Evaluating Practice: Guidelines for the Accountable Professional

by Bloom, Martin; Fischer, Joel; Orme, John G.

• ISBN13: 9780205466986
• ISBN10: 0205466982
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover w/CD
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Evaluating Practice continues to be the most comprehensive practice evaluation text available. Focusing on single-system designs, Evaluating Practice, Fifth Edition, presents clear guidelines on conceptualizing and measuring problems, using practice-oriented evaluation designs, and understanding and analyzing resulting client data. Ethical guidelines for practice evaluation are infused throughout. Evaluating Practive was written for students and practitioners in all of the human services, including social work, psychology counseling, nursing, and psychiatry.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Prologue	1	(32)
PART I WHAT ARE YOU GETTING INTO?	33	(24)
Integrating Evaluation and Practice	35	(22)
Introduction to Single-System Designs	36	(1)
What Are Single-System Designs?	37	(7)
Single-System Designs and Classical Research: The Knowledge-Building Context	44	(1)
Single-System Evaluation, Qualitative Research, and Quantitative Research	45	(7)
Advantages of Using Single-System Designs in Practice	52	(1)
A Walk through the Evaluation Process	53	(3)
Summary	56	(1)
PART II CONCEPTUALIZING AND MEASURING TARGETS AND OBJECTIVES/GOALS	57	(258)
Basic Principles of Conceptualization and Measurement	59	(32)
Introduction	60	(1)
What Is Conceptualization?	60	(2)
What Is Measurement?	62	(3)
Definition as a First Step in Measurement	65	(1)
Can Everything Be Measured?	66	(1)
Key Characteristics of All Measures	67	(22)
Summary	89	(2)
Specifying Problems and Goals	91	(31)
Introduction: From General Problems to Specific Targets of Intervention	92	(1)
Specifying Client Concerns: Identifying and Clarifying Problems and Potentials	93	(10)
Specifying Goals and Objectives	103	(5)
Using Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) to Establish Goals	108	(3)
Setting Goals in Groups	111	(2)
Problems and Issues in Setting Goals	113	(8)
Summary	121	(1)
Developing a Measurement and Recording Plan	122	(47)
Introduction	123	(1)
Steps in Developing a Recording Plan	124	(8)
Charting: Putting Your Information on Graphs	132	(8)
Problem-Oriented Records (POR)	140	(3)
Use of Computers in Evaluation and Practice	143	(2)
Summary	145	(24)
Computer Assisted Social Services (CASS): A User's Guide	146	(17)
Appendix: Installing CASS	163	(6)
Behavioral Observation	169	(32)
Introduction	170	(2)
General Guidelines for Behavioral Observation	172	(3)
Sampling Behaviors	175	(5)
Instruments for Recording Behaviors	180	(2)
Ensuring Accurate Observations	182	(3)
Methods of Recording Behavior	185	(11)
Analog Situations	196	(1)
Recording Behavior in Groups	197	(2)
Summary	199	(2)
Individualized Rating Scales	201	(17)
Introduction	201	(2)
Uses of Individualized Rating Scales	203	(3)
Constructing and Using Individualized Rating Scales	206	(11)
Summary	217	(1)
Standarized Scales	218	(49)
Introduction	219	(1)
What Are Standardized Scales?	219	(4)
Selecting a Standardized Scale	223	(9)
Administering a Standardized Scale	232	(3)
Some Available Standardized Self-Report Scales	235	(9)
Some Available Standardized Scales for Practitioners	244	(3)
Some Available Standardized Scales for Relevant Others	247	(4)
Some Available Standardized Scales for Independent Observers	251	(1)
Do-It-Yourself Scales	251	(1)
Using Standardized Scales in Groups	252	(1)
Computer Management of Standardized Scales	253	(1)
Summary	254	(1)
Appendix	255	(12)
Computer Assisted Assessment Package (CAAP): A User's Guide	257	(10)
Logs	267	(19)
Introduction	267	(1)
Types of Client Logs	268	(10)
Putting Qualitative and Quantitative Information Together	278	(3)
Introducing Clients to Logs	281	(1)
Practitioner Logs	282	(1)
Maximizing and Verifying the Reliability and Validity of Logs	283	(2)
Summary	285	(1)
Reactivity and Nonreactive Measures	286	(16)
Introduction	286	(2)
Reactivity of Measures	288	(4)
Unobtrusive (Nonreactive) Measures	292	(9)
Summary	301	(1)
Selecting a Measure	302	(13)
Introduction	302	(1)
Considerations in Deciding on a Measure	303	(4)
Use of Multiple Measures	307	(5)
Selecting a Measure	312	(1)
Summary	312	(3)
PART III EVALUATION DESIGNS	315	(196)
Basic Principles of Single-System Designs	317	(38)
Introduction	318	(1)
An Example Connecting Practice and Evaluation Designs	318	(2)
Purposes of Single-System Designs	320	(1)
Unique Characteristics of Single-System Designs	321	(17)
Causality in Single-System Designs	338	(6)
External Validity and Generalizability	344	(6)
Overview of Single-System Designs	350	(4)
Summary	354	(1)
Baselining	355	(16)
Introduction	355	(1)
Purposes of the Baseline	356	(2)
Types of Baselines	358	(1)
How Long Should Baselining Continue?	359	(6)
When Are Baselines Not Necessary?	365	(1)
Issues Regarding Baselining	366	(4)
Summary	370	(1)
From the Case Study to the Basic Single-System Design: A-B	371	(20)
Introduction	371	(1)
Case Studies or Predesigns	372	(5)
Design A-B: The Basic Single-System Design	377	(13)
Summary	390	(1)
The Experimental Single-System Designs: A-B-A, A-B-A-B, B-A-B	391	(29)
Introduction	392	(3)
Basic Experimental Designs	395	(24)
Summary	419	(1)
Multiple Designs for Single Systems	420	(31)
Introduction	421	(1)
Multiple-Baseline Designs: Across Problems, Clients, or Settings	421	(24)
Multiple-Target Designs	445	(3)
Variations on Multiple Designs	448	(2)
Summary	450	(1)
Changing Intensity Designs and Successive Intervention Designs	451	(26)
Introduction	451	(1)
Changing Intensity Designs: A-B1-B2-B3	452	(11)
Successive Intervention Designs: A-B-C, A-B-A-C, A-B-A-C-A	463	(13)
Summary	476	(1)
Designs for Comparing Interventions	477	(15)
Introduction	477	(1)
Alternating Intervention Design: A-B/C-(B or C)	478	(7)
Interaction Design: A-B-A-B-BC-B-BC	485	(5)
Summary	490	(2)
Selecting a Design	492	(19)
Introduction	492	(1)
Framework for Selecting a Design	492	(3)
Needed: A Design for All Seasons	495	(1)
Creativity in Single-System Designs: Making Your Own Designs	495	(4)
Evaluation in Minimal-Contact Situations	499	(5)
Single-System Designs in Managed Care: The Stretch Design	504	(1)
Trouble-Shooting: ``Okay, I Understand Everything That You Said, but My Case Is Different.''	505	(5)
Summary	510	(1)
PART IV ANALYZING YOUR RESULTS	511	(130)
Basic Principles of Analysis	513	(26)
Introduction	514	(1)
Distinguishing Effort, Effectiveness, and Efficiency	514	(2)
Significance-Practical, Statistical, and Theoretical	516	(6)
Evaluating Goal Achievement	522	(3)
Issues in Analysis of Data	525	(5)
Computer Analysis of Data for Single-System Designs	530	(1)
The Issue of Autocorrelation	531	(4)
Tools in Analysis of Data	535	(3)
Summary	538	(1)
Visual Analysis of Single-System Design Data	539	(15)
Introduction	539	(1)
Definition of Terms	539	(3)
Basic Patterns and Implications	542	(5)
Visual Inspection of Raw Data	547	(2)
Interpreting Ambiguous Patterns	549	(2)
Problems of Visual Inspection	551	(2)
Creating a Chart with SINGWIN	553	(1)
Summary	553	(1)
Descriptive Statistics	554	(22)
Introduction	554	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency	555	(2)
Measures of Variation	557	(2)
Using Measures of Central Tendency and Variability to Graph Group Data	559	(2)
Computing and Graphing Measures of Central Tendency and Variation with SINGWIN	561	(1)
Measures of Trend	561	(5)
Measures of Effect Size	566	(7)
Optimal Uses and Cautions for Specific Descriptive Statistics	573	(1)
Summary	574	(2)
Tests of Statistical Significance for Single-System Designs	576	(20)
Introduction	576	(1)
Proportion/Frequency Approach	577	(4)
Three-Standard-Deviation-Band Approach (X-Moving-Range-Chart)	581	(4)
Chi-Square	585	(3)
Conservative Dual-Criteria (CDC) Approach	588	(2)
t-Test	590	(2)
General Considerations in Using Tests of Statistical Significance	592	(1)
Optimal Uses and Cautions for Specific Analytic Procedures	593	(2)
Summary	595	(1)
Computer Analysis of Single-System Design Data	596	(39)
Chapter Overview	597	(1)
Starting SINGWIN	598	(1)
Exiting SINGWIN	599	(1)
Getting the Big Picture	599	(1)
Using Specific Procedures	600	(30)
Appendix: Installing SINGWIN	630	(4)
Summary	634	(1)
Selecting a Procedure for Analyzing Data	635	(6)
Introduction	635	(1)
Framework for Selecting a Procedure for Analyzing Data	635	(3)
Other Statistical Considerations	638	(1)
Nonstatistical Considerations	639	(1)
Limitations	640	(1)
Summary	640	(1)
PART V THE CHALLENGE OF SINGLE-SYSTEM DESIGNS	641	(32)
Not for Practitioners Alone	643	(30)
Introduction	644	(1)
Special Applications of Single-System Designs	644	(5)
Recent Criticisms of Single-System Evaluation	649	(9)
For the Client	658	(6)
For the Administrator	664	(6)
For Educators and Students	670	(2)
Summary	672	(1)
References	673	(28)
Name Index	701	(8)
Subject Index	709