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Simon Pierce is a researcher and lecturer at the University of Milan, Italy, and at the time of writing taught plant physiological ecology at the University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. His research encompasses plant community ecology and ecophysiology, and the reproductive biology, cultivation and conservation of terrestrial orchids. During his career he has lived and worked in the Republic of Panama, as an Andrew W. Mellon research fellow at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, for the University of Cambridge, UK. He holds a doctorate from the University of Durham, UK, and a degree from the University of Wales, Bangor.
Preface | p. x |
Chapter Summaries | p. xii |
Acknowledgements | p. xviii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Evolution and Ecology: a Janus Perspective? | p. 3 |
Evolutionary biology | p. 3 |
Ecology | p. 4 |
The emergence of a science of adaptive strategies | p. 6 |
Summary | p. 7 |
Primary Strategies: the Ideas | p. 8 |
MacArthur's 'blurred vision' | p. 9 |
The mechanism of convergence; trade-offs | p. 10 |
The theory of r- and K-selection | p. 11 |
CSR Theory | p. 12 |
Summary | p. 23 |
Primary Adaptive Strategies in Plants | p. 25 |
The search for adaptive strategies | p. 26 |
Theoretical work | p. 26 |
Measuring variation in plant traits: screening programmes | p. 28 |
Screening of plant growth rates | p. 29 |
The Integrated Screening Programme | p. 29 |
Further trait screening | p. 34 |
The application of CSR theory | p. 34 |
Virtual plant strategies | p. 36 |
Summary | p. 38 |
Primary Adaptive Strategies in Organisms Other Than Plants | p. 40 |
The architecture of the tree of life | p. 41 |
r, K and beyond K | p. 42 |
Empirical evidence for three primary strategies in animals | p. 43 |
The universal three-way trade-off | p. 44 |
Mammalia (mammals) | p. 46 |
Aves (avian therapods) | p. 53 |
Squamata (snakes and lizards) (with notes on other extant reptile clades) | p. 56 |
Amphibia (amphibians) | p. 60 |
Osteichthyes (bony fi shes) | p. 61 |
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fi shes) | p. 65 |
Insecta (insects) | p. 68 |
Aracnida (spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks) | p. 72 |
Crustacea (crustaceans) | p. 74 |
Echinodermata (sea urchins, starfi sh, crinoids, sea cucumbers) | p. 75 |
Mollusca (snails, clams, squids) | p. 77 |
Annelida (segmented worms) | p. 79 |
Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones, jellyfi sh, hydras, sea pens) | p. 81 |
Eumycota (fungi) (including notes on lichens) | p. 83 |
Archaea | p. 84 |
Proteobacteria | p. 86 |
Firmicutes | p. 87 |
Cyanobacteria | p. 88 |
Viruses | p. 90 |
Extinct groups | p. 94 |
Universal adaptive strategy theory - the evolution of CSR and beyond K theories | p. 99 |
First steps towards a universal methodology | p. 100 |
Summary | p. 103 |
From Adaptive Strategies to Communities | p. 105 |
Plant communities | p. 106 |
Productive disturbed communities | p. 107 |
Productive undisturbed communities | p. 108 |
Unproductive relatively undisturbed communities | p. 111 |
Plant community composition | p. 111 |
The humped-back model | p. 114 |
Origins | p. 114 |
Formulation | p. 115 |
Independent confi rmation and compatibility with new research | p. 116 |
Species-pools, fi lters and community composition | p. 121 |
Evidence for the action of twin fi lters | p. 128 |
Additional mechanisms promoting diversity | p. 132 |
Genetic diversity, intraspecifi c functional diversity and species diversity | p. 132 |
Microbial communities | p. 136 |
The effects of plant strategies on soil microbial communities | p. 139 |
Facilitation in bacterial communities | p. 141 |
Coexistence in marine surface waters | p. 142 |
Novel techniques for investigating microbial adaptive strategies | p. 142 |
Animal communities | p. 144 |
Primary producers delimit animal diversity/productivity relationships | p. 145 |
Twin fi lters and animal community assembly | p. 150 |
Adaptive radiation and community assembly | p. 154 |
Summary | p. 160 |
From Strategies to Ecosystems | p. 163 |
Back to Bayreuth | p. 164 |
The Darwinian basis of ecosystem assembly | p. 167 |
How do primary adaptive strategies drive ecosystem functioning? | p. 168 |
The plant traits that drive ecosystems | p. 169 |
The propagation of trait infl uences through food chains | p. 176 |
Complicating factors | p. 178 |
Ecosystem processes | p. 180 |
Dominance and mass ratio effects | p. 180 |
Fluxes and feedbacks between communities | p. 181 |
Top-down control by herbivores | p. 187 |
Top-down control by carnivores | p. 189 |
The key role of eco-evolutionary dynamics | p. 190 |
Summary | p. 192 |
The Path from Evolution to Ecology | p. 194 |
What has been learned? | p. 194 |
What are the implications for conservation and management? | p. 198 |
Research priorities for the next decade | p. 199 |
References | p. 202 |
Organism Index | p. 235 |
Subject Index | p. 241 |
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