Exercise Physiology Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance

by McArdle, William D.; Katch, Frank I.; Katch, Victor L.

• ISBN13: 9780781749909
• ISBN10: 0781749905
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-04-06
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

The Sixth Edition of Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance continues its tradition of excellence with comprehensive, cutting-edge coverage of exercise physiology and related areas and superior artwork. The text blends the science of metabolism and energy transfer with cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, neural, and muscular system adaptations to acute and chronic exercise, placing specific focus on physical conditioning, sports nutrition, body composition, weight control, and more. The new edition integrates basic concepts and up-to-date research to provide a foundation for understanding how exercise physiology relates to physical performance and exercise training.

Table of Contents

Introduction: A View of the Past: Exercise Physiology-Roots and Historical Perspectives	p. xxiii
Exercise Physiology
Nutrition: The Base for Human Performance
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins	p. 7
Carbohydrates	p. 8
Kinds and Sources of Carbohydrates	p. 8
Recommended Intake of Carbohydrates	p. 14
Role of Carbohydrates in the Body	p. 14
Carbohydrate Dynamics in Exercise	p. 15
Lipids	p. 19
The Nature of Lipids	p. 19
Kinds and Sources of Lipids	p. 19
Recommended Dietary Lipid Intake	p. 27
Role of Lipid in the Body	p. 27
Fat Dynamics in Exercise	p. 28
Proteins	p. 31
The Nature of Proteins	p. 31
Kinds of Protein	p. 31
Recommended Dietary Protein Intake	p. 32
Role of Protein in the Body	p. 36
Dynamics of Protein Metabolism	p. 38
Nitrogen Balance	p. 38
Protein Dynamics in Exercise and Training	p. 39
Vitamins, Minerals, and Water	p. 43
Vitamins	p. 44
The Nature of Vitamins	p. 44
Kinds of Vitamins	p. 44
Role of Vitamins	p. 45
Defining Nutrient Needs	p. 48
Exercise, Free Radicals, and Antioxidants	p. 52
Vitamin Supplements: The Competitive Edge?	p. 54
Minerals	p. 57
The Nature of Minerals	p. 57
Kinds and Sources of Minerals	p. 57
Role of Minerals	p. 57
Calcium	p. 58
The Female Athlete Triad: Unexpected Problem for Women Who Train Intensely	p. 64
Phosphorus	p. 68
Magnesium	p. 68
Iron	p. 68
Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine	p. 71
Minerals and Exercise Performance	p. 72
Water	p. 75
The Body's Water Content	p. 75
Water Balance: Intake Versus Output	p. 76
Water Requirement in Exercise	p. 78
Optimal Nutrition for Exercise	p. 81
Nutrient Intake Among the Physically Active	p. 82
MyPyramid: The Essentials of Good Nutrition	p. 88
An Expanding Emphasis on Healthful Eating and Regular Physical Activity	p. 91
Exercise and Food Intake	p. 92
Precompetition Meal	p. 97
Carbohydrate Feedings Prior to, During, and in Recovery from Exercise	p. 99
Glucose Feedings, Electrolytes, and Water Uptake	p. 104
Energy for Physical Activity
Energy Value of Food	p. 113
Measurement of Food Energy	p. 114
Introduction to Energy Transfer	p. 121
Energy-The Capacity for Work	p. 122
Interconversions of Energy	p. 124
Biologic Work in Humans	p. 124
Factors That Affect the Rate of Bioenergetics	p. 125
Hydrolysis and Condensation: The Basis for Digestion and Synthesis	p. 131
Energy Transfer in the Body	p. 137
Phosphate Bond Energy	p. 138
Adenosine Triphosphate: The Energy Currency	p. 138
Phosphocreatine: The Energy Reservoir	p. 140
Cellular Oxidation	p. 141
Oxygen's Role in Energy Metabolism	p. 144
Energy Release From Macronutrients	p. 145
Energy Release from Fat	p. 155
Energy Release from Protein	p. 159
The Metabolic Mill: Interrelationships Among Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism	p. 159
Energy Transfer in Exercise	p. 165
Immediate Energy: The ATP-PCR System	p. 166
Short-Term Energy: The Lactic Acid System	p. 166
Long-Term Energy: The Aerobic System	p. 168
Energy Spectrum of Exercise	p. 173
Oxygen Consumption During Recovery	p. 174
Measurement of Human Energy Expenditure	p. 183
Methods of Measuring the Body's Heat Production	p. 184
Doubly Labeled Water Technique	p. 188
Respiratory Quotient	p. 189
Respiratory Exchange Ratio	p. 193
Metabolic Calculations	p. 194
Human Energy Expenditure During Rest and Physical Activity	p. 195
Energy Expenditure at Rest	p. 196
Basal Metabolic Rate	p. 196
Metabolism at Rest	p. 196
Factors That Affect Energy Expenditure	p. 200
Energy Expenditure in Physical Activity	p. 203
Classification of Physical Activities by Energy Expenditure	p. 203
The MET	p. 203
Daily Rates of Average Energy Expenditure	p. 203
Energy Cost of Household, Industrial, and Recreational Activities	p. 204
Heart Rate to Estimate Energy Expenditure	p. 206
Energy Expenditure During Walking, Jogging, Running, and Swimming	p. 209
Gross Versus Net Energy Expenditure	p. 210
Economy of Human Movement and Mechanical Efficiency	p. 210
Energy Expenditure During Walking	p. 212
Energy Expenditure During Running	p. 215
Swimming	p. 222
Individual Differences and Measurement of Energy Capacities	p. 229
Overview of Energy-Transfer Capacity During Exercise	p. 230
Anaerobic Energy Transfer: The Immediate and Short-Term Energy Systems	p. 231
Aerobic Energy: The Long-Term Energy System	p. 239
Systems of Energy Delivery and Utilization
Pulmonary Structure and Function	p. 259
Surface Area and Gas Exchange	p. 260
Anatomy of Ventilation	p. 260
Mechanics of Ventilation	p. 261
Lung Volumes and Capacities	p. 264
Lung Function, Aerobic Fitness, and Exercise Performance	p. 268
Pulmonary Ventilation	p. 269
Variations from Normal Breathing Patterns	p. 272
The Respiratory Tract During Cold-Weather Exercise	p. 275
Gas Exchange and Transport	p. 277
Gaseous Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues	p. 278
Concentrations and Partial Pressures of Respired Gases	p. 278
Movement of Gas in Air and Fluids	p. 279
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues	p. 280
Oxygen Transport	p. 282
Transport of Oxygen in the Blood	p. 282
Carbon Dioxide Transport	p. 289
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood	p. 289
Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation	p. 293
Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation	p. 294
Ventilatory Control	p. 294
Regulation of Ventilation During Exercise	p. 296
Pulmonary Ventilation During Exercise	p. 298
Ventilation and Energy Demands	p. 298
Energy Cost of Breathing	p. 304
Does Ventilation Limit Aerobic Power and Endurance?	p. 307
Acid-Base Regulation	p. 308
Buffering	p. 308
Physiologic Buffers	p. 310
Effects of Intense Exercise	p. 311
The Cardiovascular System	p. 313
Cardiovascular System Components	p. 314
Hypertension	p. 325
Blood Pressure Response to Exercise	p. 327
The Heart's Blood Supply	p. 329
Myocardial Metabolism	p. 331
Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration	p. 333
Intrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate	p. 334
Extrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate and Circulation	p. 337
Distribution of Blood	p. 342
Integrated Exercise Response	p. 344
Exercising After Cardiac Transplantation	p. 346
Functional Capacity of the Cardiovascular System	p. 351
Cardiac Output	p. 352
Cardiac Output at Rest	p. 353
Cardiac Output During Exercise	p. 354
Cardiac Output Distribution	p. 356
Cardiac Output and Oxygen Transport	p. 358
Cardiovascular Adjustments to Upper-Body Exercise	p. 362
Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function	p. 365
Gross Structure of Skeletal Muscle	p. 366
Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructure	p. 368
Muscle Fiber Alignment	p. 370
Actin-Myosin Orientation	p. 372
Chemical and Mechanical Events During Muscle Action and Relaxation	p. 375
Muscle Fiber Type	p. 380
Species Differences: A Comparative Look at Muscle Metabolism and Dynamics	p. 385
Fiber Type Differences Among Athletic Groups	p. 386
Neural Control of Human Movement	p. 391
Neuromotor System Organization	p. 392
Nerve Supply to Muscle	p. 402
Motor Unit Functional Characteristics	p. 405
Receptors in Muscles, Joints, and Tendons: The Proprioceptors	p. 409
The Endocrine System: Organization and Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise	p. 417
Endocrine System Overview	p. 418
Endocrine System Organization	p. 418
Resting and Exercise-Induced Endocrine Secretions	p. 425
Gonadal Hormones	p. 436
Exercise Training and Endocrine Function	p. 446
Resistance Training and Endocrine Function	p. 455
Opioid Peptides and Exercise	p. 457
Exercise, Infectious Illness, Cancer, and Immune Response	p. 458
Applied Exercise Physiology
Enhancement of Energy Capacity
Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power	p. 469
Training Principles	p. 470
Physiologic Consequences of Training	p. 476
Anaerobic System Changes with Training	p. 476
Aerobic System Changes with Training	p. 477
Factors That Affect the Aerobic Training Response	p. 489
American College of Sports Medicine's Updated Fitness Guidelines and Recommendations	p. 494
How Long Before Improvements Occur?	p. 495
Maintenance of Aerobic Fitness Gains	p. 496
Methods of Training	p. 497
Overtraining: Too Much of a Good Thing	p. 501
Exercising During Pregnancy	p. 503
Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger	p. 509
Strength Measurement and Resistance Training	p. 510
Measurement of Muscle Strength	p. 511
Gender Differences in Muscle Strength	p. 515
Training Muscles to Become Stronger	p. 518
Electromyography During Maximal Ballistic Muscle Actions	p. 537
Structural and Functional Adaptations to Resistance Training	p. 539
Factors That Modify the Expression of Human Strength	p. 540
Comparative Training Responses in Men and Women	p. 547
Detraining	p. 548
Metabolic Stress of Resistance Training	p. 548
Circuit Resistance Training	p. 548
Muscle Soreness and Stiffness	p. 549
Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performance	p. 555
An Increasing Challenge to Fair Competition	p. 556
On the Horizon	p. 557
Pharmacologic Agents	p. 559
Nonpharmacologic Appoaches	p. 586
Exercise Performance and Environmental Stress
Exercise at Medium and High Altitude	p. 617
The Stress of Altitude	p. 618
Acclimatization	p. 620
Metabolic, Physiologic, and Exercise Capacities at Altitude	p. 630
Altitude Training and Sea-Level Performance	p. 632
Combine Altitude Stay with Low-Altitude Training	p. 634
Exercise and Thermal Stress	p. 637
Mechanisms of Thermoregulation	p. 638
Thermal Balance	p. 638
Hypothalamic Regulation of Temperature	p. 638
Thermoregulation in Cold Stress: Heat Conservation and Heat Production	p. 639
Thermoregulation in Heat Stress: Heat Loss	p. 641
Effects of Clothing on Thermoregulation	p. 643
Thermoregulation and Environmental Stress During Exercise	p. 648
Exercise in the Heat	p. 648
Maintaining Fluid Balance: Rehydration and Hyperhydration	p. 653
Factors That Modify Heat Tolerance	p. 656
Complications from Excessive Heat Stress	p. 659
Exercise in the Cold	p. 662
Acclimatization to Cold	p. 662
How Cold Is Too Cold?	p. 663
Sport Diving	p. 667
Diving History-Antiquity to the Present	p. 668
Pressure-Volume Relationships and Diving Depth	p. 672
Snorkeling and Breath-Hold Diving	p. 673
Scuba Diving	p. 677
Special Problems with Breathing Gases at High Pressures	p. 681
Dives to Exceptional Depths: Mixed-Gas Diving	p. 687
Energy Cost of Underwater Swimming	p. 691
Microgravity: The Last Frontier	p. 693
The Weightless Environment	p. 694
Historical Overview of Aerospace Physiology and Medicine	p. 702
Modern Era	p. 704
Medical Evaluation for Astronaut Selection	p. 718
Physiologic Adaptations to Microgravity	p. 719
Countermeasure Strategies	p. 737
Overview of Physiologic Responses to Space Flight	p. 756
Future Research Priorities	p. 760
Vision for the Future of Space Exploration	p. 760
Practical Benefits from Space Biology Research	p. 762
Body Composition, Energy Balance, and Weight Control
Body Composition Assessment	p. 773
The Body Mass Index: A Somewhat Better Alternative	p. 774
Composition of the Human Body	p. 783
Common Techniques to Assess Body Composition	p. 788
Average Percentage Body Fat	p. 807
Determining Goal Body Weight	p. 808
Physique, Performance, and Physical Activity	p. 811
Physiques of Champion Athletes	p. 812
Upper Limit for Fat-Free Body Mass	p. 832
Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Control	p. 835
Obesity	p. 836
Historical Perspective	p. 836
Current Status	p. 837
Worldwide Epidemic	p. 837
A Progressive Long-Term Process	p. 839
A Complex Interaction of Many Factors	p. 840
Genetics Influences Body Fat Accumulation	p. 840
Physical Inactivity: A Crucial Component in Excessive Fat Accumulation	p. 844
Risks of Excessive Body Fat	p. 845
Criteria for Excessive Body Fat: How Fat Is Too Fat?	p. 849
Principles of Weight Control: Diet and Exercise	p. 855
Energy Balance: Input Versus Output	p. 855
Dieting for Weight Control	p. 856
Factors That Affect Weight Loss	p. 865
Exercise for Weight Control	p. 866
Effectiveness of Regular Exercise	p. 868
Weight Loss Recommendations for Wrestlers and Other Power Athletes	p. 874
Gaining Weight: The Competitive Athlete's Dilemma	p. 874
Exercise, Successful Aging, and Disease Prevention
Physical Activity, Health, and Aging	p. 883
The Graying of America	p. 884
Physical Activity in the Population	p. 886
Physical Activity Epidemiology	p. 886
Aging and Physiologic Function	p. 892
Age Trends	p. 892
Trainability and Age	p. 903
Physical Activity, Health, and Longevity	p. 905
Causes of Death in the United States	p. 905
Exercise, Health, and Longevity	p. 905
Regular Moderate Exercise Provides Significant Benefits	p. 907
Can Changing Activity Level Improve Health and Extend Life?	p. 909
Coronary Heart Disease	p. 910
Changes on the Cellular Level	p. 910
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors	p. 913
Clinical Exercise Physiology for Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Rehabilitation	p. 925
The Exercise Physiologist in the Clinical Setting	p. 926
Training and Certification Programs for Professional Exercise Physiologists	p. 927
Clinical Applications of Exercise Physiology to Oncology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Pulmonary Diseases, Neuromuscular Diseases, Renal Disease, and Cognitive/Emotional Diseases	p. 929
Oncology	p. 929
Cardiovascular Diseases	p. 935
Cardiac Disease Assessment	p. 943
Stress Test Protocols	p. 954
Prescribing Exercise	p. 955
Cardiac Rehabilitation	p. 958
Rehabilitation Following Heart Transplantation	p. 961
Pulmonary Diseases	p. 962
Exercise and Asthma	p. 970
Neuromuscular Diseases, Disabilities, and Disorders	p. 973
Renal Disease	p. 974
Cognitive/Emotional Diseases and Disorders	p. 975
On the Horizon
Molecular Biology-A New Vista for Exercise Physiology	p. 985
Brief History Tour of Molecular Biology	p. 988
Revolution in the Biologic Sciences	p. 990
Human Genome	p. 993
Nucleic Acids	p. 995
How DNA Replicates	p. 1004
Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation	p. 1007
Mutations	p. 1024
New Horizons in Molecular Biology	p. 1031
Human Performance Research	p. 1059
Index
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