Everyday Writer 1999

by Lunsford; Connors

• ISBN13: 9780312187941
• ISBN10: 0312187947
• Edition: Revised
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-03-01
• Publisher: St. Martin's Press

Table of Contents

How to Use This Book	xix
Preface	xxi
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS	1	(24)
Broad Content Issues	3	(3)
Supporting evidence	3	(1)
Use of sources	4	(1)
Achievement of purpose	5	(1)
Attention to audience	5	(1)
Overall impression	6	(1)
Organization and Presentation	6	(3)
Organization	6	(1)
Sentence structure and style	7	(1)
Paragraph structure	8	(1)
Format	8	(1)
Documentation	9	(1)
The Twenty Most Common Errors	9	(16)
Missing comma after an introductory element	11	(1)
Vague pronoun reference	12	(1)
Missing comma in a compound sentence	13	(1)
Wrong word	13	(1)
Missing comma(s) with a nonrestrictive element	14	(1)
Wrong or missing verb ending	15	(1)
Wrong or missing preposition	15	(1)
Comma splice	16	(1)
Missing or misplaced possessive apostrophe	16	(1)
Unnecessary shift in tense	17	(1)
Unnecessary shift in pronoun	17	(1)
Sentence fragment	18	(1)
Wrong tense or verb form	18	(1)
Lack of subject-verb agreement	19	(2)
Missing comma in a series	21	(1)
Lack of agreement between pronoun and antecedent	22	(1)
Unnecessary comma(s) with a restrictive element	23	(1)
Fused sentence	23	(1)
Misplaced or dangling modifier	24	(1)
Its/It's confusion	24	(1)
COMPOSING AND REVISING	25	(34)
Considering Purpose and Audience	27	(1)
Assignment	27	(1)
Purpose	27	(1)
Audience	28	(1)
Exploring Ideas	28	(5)
Brainstorming	28	(1)
Freewriting	29	(1)
Clustering	30	(1)
Looping	31	(1)
Asking questions	31	(1)
Working collaboratively	32	(1)
Drafting	33	(5)
Establishing a working thesis	33	(1)
Developing support	34	(2)
Writing out a plan	36	(2)
Writing out a draft	38	(1)
Constructing Paragraphs	38	(13)
Focusing on a main idea	39	(1)
Providing details	40	(1)
Using effective patterns of development	41	(5)
Considering paragraph length	46	(1)
Making paragraphs flow	46	(3)
Working on opening and closing paragraphs	49	(2)
Revising and Editing	51	(8)
Revising	52	(2)
Editing	54	(5)
SENTENCE STYLE	59	(26)
Consistency and Completeness	61	(3)
Grammatical patterns	61	(1)
Subjects and predicates	62	(1)
Elliptical structures	63	(1)
Missing words	63	(1)
Comparisons	63	(1)
Coordination and Subordination	64	(5)
Coordination to relate equal ideas	65	(1)
Subordination to emphasize main ideas	66	(3)
Parallelism	69	(3)
In a Series	70	(1)
With paired ideas	70	(1)
With all necessary words	71	(1)
Shifts	72	(4)
In tense	73	(1)
In mood	73	(1)
In voice	74	(1)
In point of view	74	(1)
Between direct and indirect discourse	74	(1)
In tone and diction	75	(1)
Emphasis	76	(2)
Closing and opening positions	76	(1)
Climatic order	77	(1)
Conciseness	78	(3)
Unnecessary words	78	(1)
Redundant words	79	(1)
Empty words	79	(1)
Wordy phrases	80	(1)
Simplifying sentence structure	80	(1)
Sentence Variety	81	(4)
Sentence length	82	(1)
Sentence openings	82	(3)
SENTENCE GRAMMAR	85	(68)
Basic Grammar	88	(17)
The basic grammar of sentences	88	(1)
Parts of Speech
Verbs	89	(1)
Nouns	89	(1)
Pronouns	90	(2)
Adjectives	92	(1)
Adverbs	92	(1)
Prepositions	93	(1)
Conjunctions	94	(2)
Interjections	96	(1)
Parts of Sentences
Subjects	97	(1)
Predicates	98	(2)
Phrases	100	(2)
Clauses	102	(2)
Types of Sentences
Classifying sentences grammatically	104	(1)
Classifying sentences functionally	105	(1)
Verbs	105	(14)
The Five forms of verbs	106	(2)
Appropriate auxiliary verbs	108	(1)
Regular and irregular verb forms	108	(4)
Lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise	112	(1)
Verb tenses	112	(4)
Accurate verb sequence	116	(1)
Active voice and passive voice	116	(1)
Verb mood	117	(2)
Subject-Verb Agreement	119	(6)
Third-person singular subjects	120	(1)
When subjects and verbs are separated by other words	120	(1)
Compound subjects	121	(1)
Collective nouns	121	(1)
Indefinite pronouns	122	(1)
Who, which, and that	123	(1)
Linking verbs	124	(1)
Singular words such as physics and news	124	(1)
Subject after verbs	124	(1)
Titles and words used as words	125	(1)
Adjectives and Adverbs	125	(5)
Adjectives	126	(1)
Adverbs	127	(1)
Comparatives and superlatives	128	(2)
Modifier Placement	130	(4)
Misplaced modifiers	131	(1)
Disruptive modifiers	132	(1)
Modifiers that unnecessarily split an infinitive	132	(1)
Dangling modifiers	133	(1)
Pronouns	134	(9)
Pronoun case	135	(1)
Who, whoever, whom, and whomever	136	(2)
Case in compound structures	138	(1)
Case in elliptical constructions	138	(1)
We and us before a noun	139	(1)
Pronoun-antecedent agreement	139	(2)
Clear pronoun reference	141	(2)
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	143	(5)
Revising into two sentences	145	(1)
Revising with a comma and a coordinating conjunction	145	(1)
Revising with a semicolon	145	(2)
Recasting two clauses as one independent clause	147	(1)
Recasting one clause as a dependent clause	147	(1)
Sentence Fragments	148	(5)
Phrase fragments	150	(1)
Compound-predicate fragments	151	(1)
Dependent-clause fragments	151	(2)
WORDS/GLOSSARY	153	(38)
Using Appropriate and Precise Language	155	(6)
Levels of formality	155	(2)
Denotation and connotation	157	(1)
General and specific diction	158	(1)
Figurative language	159	(2)
Using Language to Build Common Ground	161	(7)
Remembering the golden rule	162	(1)
Watching for stereotypes and other assumptions	162	(1)
Considering assumptions about gender	163	(2)
Considering assumptions about race and ethnicity	165	(1)
Considering other kinds of difference	166	(2)
Language Variety	168	(5)
Standard varieties of English	168	(1)
Ethnic varieties of English	169	(1)
Occupational varieties of English	170	(1)
Regional varieties of English	171	(1)
Bringing in other languages	171	(2)
Spelling	173	(7)
The most commonly misspelled words	173	(1)
Homonyms	174	(3)
Spelling rules	177	(3)
Glossary of Usage	180	(11)
PUNCTUATION/MECHANICS	191	(48)
Commas	194	(10)
Introductory elements	195	(1)
In compound sentences	195	(1)
Nonrestrictive elements	196	(3)
Items in a series	199	(1)
Parenthetical and transitional expressions	200	(1)
Contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions	200	(1)
Dates, addresses, titles, and numbers	201	(1)
To set off most quotations	202	(1)
To prevent confusion	202	(1)
Unnecessary commas	203	(1)
Semicolons	204	(3)
Closely related independent clauses	204	(1)
Conjunctive adverbs, transitional phrases	205	(1)
Series with other punctuation	206	(1)
Misuses	207	(1)
End Punctuation	207	(3)
Periods	208	(1)
Question marks	208	(1)
Exclamation points	209	(1)
Apostrophes	210	(3)
Possessive case	210	(2)
Contractions	212	(1)
Plurals of numbers, letters, symbols, etc.	212	(1)
Quotation Marks	213	(5)
Direct Quotation	213	(1)
To quote prose or poetry	214	(1)
Titles	215	(1)
Definitions	215	(1)
With other punctuation marks	215	(2)
Misuses	217	(1)
Other Punctuation	218	(7)
Parentheses	219	(1)
Brackets	220	(1)
Dashes	220	(1)
Colons	221	(2)
Slashes	223	(1)
Ellipses	223	(1)
Punctuating online	224	(1)
Capitalization	225	(4)
First word of a sentence	226	(1)
Proper nouns and adjectives	226	(2)
Titles before proper names	228	(1)
Titles of works	228	(1)
Directions and geographical regions	229	(1)
Family relationships	229	(1)
Seasons of the year	229	(1)
Abbreviations and Numbers	229	(5)
Titles used with proper names	230	(1)
With years and hours	230	(1)
Business, government, and science terms	231	(1)
Company names	231	(1)
In notes and source citations	231	(1)
Units of measurements and symbols	232	(1)
Other abbreviations	233	(1)
Spelling out numbers of one or two words	233	(1)
Spelling out numbers that begin sentences	233	(1)
Using figures	234	(1)
Italics	234	(2)
Titles of works	234	(1)
Words, letters, and numbers used as terms	235	(1)
Non-English words	235	(1)
Names of vehicles	236	(1)
For emphasis	236	(1)
Hyphens	236	(3)
To divide words at the end of a line	237	(1)
Compound words	237	(1)
Hyphenated adjectives	237	(1)
Fractions and compound numbers	238	(1)
With some prefixes and suffixes	238	(1)
WIRED STYLE/DOCUMENT DESIGN	239	(18)
Wired Style	241	(6)
Style FAQ	241	(3)
Transcend the technical	244	(1)
Capture the colloquial	245	(1)
Acronyms, FWIW	246	(1)
When in doubt, close it up	247	(1)
Document Design	247	(10)
Creating a visual structure	248	(2)
Headings	250	(1)
Visuals	251	(6)
DOING RESEARCH	257	(32)
Preparing for a Research Project	259	(3)
Formulating a research question and a hypothesis	259	(1)
Investigating what you know about your topic	259	(1)
Moving from hypothesis to working thesis	260	(1)
Considering the context of the research project	260	(2)
Conducting Research	262	(10)
Using primary and secondary sources	262	(1)
Selecting reference works	263	(1)
Searching computer databases	264	(2)
Using the Internet	266	(3)
Using the library catalog	269	(1)
Conducting original research in the field	270	(2)
Evaluating and Using Sources	272	(12)
Keeping clear records	272	(2)
Assessing the usefulness of a source	274	(1)
Evaluating electronic sources with special scrutiny	275	(1)
Reading critically, and synthesizing data	275	(1)
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing	276	(5)
Recognizing plagiarism, and acknowledging sources	281	(3)
Writing a Research Essay	284	(5)
Refining your writing plans	284	(1)
Organizing, outlining, and drafting	284	(2)
Incorporating source materials	286	(2)
Revising and editing your draft	288	(1)
Preparing a list of works cited	288	(1)
DOCUMENTING SOURCES, MLA STYLE	289	(42)
MLA Style for In-text Citations	293	(4)
MLA Style for Explanatory and Bibliographic Notes	297	(1)
MLA Style for a List of Works Cited	298	(16)
Books	299	(5)
Periodicals	304	(3)
Electronic sources	307	(4)
Other sources	311	(3)
A Sample Research Essay, MLA Style	314	(17)
DOCUMENTING SOURCES, APA AND CBE STYLES	331	(36)
APA Style	335	(14)
APA style for in-text citations	335	(3)
APA style for content notes	338	(1)
APA style for a list of references	338	(11)
Books	339	(2)
Periodicals	341	(2)
Electronic sources	343	(1)
Internet sources	344	(4)
Other sources	348	(1)
A Sample Research Essay, APA Style	349	(11)
CBE Style	360	(7)
CBE style for in-text citations	360	(1)
CBE style for a list of references	361	(6)
Books	362	(2)
Periodicals	364	(1)
Electronic sources	365	(2)
SPECIAL KINDS OF WRITING	367	(22)
Oral Presentations	369	(4)
Considering your task, purpose, and audience	369	(1)
Working on your introduction and conclusion	370	(1)
Using explicit structure and signpost language	370	(1)
Preparing your text for ease of presentation	370	(2)
Using visuals	372	(1)
Practicing your presentation	372	(1)
Writing about Literature	373	(9)
Becoming a strong reader of literature	373	(1)
A glossary of literary terms	374	(3)
Considering your assignment, purpose, and audience	377	(1)
Selecting a critical stance	377	(5)
Sample Paper	378	(4)
Professional and Business Communication	382	(7)
Memos	382	(2)
Sample Memo	383	(1)
Email	384	(1)
Sample Email	384	(1)
Letters	384	(2)
Sample Letter	385	(1)
Resumes	386	(3)
Sample Resume	387	(2)
FOR MULTILINGUAL WRITERS	389	(24)
Nouns and Noun Phrases	391	(5)
Count and noncount nouns	391	(1)
Singular and plural forms	392	(1)
Determiners	392	(1)
Articles	393	(2)
Modifiers	395	(1)
Verbs and Verb Phrases	396	(8)
A review of verb phrases	397	(2)
Present and past tenses	399	(1)
Perfect and progressive verb phrases	400	(1)
Modals	401	(2)
Participial adjectives	403	(1)
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases	404	(3)
Prepositions	404	(2)
Two-word verbs	406	(1)
Clauses and Sentences	407	(6)
Subjects	407	(1)
Objects	408	(1)
English word order	408	(1)
Noun clauses	409	(1)
Infinitives and gerunds	410	(1)
Adjective clauses	411	(2)
Conditional sentences	413
Index	I-1