	p. 338
The Ecodesign Directive	p. 339
The Environmental Liability Directive	p. 340
Scope	p. 340
Environmental Liability and Preventive and Remedial Action	p. 342
Implementing Environmental Liability	p. 343
The European Environment Agency	p. 345
Legislation on Water Protection	p. 346
The Water Framework Directive 2000/60	p. 348
The Flood Risk Directive	p. 355
Directive 2006/11 on Pollution by Dangerous Substances	p. 357
Groundwater Protection	p. 359
The Protection of Bathing Water	p. 362
The Protection of Shellfish Waters and Fresh Water for Fish	p. 365
The Protection of Drinking Water	p. 366
The Urban Waste Water Directive	p. 367
The Nitrates Directive	p. 368
The Titanium Dioxide Directive	p. 370
Protection of the Marine Environment	p. 372
Legislation on Air Pollution	p. 373
Ambient Air Quality Directives	p. 374
Directives on Emissions into the Air	p. 376
Protection of the Ozone Layer	p. 382
Legislation on Climate Change	p. 384
Implementing the Kyoto Protocol in the EU	p. 384
Emissions Trading	p. 385
Other Instruments to Combat Climate Change	p. 388
Legislation on Noise	p. 392
Legislation on Dangerous Substances	p. 395
The REACH Regulation	p. 396
Directive 76/548 on the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances	p. 401
Pesticides Legislation	p. 402
Legislation on the Marketing of Plant Protection Products	p. 402
Labelling and Packaging of Pesticides	p. 405
Pesticide Residues	p. 406
Biocides Directive 98/8	p. 409
Import and Export of Dangerous Chemicals	p. 410
Legislation on Genetically Modified Organisms	p. 412
Legislation on Waste	p. 419
The Waste Framework Directive	p. 420
The Concept of Waste	p. 420
Obligations for the Member States	p. 425
The Hazardous Waste Directive	p. 429
Waste Oils	p. 430
Packaging and Waste Packaging	p. 432
End of Life Vehicles	p. 434
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment	p. 434
Waste Batteries and Accumulators	p. 436
Legislation on Transfrontier Shipments of Waste	p. 438
General Remarks	p. 438
Shipments of Waste between Member States	p. 439
Exports of Waste Out of the EU	p. 443
Imports of Waste into the EU	p. 444
Transit and other Provisions	p. 444
Landfill of Waste	p. 445
Other European Legislation on Waste	p. 447
Legislation Concerning Nuclear Safety	p. 448
The Euratom Directive on Basic Safety Standards	p. 448
The Regulations on Radioactive Foodstuffs	p. 449
The Transboundary Transport of Radioactive Waste	p. 450
Legislation on the Conservation of Nature	p. 451
The Wild Birds Directive	p. 452
The General Scope of the Directive	p. 452
Special Conservation Measures	p. 453
Restrictions on Hunting and Trading	p. 456
Other Provisions	p. 458
The Habitats Directive	p. 459
The CITES Regulation	p. 463
The Seal Pups Directive	p. 465
The Whales Regulation	p. 465
The Leghold Trap Regulation	p. 466
Bibliography	p. 468
Table of Cases	p. 478
Index	p. 494
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