Evidence

by Emanuel, Steven L.

• ISBN13: 9780735540040
• ISBN10: 0735540047
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-06-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business

Summary

Relied on by generations of law school students, Emanuel Law Outlines include detailed reviews of critical issues and key topics, short answer questions, Q&A's, and correlation charts referencing leading casebooks.

Author Biography

Steven L. Emanuel: Harvard Law School

Table of Contents

Preface	xxxvii
Casebook Correlation Chart	xxxix
Capsule Summary	1	(1)
Basic Concepts
First Principles	1	(1)
Only admissible evidence usable	1	(1)
Roles of judge and jury	1	(1)
The Federal Rules	1	(1)
Organization of the Trial	2	(2)
Flow of the case	2	(1)
Examination of witnesses	3	(1)
Four stages	3	(1)
Sequestration of witnesses	3	(1)
Making and Responding to Objections	4	(3)
Making objections	4	(1)
Time for objection	4	(1)
General vs. specific objections	4	(1)
Taking of ``exceptions''	5	(1)
Offer of proof	5	(1)
The ``plain error'' and ``harmless error'' doctrines	6	(1)
Competency	7	(4)
Meaning	7	(1)
General common-law approach	7	(1)
Modern approach	7	(1)
Presumption of competence	7	(1)
Federal Rules	7	(1)
Dead Man's Statutes	8	(1)
Exam Tips on Basic Concepts	9	(2)
Relevance
Relevance Generally	11	(2)
All relevant evidence admitted	11	(1)
Two aspects of relevance	11	(1)
Link One (probative relationship)	11	(1)
Link Two (materiality)	11	(1)
Rule 401	12	(1)
``Direct'' vs. ``circumstantial'' evidence	12	(1)
Probative Value	13	(2)
The problem generally	13	(1)
Experience and logic, not law	13	(1)
Chain of inference	13	(2)
Prejudice, Confusion, and Waste of Time	15	(7)
``Counterweights'' to relevance	15	(1)
Prejudice	15	(1)
Comparison standard	15	(1)
Gruesome photos	16	(1)
Evidence of other crimes	16	(1)
Confusion	17	(1)
Waste of time	17	(1)
No ``unfair surprise''	18	(1)
Standard for appellate review	18	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Relevance	18	(1)
Exam Tips on Relevance	19	(3)
Circumstantial Proof: Special Problems
Character Evidence in General	22	(2)
Nature of the problem	22	(2)
Character in Issue	24	(1)
General rule	24	(1)
Federal Rules	24	(1)
Rare	24	(1)
Type of evidence	25	(1)
Character as Circumstantial Evidence --- Generally	25	(1)
Use of Circumstantial Character Evidence in Civil Cases	26	(1)
General rule	26	(1)
Character for care	26	(1)
Quasi-criminal acts alleged	26	(1)
Other Crimes and Wrongs as Evidence, Especially in Criminal Cases	27	(13)
General principle	27	(1)
Fre 404	28	(1)
Applies to other situations	28	(1)
No conviction, or action not constituting a crime	28	(1)
Use in civil cases	29	(1)
Use by defendant to show someone else did it	29	(1)
Proof offered for purpose other than to show propensity	29	(2)
Specific situations	31	(1)
Context	31	(1)
Larger plan	31	(1)
Preparation	31	(1)
``Identity'' by showing ``signature''	32	(1)
Requirements	32	(1)
Modus operandi	32	(1)
Non-signature ways to prove D's ``identity''	33	(1)
Intent	34	(1)
Sexual misconduct	34	(1)
Knowledge	34	(1)
Motive	35	(1)
Opportunity	35	(1)
Identity	35	(1)
Must be issue	35	(1)
Relation to other exceptions	35	(1)
Conviction as predicate to present crime	36	(1)
Impeachment	36	(1)
Other exceptions	36	(1)
Other aspects	37	(1)
Degree of certainty	37	(1)
Genuine controversy	38	(1)
Subsequent acts	38	(1)
Balancing	39	(1)
Procedure	39	(1)
Evidence of Criminal Defendant's Good Character	40	(2)
General rule	40	(1)
Method of proof	41	(1)
Reputation and opinion, not specific acts	41	(1)
Negative evidence	41	(1)
Rebuttal by prosecution	41	(1)
Character ``in issue''	42	(1)
Cross-examination of defendant's witness	42	(1)
Character of Victim, Especially in Cases of Assault, Murder, and Rape	42	(8)
Problem generally	42	(1)
Murder and assault victims	42	(1)
Knowledge unnecessary	43	(1)
Rationale	43	(1)
Federal Rules	43	(1)
Rebuttal by prosecution	43	(2)
Rape and other sexual assault	45	(1)
Rationale	45	(1)
Disadvantages	45	(1)
``Rape shield'' laws	46	(1)
The federal rape shield provision	46	(4)
Methods of Proving Character (Fre 405)	50	(6)
Fre 405	50	(1)
Situations covered by 405(a)	51	(1)
Character of victim	52	(1)
Proof for ``other purposes'' than conduct in conformity with character	52	(1)
Essential element of charge, claim or defense	53	(1)
Special problems of each type of evidence	53	(1)
Reputation	53	(1)
Opinion	54	(1)
Specific instances	54	(2)
Form of question	56	(1)
Sexual Assault and Child Molestation --- by the Defendant	56	(6)
Fre 413-415 generally	56	(1)
Past sexual assaults	56	(1)
Past child molestations	56	(1)
Civil suits	56	(1)
Practical impact	56	(1)
Broadly drafted	57	(1)
Criticisms	58	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Circumstantial Evidence	58	(4)
Habit and Custom	62	(3)
General rule allows	62	(1)
Distinction between habit and character	62	(1)
Minority rule	63	(1)
Federal Rule	64	(1)
No eyewitness requirement	64	(1)
How proved	64	(1)
Business practice	65	(1)
Similar Happenings	65	(4)
General problem	65	(1)
Similar accidents and injuries	66	(1)
Narrow element	66	(1)
Evidence of past safety	66	(1)
Other kinds of events	67	(1)
Contracts	67	(1)
Criminal allegations	68	(1)
Prior claims by same plaintiff	68	(1)
Accident proneness	68	(1)
Subsequent Remedial Measures	69	(5)
Problem generally	69	(1)
Permissible purposes	70	(1)
Federal Rule	70	(1)
Typical issues	70	(3)
Must be controverted	73	(1)
Third persons	73	(1)
Product liability	74	(1)
Liability Insurance	74	(1)
General rule	74	(1)
Compromises, Offers to Plead Guilty and Offers to Pay Medical Expenses	75	(19)
Compromises generally	75	(1)
Compromises --- Federal Rules	76	(1)
Compromises --- Actual dispute required	76	(1)
Compromises --- Must be intent to compromise	76	(1)
Compromises --- Collateral admissions	77	(1)
Common-law admits	77	(1)
Federal Rule	77	(1)
Compromises --- ``Other purposes''	78	(1)
Settlement with third person	78	(1)
Compromises --- Completed settlements	79	(1)
Guilty pleas	79	(1)
Offer of plea	79	(2)
Withdrawn pleas	81	(1)
Impeachment	81	(1)
Payment of medical expenses	81	(1)
Quiz Yourself (Balance of Chapter)	81	(2)
Exam Tips on Circumstantial Proof: Special Problems	83	(11)
Examination and Impeachment of Witnesses
Direct Examination	94	(3)
Definition of direct examination	94	(1)
Free narrative vs. specific questions	94	(1)
Leading questions	95	(2)
Impeachment of own witness	97	(1)
Cross-Examination	97	(4)
Nature of cross-examination	97	(1)
Leading questions allowed	97	(1)
Scope of cross	98	(1)
``Restrictive'' majority rule	98	(1)
Traditional ``wide open'' rule	99	(1)
Middle ground	99	(1)
Art of cross-examination	100	(1)
Redirect and Recross	101	(1)
Redirect	101	(1)
Scope	101	(1)
Discretion of judge	101	(1)
Recross	101	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Direct Examination, Cross-Examination, Redirect and Recross	102	(1)
Refreshing Recollection and Other Techniques	102	(4)
Refreshing the witness' recollection --- generally	102	(2)
Refreshing recollection --- Adversary's right to inspect document	104	(2)
Argumentative and misleading questions	106	(1)
Examination by Court	106	(1)
General rule	106	(1)
Witness called by judge	106	(1)
Judge's discretion	106	(1)
Questioning by judge	106	(1)
Impeachment --- Generally	107	(3)
Meaning of ``impeachment''	107	(1)
Five types	107	(1)
Impeaching one's own witness	107	(1)
Rationale	108	(1)
Exceptions to common-law rule	108	(1)
Modern and Federal rule	109	(1)
Leading questions	109	(1)
Impeachment by Prior Criminal Convictions	110	(9)
Problem generally	110	(1)
Common law approach	110	(1)
Federal Rules --- generally	110	(2)
Fre 609 --- ``Falsehood or dishonesty'' (crimen falsi) convictions	112	(1)
Significance	112	(1)
Definition of ``crimen falsi''	112	(2)
Looking to facts of particular crime	114	(1)
No discretion	114	(1)
Time limit	114	(1)
Fre 609 --- Felonies not involving dishonesty or false statement	114	(1)
Must be felony	114	(1)
W is the accused	114	(1)
W is not the accused	115	(1)
Balancing	115	(2)
Fre 609 --- Time limit	117	(1)
Fre 609 --- Other issues	117	(1)
In limine motions	117	(1)
Procedure	117	(1)
Permitted detail	117	(1)
State or federal	118	(1)
Pardon	118	(1)
Juvenile adjudications	118	(1)
Appeals	118	(1)
Nolo contendere pleas	118	(1)
Harmonizing convictions and bad-acts evidence under FRE 608	118	(1)
Impeachment by Prior Bad Acts	119	(6)
Use of bad acts generally	119	(1)
Common-law view	119	(1)
Federal Rules	120	(1)
Summary	120	(1)
Self-incrimination	121	(1)
Bad acts that are also crimes	121	(3)
Direct examination	124	(1)
No use of extrinsic evidence	124	(1)
Good-faith basis	125	(1)
Impeachment by Opinion and Reputation Regarding Character	125	(3)
Issue generally	125	(1)
Distinguished from substantive evidence	126	(1)
Common-law rule	126	(1)
Federal Rule	127	(1)
Impeachment by Prior Inconsistent Statements	128	(5)
General principle	128	(1)
General rule	128	(1)
Limits	128	(1)
Parties not covered	129	(1)
Foundation requirement	129	(1)
Common law	129	(1)
Federal Rule	130	(1)
Writing	131	(1)
Extrinsic evidence	131	(1)
Limits	131	(1)
Federal Rule	132	(1)
Use for substantive purposes	132	(1)
Impeachment for Bias	133	(2)
Proof of bias generally	133	(1)
Types of bias	133	(1)
Friendly feeling	133	(1)
Hostility	133	(1)
Self-interest	133	(1)
Membership in group	133	(1)
Foundation	134	(1)
Extrinsic evidence	134	(1)
Federal Rules	134	(1)
Bias never collateral	134	(1)
Confrontation Clause rights in criminal cases	134	(1)
Sexual history of rape victim	134	(1)
Impeachment by Sensory or Mental Defects	135	(1)
General rule	135	(1)
Sensory defect	135	(1)
Mental defect	135	(1)
Drugs and alcohol	135	(1)
Psychiatric testimony	135	(1)
Extrinsic evidence allowed	136	(1)
Impeachment by Contradiction; the ``Collateral Issue'' Rule	136	(8)
General theory of contradiction	136	(1)
Incomplete contradiction	137	(1)
Rules of exclusion	138	(1)
``Collateral issue'' rule	139	(1)
Summary	140	(1)
Federal approach	140	(1)
The Oswalt case as illustration	140	(1)
Solely for contradiction	141	(1)
Rationale	141	(1)
Various contexts for rule	141	(2)
Fact about which no honest mistake possible	143	(1)
Impeachment by physical evidence	143	(1)
Not applicable to cross of principal witness	143	(1)
Religious Beliefs	144	(1)
Rehabilitating the Impeached Witness	145	(9)
General rules	145	(1)
No bolstering	145	(1)
Exceptions	145	(1)
Rehabilitation	146	(1)
Must meet the attack	146	(1)
Two categories	146	(1)
Good character	146	(1)
Prior consistent statement	147	(2)
Anticipating impeachment (``drawing the sting'')	149	(1)
Right to rebut if impeachment comes	149	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Refreshing Recollection, Impeachment & Rehabilitation	149	(5)
Some Special Techniques for Developing or Evaluating Testimony	154	(16)
Scope	154	(1)
Psychiatric testimony	154	(1)
Hypnosis and truth serum	155	(1)
Statement made under influence	156	(1)
Testimony at trial	156	(1)
Lie detector tests	157	(2)
Exam Tips on Examination & Impeachment of Witnesses	159	(11)
Hearsay
Introduction	170	(4)
Nature of hearsay	170	(1)
Basic definition	170	(1)
Written hearsay	170	(1)
Truth of matter asserted	170	(1)
Dangers of hearsay	171	(1)
Dangers of out-of-court declaration	172	(2)
The Definition of Hearsay	174	(33)
The problem generally	174	(1)
Common-law definition	174	(1)
Use of triangle	175	(2)
Federal Rule	177	(2)
Statement made ``out of court''	179	(1)
``Truth of matter asserted''	179	(1)
Significance of assertions for truth	179	(1)
Approach	180	(1)
Verbal acts	180	(1)
Verbal parts of acts	181	(1)
Effect on hearer or reader	181	(2)
Declarant's state of mind	183	(2)
Reputation	185	(1)
Opinion surveys	185	(1)
Impeachment	186	(1)
Statements and conduct	186	(1)
Open question	186	(1)
Assertive conduct	186	(1)
Silence	187	(1)
Non-assertive conduct	188	(4)
Assertions not offered to prove truth of matter asserted	192	(1)
``Two-step inference''	192	(1)
Treatment	192	(1)
Circumstantial evidence	193	(2)
Other hearsay problems	195	(1)
Lack of first-hand knowledge	195	(1)
``Not offered in presence of party''	196	(1)
Multiple hearsay	197	(1)
``Statements'' by machines or animals	197	(2)
Quiz Yourself on Hearsay	199	(3)
Exam Tips on Hearsay	202	(5)
Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule
Introduction	207	(1)
Significance	207	(1)
Availability of declarant	207	(1)
Confrontation Clause of Constitution	207	(1)
Admissions	207	(18)
Neither category	207	(1)
General rule	208	(1)
Exception or outside of scope	208	(1)
Rationale	208	(1)
Distinguish from declaration against interest	208	(1)
Not binding	209	(1)
Can be opinion or conclusion	209	(1)
Federal Rule	210	(1)
Personal admissions	210	(1)
Representative capacity	210	(1)
Pleadings	211	(1)
Conduct as admission	212	(1)
Admissions in criminal cases	212	(1)
Adoptive admissions	212	(1)
Test for adoption	212	(1)
Real acquiescence	213	(1)
Silence	213	(2)
Who makes decision on adoption, judge or jury	215	(1)
Representative admissions	216	(1)
Explicitly authorized admission	216	(1)
Vicarious admissions by agents	217	(1)
Other exceptions	218	(1)
Co-conspirators	219	(1)
Partners	219	(1)
General rule on co-conspirators	219	(1)
Rationale	220	(1)
Requirements for exception	221	(1)
``During course of''	221	(1)
``In furtherance'' requirement	222	(1)
No need to charge conspiracy	223	(1)
Procedure	223	(1)
Privity	224	(1)
Availability Immaterial --- Generally	225	(1)
Rationale	225	(1)
List of exceptions	225	(1)
Spontaneous, Excited, or Contemporaneous Utterances (Including Statements About Physical or Mental Condition)	225	(18)
General principle	225	(1)
``Res gestae''	225	(1)
Statements of physical condition	225	(1)
Statements to laypersons	226	(1)
Statements to a treating physician	226	(2)
Statements by third persons	228	(1)
Statements to third persons	228	(1)
Physician who does not treat but testifies	228	(1)
Statements about the declarant's mental state	229	(1)
State of mind directly in issue	229	(2)
Proof of subsequent act	231	(2)
Cooperation of other	233	(3)
Proof of prior acts	236	(3)
Excited utterances	239	(1)
Federal codification	240	(1)
Rationale	240	(1)
Sufficiently startling	240	(1)
Time factor	240	(1)
Reference to exciting event	241	(1)
Rape cases	242	(1)
Present sense impressions	242	(1)
Federal formulation	242	(1)
Houston Oxygen case	242	(1)
Immediacy	243	(1)
Description	243	(1)
Perception	243	(1)
Opinions allowed	243	(1)
No corroboration required	243	(1)
``Res gestae'' label	243	(1)
Past Recollection Recorded	243	(4)
The rule generally	243	(1)
Typical applications	243	(1)
Relation to business records exception	244	(1)
Fre 803(5) recognizes a hearsay exception for	244	(1)
Requirements for the rule	244	(1)
First-hand knowledge	244	(1)
Made when fresh in memory	244	(1)
Impaired recollection	244	(1)
Accuracy when written	245	(1)
Other considerations	246	(1)
Non-writings	246	(1)
Best Evidence rule	246	(1)
Not always admissible as evidence	246	(1)
Distinguished from present recollection refreshed	246	(1)
Business Records	247	(11)
Problem generally	247	(1)
History	248	(1)
Two historical exceptions	248	(1)
Statutory reform	248	(1)
Federal Rule	248	(1)
Definition of a ``business''	249	(1)
Person who originally supplies information	249	(1)
First-hand information	249	(1)
Requirement of business duty	249	(1)
Made in ``regular course of business''	250	(1)
Palmer	251	(1)
Modern view	251	(1)
Police reports and records	252	(1)
Opinions	252	(1)
Trustworthiness	253	(1)
Absence of entry	253	(1)
Oral reports	254	(1)
Proving the record	254	(1)
Not self-proving	254	(1)
Who must be called	254	(1)
Special situations	255	(1)
Hospital records	255	(2)
Computer print-outs	257	(1)
Public Records and Reports	258	(9)
Exception generally	258	(1)
Common-law rule	258	(1)
Federal Rule	259	(1)
Three categories	259	(1)
Activities of the office	259	(1)
Matters observed under duty	260	(1)
Investigative reports	260	(1)
Criminal cases	261	(1)
Federal language	261	(1)
Accused's use of subsection (B)	261	(1)
``Other law enforcement personnel''	261	(1)
Routine observations	262	(1)
Use of ``business records'' or other rules	262	(2)
Other issues	264	(1)
``Factual'' versus ``evaluative''	264	(1)
Trustworthiness in (C) cases	265	(1)
Multiple hearsay	266	(1)
Trustworthiness in (A) and (B) cases	267	(1)
Miscellaneous Exceptions --- Availability Immaterial	267	(8)
In general	267	(1)
Learned writings and commercial publications	267	(1)
Common law	268	(1)
Federal Rules	268	(1)
Commercial publications	269	(1)
Ancient documents and documents relating to property	270	(1)
Ancient documents	270	(1)
Newer title documents	271	(1)
Reputation	271	(1)
Personal or family history	271	(1)
Boundaries and general historical facts	272	(1)
Reputation for character	272	(1)
Miscellaneous public and quasi-public records	272	(1)
Vital statistics	272	(1)
Marriage certificates	273	(1)
Vital statistics kept by religious organizations	273	(1)
Absence of public record	273	(1)
Previous felony convictions	274	(1)
Unavailability Required --- Generally	275	(2)
Introduction	275	(1)
Meaning of ``unavailable''	275	(1)
The Federal Rule	275	(1)
States generally follow	276	(1)
Constitutional problems	276	(1)
Former Testimony	277	(11)
In general	277	(1)
Federal Rule	277	(1)
Rationale	277	(1)
Requirements summarized	277	(1)
Meaning of ``hearing'' and ``proceeding''	278	(1)
Broadly defined	278	(1)
What's covered	278	(1)
What's not covered	278	(1)
Under oath	278	(1)
Opportunity for cross-examination	279	(1)
Actual examination not required	279	(1)
Direct examination	279	(1)
``Similar motive'' to cross-examine	280	(1)
Common-law approach	280	(1)
Rationale for ``similar motive'' rule	280	(1)
Same issues, same stakes and same parties	281	(1)
Specific contexts	282	(3)
Identity of parties	285	(1)
Applies only to opponent	285	(1)
Similar party in interest	285	(1)
Fre approach	286	(2)
Dying Declarations	288	(3)
General rule	288	(1)
Requirements	289	(1)
Awareness of imminent death	289	(1)
Actual death required	289	(1)
Homicide	289	(1)
Declarant must be victim	290	(1)
Must relate to circumstances of killing	290	(1)
Miscellaneous	290	(1)
Usable on accused's behalf	290	(1)
First-hand knowledge	290	(1)
Opinions	290	(1)
Preliminary fact questions	291	(1)
Declarations Against Interest	291	(9)
Generally	291	(1)
Summary of requirements	291	(1)
Distinguished from admissions	292	(1)
Rationale	292	(1)
Federal Rule	292	(1)
Meaning of ``against interest''	293	(1)
When made	293	(1)
Pecuniary interest	293	(1)
Against penal interest	293	(3)
Collateral statements	296	(2)
Factual background	298	(1)
Constitutional issues	299	(1)
Use by prosecution	299	(1)
Use by accused	300	(1)
Statements of Pedigree	300	(2)
In general	300	(1)
Family relationship	301	(1)
Before controversy	301	(1)
Relation to reputation evidence	302	(1)
Forfeiture by Wrongdoing	302	(2)
The problem generally	302	(1)
Fre 804(b)(6)'s solution	302	(2)
Prior Statements of Available Witnesses	304	(12)
In general	304	(1)
Not necessarily exception	304	(1)
Three different problems	304	(1)
Common-law rules in brief	304	(1)
Federal Rules	305	(1)
Prior inconsistent statements	306	(1)
In favor of admitting	306	(1)
In favor of exclusion	307	(1)
Superficial view favors admission	307	(1)
Ignorance of trial realities	308	(2)
Analysis	310	(1)
Federal Rules compromise	310	(1)
Special contexts	311	(1)
Statement remembered but repudiated	311	(1)
Prior statement denied	312	(1)
Prior statement adopted but underlying facts not remembered	312	(1)
Prior statement eventually adopted by witness	313	(1)
Prior consistent statements	313	(1)
Prior identification	314	(2)
The Residual (``Catch All'') Exception	316	(8)
Generally	316	(1)
Federal Rules	317	(1)
Text of Federal Rule	317	(1)
Five requirements	317	(1)
How used	318	(1)
Grand jury testimony	319	(1)
Circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness	319	(1)
``Average'' of other exceptions	319	(1)
Factors bearing on declarant	319	(1)
Corroboration by other evidence	320	(1)
Other post-declaration factors	320	(1)
``Near-miss'' problem	321	(1)
Policy decision	321	(1)
Contrary view, usually followed	322	(1)
Grand jury testimony	322	(1)
Notice	323	(1)
Grand jury testimony used against criminal defendant	323	(1)
How issue arises	323	(1)
Effect of Crawford	323	(1)
Child-abuse victims	323	(1)
The Future of Hearsay	324	(37)
Generally	324	(2)
The future of hearsay	326	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule	326	(16)
Exam Tips on Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule	342	(19)
Confrontation and Compulsory Process
Introduction	361	(1)
Constitutional limits	361	(1)
Confrontation Clause	361	(1)
Compulsory Process Clause	362	(1)
The Confrontation Clause	362	(19)
History	362	(1)
Declarant produced at trial	363	(1)
Preference for live testimony	363	(1)
Modern cases	364	(1)
Ohio v. Roberts	364	(1)
Crawford v. Washington	365	(3)
Present law on testimonial statements	368	(1)
Major rule	368	(1)
What is ``testimonial''	368	(1)
What constitutes ``subject to cross-examination''	369	(4)
Present law on ``nontestimonial'' statements	373	(1)
Does Roberts remain the law?	373	(1)
If Roberts is still valid	374	(2)
If Roberts is not valid	376	(1)
Special problem of multi-party confessions and joint trials (Bruton)	376	(1)
Nontestimonial remark	377	(1)
True testimonial ``confessions''	377	(1)
Right to confront testifying witnesses	378	(1)
W's refusal to answer	378	(1)
Restrictions on cross-examination	378	(2)
Right to be face-to-face with W	380	(1)
Compulsory Process	381	(7)
General meaning	381	(1)
State or federal rules restricting evidence	381	(1)
Equality principle	382	(1)
Only ``weighty interests'' are protected	383	(1)
Due process	383	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Confrontation and Compulsory Process	383	(2)
Exam Tips on Confrontation and Compulsory Process	385	(3)
Privileges
Privileges Generally	388	(4)
Introduction	388	(2)
Where applicable	390	(1)
Who may assert	390	(1)
Risk of eavesdropping	390	(1)
Sources of privileges	391	(1)
State development	391	(1)
Federal courts	391	(1)
The Attorney-Client Privilege	392	(18)
Introduction	392	(1)
Proposed Federal Rule	392	(1)
State approach	393	(1)
Summary of requirements	393	(1)
Rationale	394	(1)
The professional relationship	395	(1)
No retainer needed	395	(1)
Non-legal advice	396	(1)
Reasonable belief	396	(1)
Client holds the privilege	396	(1)
Confidential communications	396	(1)
Client-to-lawyer	396	(1)
Lawyer-to-client statements	397	(1)
Information involving third parties	397	(1)
Tangible evidence and documents	398	(1)
Miscellaneous issues	398	(1)
Fact of employment; client's identity	399	(1)
Physical evidence and documents	400	(1)
Can't assist in ongoing fraud	400	(1)
Concealment of evidence	400	(1)
Attorney's choices	401	(1)
Evidence of source	402	(1)
Information from third parties	403	(1)
Writings	403	(1)
Corporate clients	404	(1)
Corporations have privilege	404	(1)
Who may communicate	404	(1)
Must concern employee's employment	405	(1)
Reports and other routine communications	405	(1)
Confidentiality	405	(1)
Potential for abuse	406	(1)
Exceptions to the privilege	406	(1)
Crime or fraud	406	(1)
Through same deceased client	407	(1)
Attorney-client dispute	408	(1)
Joint clients	408	(1)
Other constraints and ethical issues	408	(1)
Code of Professional Responsibility	408	(1)
Work product immunity	409	(1)
Physician-Patient Privilege; Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege	410	(6)
Generally	410	(1)
Special issues	411	(1)
Relationship	411	(1)
Confidentiality	411	(1)
Who holds privilege	412	(1)
Waiver	412	(2)
``Public safety''	414	(1)
Psychotherapist-patient	414	(2)
The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination	416	(13)
Introduction	416	(2)
General rules	418	(1)
Who may assert	418	(1)
Proceedings where applicable	419	(1)
Information must be ``testimonial''	420	(1)
Testimony must be ``compulsory''	421	(1)
Must be incriminatory	421	(1)
Procedure for invoking	421	(1)
Criminal defendant	421	(1)
Non-defendant witness	421	(1)
Waiver	422	(1)
Criminal defendant	422	(1)
Witness	423	(1)
Documentary evidence	424	(1)
Contents	424	(1)
Production	424	(1)
The ``required records'' exception	425	(1)
Consent to production by another	425	(1)
Inferences and comment	426	(1)
``No comment'' rule	426	(1)
Right to instruction	426	(1)
Silence at other proceedings	426	(1)
Civil suits	427	(1)
Immunity	428	(1)
``Transactional'' vs. ``use'' immunity	428	(1)
Use immunity sufficient	428	(1)
Procedural issues	428	(1)
Defense witness immunity	429	(1)
The Marital Privileges	429	(6)
Two privileges	429	(3)
Adverse testimony privilege	432	(1)
Who holds	432	(1)
Criminal vs. civil	433	(1)
``Testimony'' required	433	(1)
Divorce	433	(1)
Crime or tort against spouse or children	433	(1)
Confidential communications	433	(1)
Where applied	433	(1)
Who holds	433	(1)
``Communication'' required	434	(1)
Confidentiality	434	(1)
Marital status	434	(1)
Exceptions	434	(1)
Miscellaneous Privileges	435	(21)
Priest-penitent privilege	435	(1)
Journalist's privilege	435	(2)
Government information	437	(1)
Organization of discussion	437	(1)
Government secrets generally	437	(1)
Military and diplomatic secrets	437	(1)
Other government information	438	(1)
Procedures and consequences	439	(1)
Government informers	440	(2)
Required reports and returns	442	(1)
Trade secrets	442	(1)
Newly-emerging privileges	443	(1)
Parent-child communications	443	(1)
Other professional-client relationships	443	(1)
Academic researchers	443	(1)
Exclusionary rule	443	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Privileges	444	(2)
Exam Tips on Privileges	446	(10)
Real and Demonstrative Evidence, Including Writings
Introduction	456	(3)
Real and demonstrative evidence	456	(2)
Direct vs. circumstantial	458	(1)
Authentication	459	(13)
Authentication generally	459	(1)
Methods of authentication	459	(1)
Real evidence	460	(1)
Demonstrative evidence	461	(1)
Writing	461	(1)
Federal Rules	461	(2)
Judge-jury allocation	463	(1)
Authentication of writings and other recorded communications	463	(1)
Authorship	463	(1)
No presumption of authenticity	463	(1)
Direct testimony	464	(1)
Distinctive characteristics; circumstances	464	(1)
Signature or other handwriting	465	(1)
Reply letters and telegrams	466	(1)
Telephone conversations	466	(2)
Sound recordings	468	(1)
Attesting witnesses	468	(1)
Ancient documents	469	(1)
Self-authentication	470	(1)
State statutes	470	(1)
Federal Rules	471	(1)
Attack on genuineness	471	(1)
Ways of avoiding authentication	472	(1)
Request for admission	472	(1)
Stipulation	472	(1)
Other Foundation Requirements and Objections	472	(2)
Introduction	472	(1)
Mere relevance not enough	472	(1)
Chain of custody	472	(1)
Condition unchanged	473	(1)
Demonstrative evidence	473	(1)
``Essential'' vs. merely useful	473	(1)
Not a fair representation	473	(1)
Undue prejudice	474	(1)
Gruesome photos	474	(1)
``Day in the life'' films	474	(1)
Bodily demonstration	474	(1)
The ``Best Evidence'' Rule for Recorded Communications	474	(12)
Best Evidence rule generally	474	(1)
Requirements	475	(1)
Only writings and equivalents	475	(1)
Rationale for rule	475	(1)
Federal Rules	475	(1)
What is a ``writing'' or other recorded communication	476	(1)
Short inscription	476	(1)
Photographic evidence	477	(1)
Sound recordings	477	(1)
What constitutes ``proving the terms''	477	(1)
Existence, execution, etc.	477	(1)
Incidental record	478	(1)
Contract, deed, or other key document	479	(1)
Collateral writings	480	(1)
Which is the ``original''	480	(1)
Not necessarily earliest	480	(1)
Duplicate originals	480	(1)
Original destroyed	481	(1)
Reproductions	481	(1)
Common law	481	(1)
Photocopying and other modern techniques	481	(1)
Federal Rules	481	(1)
Excuses for non-production	482	(1)
Loss or destruction	482	(1)
Inconvenience	483	(1)
Possession by third person	483	(1)
Original in opponent's possession	483	(1)
Public records	484	(1)
Summaries	484	(1)
Admission by adversary	484	(1)
Written admission or transcript	484	(1)
Oral admission	485	(1)
Federal Rules	485	(1)
Preferences among secondary evidence	485	(1)
Judge-jury allocation	486	(1)
Special Types of Real and Demonstrative Evidence	486	(17)
Pictorial evidence (photographs, x-rays, and movies)	486	(1)
Authentication of pictures	486	(2)
Movies	488	(1)
Computer print-outs	488	(1)
Authentication	488	(1)
Best Evidence rule	488	(1)
Maps, models, diagrams, and summaries	489	(1)
Views	489	(2)
Demonstrations and experiments	491	(1)
Exhibits in the jury room	492	(1)
Tangible evidence including writings	492	(1)
Substitute for testimony	492	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Real and Demonstrative Evidence	492	(5)
Exam Tips on Real and Demonstrative Evidence; Writings	497	(6)
Opinions, Experts, and Scientific Evidence
First-Hand Knowledge and Lay Opinions	503	(5)
Generally	503	(1)
First-hand knowledge required	504	(1)
Distinguished from hearsay	504	(1)
Experts	504	(1)
Federal Rules	504	(1)
Lay opinions	504	(3)
Opinion on ``ultimate issue''	507	(1)
Expert Witnesses --- Generally	508	(12)
Reasons for using experts	508	(1)
Opinions	508	(1)
Statements of fact	508	(1)
When expert testimony allowed	508	(1)
Specialized knowledge will be helpful	509	(1)
Qualifications	510	(1)
Based upon ``sufficient facts or data''	510	(1)
Product of ``reliable principles and methods''	511	(1)
Reliable application to the facts of case	511	(1)
Role of trial judge	511	(1)
Discretion	512	(1)
Basis for expert's opinion	512	(1)
Personal knowledge	512	(1)
Observation of prior evidence	512	(1)
Hypothetical questions	512	(1)
Otherwise inadmissible evidence	513	(1)
Mandatory disclosure to jury	514	(1)
The hypothetical question	515	(1)
General technique	515	(1)
Evidentiary basis required	516	(1)
Advantage of hypothetical	516	(1)
Federal approach	517	(1)
Procedural issues	517	(1)
Cross-examination	517	(1)
Court-appointed experts	518	(1)
Discovery	519	(1)
Expert Witnesses --- Daubert, Fre 702, and the Exclusion of Unreliable Testimony	520	(8)
Special rule for scientific evidence	520	(1)
Danger of ``junk'' expert testimony	520	(1)
Frye case	520	(1)
Daubert rejects Frye	521	(2)
Questions raised by Daubert	523	(1)
What difference Daubert makes	524	(1)
The extension of Daubert to non-scientific evidence (Kumho Tire)	525	(2)
New Fre 702	527	(1)
Three tests	527	(1)
Daubert factors not enumerated	527	(1)
Not just scientific testimony	527	(1)
Experience alone may suffice	527	(1)
Not a matter of which conclusion the trial court believes	528	(1)
Scientific Evidence and Expertise --- Particular Types	528	(18)
Overview	528	(1)
Probabilities	528	(3)
DNA testing	531	(1)
Speed detection	532	(1)
Radar	532	(1)
Intoxication	533	(1)
Breathalyzer	533	(1)
Handwriting and other forensic document analysis	533	(1)
Voice prints	534	(1)
Neutron Activation Analysis	534	(1)
Psychology and psychiatry	534	(1)
Mental condition of defendant	535	(1)
Reliability of eyewitness testimony	536	(1)
Lie detectors, truth serums, and hypnosis	537	(1)
Rape trauma syndrome	537	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Opinions, Experts, and Scientific Evidence	537	(3)
Exam Tips on Opinions, Experts, and Scientific Evidence	540	(6)
Burdens of Proof, Presumptions, and Other Procedural Issues
Burdens of Proof	546	(12)
Two burdens	546	(1)
Burden of production	546	(1)
Burden of persuasion	546	(1)
One burden shifts, other does not	547	(3)
Allocating the burdens in civil cases	550	(1)
Allocation of burdens of proof in criminal cases	551	(1)
Element distinguished from affirmative defense	551	(1)
Elements of crime	552	(1)
Allocation for affirmative defense	552	(1)
Production burden	552	(1)
Burden of persuasion	553	(1)
Satisfying the burden of production	554	(1)
Civil case	554	(1)
Criminal case	555	(1)
Satisfying the burden of persuasion	556	(1)
Civil cases	556	(1)
Criminal cases (``beyond reasonable doubt'')	557	(1)
Presumptions	558	(11)
Presumptions generally	558	(1)
Four meanings	558	(1)
Presumptions are rebuttable	559	(1)
Reasons for creating	560	(1)
Effect of presumption in civil cases	560	(1)
Debate between Thayer and Morgan	560	(1)
Defense of ``bursting bubble'' view	561	(2)
Federal Rules	563	(1)
Conflicting presumptions	564	(1)
Constitutional questions	564	(1)
Effect in criminal cases	565	(1)
Terminology	565	(1)
Constitutionality of affirmative defenses	566	(1)
Presumptions	566	(2)
Reconciling affirmative defenses and presumptions	568	(1)
Choice of law	568	(1)
Fre 302	568	(1)
``Tactical'' presumptions	569	(1)
Judge-Jury Allocation	569	(6)
Introduction	569	(1)
Issues of law	569	(1)
Issues of fact	570	(1)
Generally	570	(1)
Competence	570	(1)
Relevance	571	(2)
Presence of jury	573	(1)
Instructions	573	(1)
Limiting instructions	573	(1)
Cautionary instruction	573	(1)
Summary and comment	573	(1)
Nonjury trials	574	(1)
Appeals and the ``Harmless Error'' Doctrine	575	(6)
``Harmless error'' generally	575	(1)
``Plain'' error	576	(1)
Sufficiency of evidence	576	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Burdens of Proof, Presumptions, Etc.	577	(2)
Exam Tips on Burdens of Proof, Presumptions, Etc	579	(2)
Judicial Notice
Judicial Notice Generally	581	(2)
Function	581	(1)
Two types of facts	582	(1)
Adjudicative facts	582	(1)
Legislative facts	582	(1)
Significance of distinction	582	(1)
Judicial notice of law	583	(1)
Federal Rules	583	(1)
Adjudicative Facts	583	(4)
Definition	583	(1)
Common knowledge	584	(1)
Judge's own knowledge insufficient	584	(1)
Certain verification	584	(1)
History and geography	584	(1)
Scientific tests and principles	584	(1)
Court records	584	(1)
Federal Rule 201	585	(1)
Jury's right to disregard	585	(1)
Civil	585	(1)
Criminal	585	(1)
Procedure	586	(1)
Advance notice to parties	586	(1)
Contradictory evidence	586	(1)
When taken	587	(1)
Legislative Facts	587	(2)
Notice of legislative facts	587	(1)
Types of legislative facts	587	(1)
Not usually codified	588	(1)
Federal Rules silent	588	(1)
Binding on jury even in criminal case	588	(1)
Notice of Law	589	(4)
Notice of law generally	589	(1)
Domestic law	589	(1)
Laws of sister states	589	(1)
Law of other countries	590	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Judicial Notice	590	(1)
Exam Tips on Judicial Notice	591	(2)
Multistate-Style Exam Questions	593	(10)
Multistate-Style Exam Answers	603	(10)
Table of Cases	613	(4)
Table of References to the Federal Rules of Evidence	617	(4)
Subject Matter Index	621