Exercise Physiology : Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance

by Powers, Scott K.; Howley, Edward T.

• ISBN13: 9780073028637
• ISBN10: 0073028630
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-05-08
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

Written especially for exercise science and physical education students, this text provides a solid foundation in theory illuminated by application and performance models to increase understanding and to help students apply what they've learned in the classroom and beyond.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
SECTION 1
Physiology of Exercise in the United States---Its Past, Its Future	2	(12)
European Heritage	3	(1)
Harvard Fatigue Laboratory	4	(1)
Physical Fitness	5	(2)
Physical Education to Exercise Science	7	(1)
Graduate Study and Research in the Physiology of Exercise	8	(2)
Professional Societies and Research Journals	10	(1)
Translation of Exercise Physiology to the Consumer	11	(3)
Control of the Internal Environment	14	(9)
Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy	15	(1)
Control Systems of the Body	16	(1)
Nature of the Control Systems	17	(1)
Negative Feedback	18	(1)
Gain of a Control System	18	(1)
Examples of Homeostatic Control	18	(3)
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure	18	(1)
Regulation of Blood Glucose	19	(1)
Stress Proteins Assist in the Regulation of Cellular Homeostasis	19	(2)
Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control	21	(2)
Bioenergetics	23	(29)
Cell Structure	24	(1)
Biological Energy Transformation	25	(6)
Cellular Chemical Reactions	25	(2)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	27	(1)
Enzymes	28	(3)
Fuels for Exercise	31	(2)
Carbohydrates	31	(1)
Fats	32	(1)
Proteins	32	(1)
High-Energy Phosphates	33	(1)
Bioenergetics	33	(13)
Anaerobic ATP Production	33	(5)
Aerobic ATP Production	38	(8)
Aerobic ATP Tally	46	(1)
Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation	46	(1)
Control of Bioenergetics	46	(2)
Control of ATP-PC System	47	(1)
Control of Glycolysis	47	(1)
Control of Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain	48	(1)
Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production	48	(4)
Exercise Metabolism	52	(21)
Energy Requirements at Rest	53	(1)
Rest-to-Exercise Transitions	53	(1)
Recovery from Exercise: Metabolic Responses	54	(3)
Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity	57	(4)
Short-Term, Intense Exercise	57	(1)
Prolonged Exercise	58	(1)
Incremental Exercise	58	(3)
Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise	61	(1)
Factors Governing Fuel Selection	62	(11)
Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection	62	(1)
Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection	63	(1)
Interaction of Fat/Carbohydrate Metabolism	64	(1)
Body Fuel Sources	65	(8)
Hormonal Responses to Exercise	73	(33)
Neuroendocrinology	74	(4)
Blood Hormone Concentration	75	(1)
Hormone-Receptor Interaction	76	(2)
Hormones: Regulation and Action	78	(14)
Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland	79	(2)
Thyroid Gland	81	(1)
Parathyroid Gland	82	(1)
Adrenal Gland	82	(3)
Pancreas	85	(1)
Testes and Ovaries	86	(6)
Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise	92	(14)
Muscle-Glycogen Utilization	92	(1)
Blood Glucose Homeostasis During Exercise	93	(7)
Hormone-Substrate Interaction	100	(6)
Measurement of Work, Power, and Energy Expenditure	106	(14)
Units of Measure	107	(1)
Metric System	107	(1)
SI Units	107	(1)
Work and Power Defined	107	(2)
Work	107	(1)
Power	108	(1)
Measurement of Work and Power	109	(2)
Bench Step	109	(1)
Cycle Ergometer	110	(1)
Treadmill	110	(1)
Measurement of Energy Expenditure	111	(1)
Direct Calorimetry	111	(1)
Indirect Calorimetry	112	(1)
Estimation of Energy Expenditure	112	(3)
Calculation of Exercise Efficiency	115	(2)
Factors That Influence Exercise Efficiency	115	(2)
Running Economy	117	(3)
The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement	120	(20)
General Nervous System Functions	121	(1)
Organization of the Nervous System	121	(8)
Structure of the Neuron	122	(1)
Electrical Activity in Neurons	122	(7)
Sensory Information and Reflexes	129	(2)
Proprioceptors	129	(1)
Muscle Chemoreceptors	130	(1)
Reflexes	130	(1)
Somatic Motor Function	131	(1)
Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium	132	(1)
Motor Control Functions of the Brain	132	(2)
Brain Stem	133	(1)
Cerebrum	133	(1)
Cerebellum	134	(1)
Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord	134	(1)
Control of Motor Functions	135	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	136	(1)
Exercise Enhances Brain Health	137	(3)
Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function	140	(29)
Structure of Skeletal Muscle	141	(2)
Neuromuscular Junction	143	(1)
Muscular Contraction	144	(5)
Overview of the Sliding Filament Model	144	(1)
Energy for Contraction	145	(1)
Regulation of Excitation-Contraction Coupling	145	(4)
Fiber Types	149	(6)
Biochemical and Contractile Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle	149	(3)
Characteristics of Individual Fiber Types	152	(2)
Fiber Types and Performance	154	(1)
Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Due to Exercise, Inactivity, and Aging	155	(3)
Exercise-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscles	155	(1)
Muscle Atrophy Due to Inactivity	155	(2)
Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle	157	(1)
Muscle Actions	158	(1)
Speed of Muscle Action and Relaxation	159	(1)
Force Regulation in Muscle	160	(1)
Force-Velocity/Power-Velocity Relationships	161	(2)
Receptors in Muscle	163	(6)
Muscle Spindle	163	(1)
Golgi Tendon Organs	164	(5)
Circulatory Responses to Exercise	169	(31)
Organization of the Circulatory System	170	(1)
Structure of the Heart	170	(1)
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits	171	(1)
Heart: Myocardium and Cardiac Cycle	171	(10)
Myocardium	171	(3)
Cardiac Cycle	174	(2)
Arterial Blood Pressure	176	(1)
Factors That Influence Arterial Blood Pressure	177	(1)
Electrical Activity of the Heart	178	(3)
Cardiac Output	181	(5)
Regulation of the Heart Rate	182	(1)
Regulation of Stroke Volume	183	(3)
Hemodynamics	186	(2)
Physical Characteristics of Blood	186	(1)
Relationships Among Pressure, Resistance, and Flow	186	(1)
Sources of Vascular Resistance	187	(1)
Changes in Oxygen Delivery to Muscle During Exercise	188	(4)
Changes in Cardiac Output During Exercise	188	(1)
Changes in Arterial-Mixed Venous O2 Content During Exercise	189	(1)
Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise	189	(1)
Regulation of Local Blood Flow During Exercise	190	(2)
Circulatory Responses to Exercise	192	(3)
Emotional Influence	192	(1)
Transition from Rest to Exercise	192	(1)
Recovery from Exercise	192	(1)
Incremental Exercise	192	(1)
Arm versus Leg Exercise	193	(1)
Intermittent Exercise	194	(1)
Prolonged Exercise	194	(1)
Regulation of Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise	195	(5)
Respiration During Exercise	200	(30)
Function of the Lung	201	(1)
Structure of the Respiratory System	201	(3)
Conducting Zone	202	(2)
Respiratory Zone	204	(1)
Mechanics of Breathing	204	(3)
Inspiration	204	(1)
Expiration	204	(2)
Airway Resistance	206	(1)
Pulmonary Ventilation	207	(1)
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities	208	(2)
Diffusion of Gases	210	(1)
Blood Flow to the Lung	211	(1)
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships	212	(1)
O2 and CO2 Transport in Blood	213	(4)
Hemoglobin and O2 Transport	213	(1)
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve	213	(2)
O2 Transport in Muscle	215	(1)
CO2 Transport in Blood	215	(2)
Ventilation and Acid-Base Balance	217	(1)
Ventilatory and Blood-Gas Responses to Exercise	217	(2)
Rest-to-Work Transitions	217	(1)
Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment	217	(1)
Incremental Exercise	218	(1)
Control of Ventilation	219	(5)
Ventilatory Regulation at Rest	219	(3)
Ventilatory Control During Submaximal Exercise	222	(1)
Ventilatory Control During Heavy Exercise	222	(2)
Do the Lungs Adapt to Exercise Training?	224	(1)
Does the Pulmonary System Limit Maximal Exercise Performance?	224	(6)
Acid-Base Balance During Exercise	230	(11)
Acids, Bases, and pH	231	(1)
Hydrogen Ion Production During Exercise	232	(2)
Importance of Acid-Base Regulation During Exercise	234	(1)
Acid-Base Buffer Systems	234	(2)
Intracellular Buffers	234	(1)
Extracellular Buffers	235	(1)
Respiratory Influence on Acid-Base Balance	236	(1)
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance via the Kidneys	236	(1)
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance During Exercise	237	(4)
Temperature Regulation	241	(19)
Overview of Heat Balance During Exercise	242	(1)
Temperature Measurement During Exercise	243	(1)
Overview of Heat Production/Heat Loss	243	(4)
Heat Production	243	(1)
Heat Loss	244	(1)
Heat Storage in the Body During Exercise	245	(2)
Body's Thermostat---Hypothalamus	247	(2)
Shift in the Hypothalamic Thermostat Set Point Due to Fever	248	(1)
Thermal Events During Exercise	249	(1)
Exercise in the Heat	250	(6)
Sweat Rates During Exercise	251	(1)
Exercise Performance in a Hot Environment	252	(1)
Gender and Age Differences in Thermoregulation	253	(1)
Heat Acclimatization	254	(2)
Loss of Acclimatization	256	(1)
Exercise in a Cold Environment	256	(4)
Cold Acclimatization	256	(4)
The Physiology of Training: Effect on VO2 Max, Performance, Homeostasis, and Strength	260	(28)
Principles of Training	261	(1)
Overload	261	(1)
Specificity	262	(1)
Research Designs to Study Training	262	(1)
Endurance Training and VO2 Max	262	(2)
Training Programs and Changes in VO2 Max	263	(1)
VO2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous O2 Difference	264	(4)
Stroke Volume	265	(2)
Arteriovenous O2 Difference	267	(1)
Detraining and VO2 Max	268	(1)
Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis	269	(6)
Biochemical Adaptations and the Oxygen Deficit	271	(1)
Biochemical Adaptations and the Plasma Glucose Concentration	271	(2)
Biochemical Adaptations and Blood pH	273	(1)
Biochemical Adaptations and Lactate Removal	274	(1)
Endurance Training: Links Between Muscle and Systemic Physiology	275	(3)
Peripheral Feedback	277	(1)
Central Command	277	(1)
Physiological Effects of Strength Training	278	(1)
Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength	279	(9)
Neural Factors	279	(1)
Muscular Enlargement	280	(1)
Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training	281	(7)
SECTION 2
Patterns in Health and Disease: Epidemiology and Physiology	288	(11)
Epidemiology	289	(2)
Coronary Heart Disease	291	(3)
Physical Inactivity as a Risk Factor	292	(2)
Physiology	294	(2)
Synthesis	296	(3)
Work Tests to Evaluate Cardiorespiratory Fitness	299	(21)
Testing Procedures	300	(2)
Screening	300	(2)
Resting and Exercise Measures	302	(1)
Field Tests for Estimating CRF	302	(3)
Maximal Run Tests	302	(2)
Walk Tests	304	(1)
Canadian Home Fitness Test	304	(1)
Graded Exercise Tests: Measurements	305	(3)
Heart Rate	305	(1)
Blood Pressure	305	(1)
ECG	306	(1)
Rating of Perceived Exertion	306	(1)
Termination Criteria	307	(1)
VO2 Max	308	(3)
Estimation of VO2 Max from Last Work Rate	309	(1)
Estimation of VO2 Max from Submaximal HR Response	309	(2)
Graded Exercise Test: Protocols	311	(9)
Treadmill	312	(1)
Cycle Ergometer	313	(1)
Step Test	314	(6)
Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness	320	(17)
Prescription of Exercise	321	(4)
Dose-Response	322	(1)
Physical Activity and Health	323	(2)
General Guidelines for Improving Fitness	325	(1)
Screening	325	(1)
Progression	325	(1)
Warm-Up, Stretch, and Cool-Down, Stretch	325	(1)
Exercise Prescription for CRF	325	(4)
Frequency	326	(1)
Duration	326	(1)
Intensity	326	(3)
Sequence of Physical Activity	329	(2)
Walking	329	(1)
Jogging	329	(1)
Games and Sports	330	(1)
Strength and Flexibility Training	331	(1)
Environmental Concerns	332	(5)
Exercise for Special Populations	337	(22)
Diabetes	338	(4)
Exercise and the Diabetic	339	(3)
Asthma	342	(3)
Diagnosis and Causes	342	(1)
Prevention/Relief of Asthma	343	(1)
Exercise-Induced Asthma	343	(2)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	345	(1)
Testing and Training	345	(1)
Hypertension	346	(1)
Cardiac Rehabilitation	347	(2)
Population	347	(1)
Testing	348	(1)
Exercise Programs	348	(1)
Exercise for Older Adults	349	(3)
Exercise During Pregnancy	352	(7)
Body Composition and Nutrition for Health	359	(49)
Nutritional Goals	360	(2)
Standards of Nutrition	362	(1)
Classes of Nutrients	363	(11)
Water	363	(1)
Vitamins	364	(1)
Minerals	364	(4)
Carbohydrates	368	(4)
Fats	372	(1)
Protein	373	(1)
Meeting the Guidelines and Achieving the Goals	374	(2)
Food Group Plans	374	(1)
Evaluating the Diet	375	(1)
Body Composition	376	(8)
Methods of Assessing Overweight and Obesity	377	(1)
Methods of Measuring Body Composition	378	(2)
Two-Component System of Body Composition	380	(3)
Body Fatness for Health and Fitness	383	(1)
Obesity and Weight Control	384	(4)
Obesity	384	(4)
Diet, Exercise, and Weight Control	388	(20)
Energy and Nutrient Balance	389	(1)
Diet and Weight Control	390	(1)
Energy Expenditure and Weight Control	391	(17)
SECTION 3
Factors Affecting Performance	408	(13)
Sites of Fatigue	409	(4)
Central Fatigue	409	(1)
Peripheral Fatigue	410	(3)
Factors Limiting All-Out Anaerobic Performances	413	(2)
Ultra Short-Term Performances (Less than Ten Seconds)	413	(2)
Short-Term Performances (10 to 180 Seconds)	415	(1)
Factors Limiting All-Out Aerobic Performances	415	(3)
Moderate-Length Performances (Three to Twenty Minutes)	415	(1)
Intermediate-Length Performances (Twenty-One to Sixty Minutes)	416	(1)
Long-Term Performances (One to Four Hours)	417	(1)
Athlete as Machine	418	(3)
Laboratory Assessment of Human Performance	421	(20)
Laboratory Assessment of Physical Performance	422	(1)
Physiological Testing: Theory and Ethics	422	(1)
What the Athlete Gains by Physiological Testing	422	(1)
What Physiological Testing Will Not Do	423	(1)
Components of Effective Physiological Testing	423	(1)
Direct Testing of Maximal Aerobic Power	424	(2)
Specificity of Testing	424	(1)
Exercise Test Protocol	425	(1)
Determination of Peak VO2 in Paraplegic Athletes	425	(1)
Laboratory Tests to Predict Endurance Performance	426	(3)
Use of the Lactate Threshold to Evaluate Performance	426	(2)
Measurement of Critical Power	428	(1)
Tests to Determine Exercise Economy	429	(1)
Estimating Success in Distance Running Using the Lactate Threshold and Running Economy	429	(1)
Determination of Anaerobic Power	430	(4)
Tests of Ultra Short-Term Maximal Anaerobic Power	431	(2)
Tests of Short-Term Anaerobic Power	433	(1)
Evaluation of Muscular Strength	434	(7)
Criteria for Selection of a Strength-Testing Method	434	(1)
Isometric Measurement of Strength	435	(1)
Free-Weight Testing of Strength	435	(1)
Isokinetic Assessment of Strength	436	(1)
Variable-Resistance Measurement of Strength	437	(4)
Training for Performance	441	(22)
Training Principles	442	(2)
Overload, Specificity, and Reversibility	442	(1)
Influence of Gender, Initial Fitness Level, and Genetics	443	(1)
Components of a Training Session: Warm-Up, Workout, and Cool Down	444	(1)
Training to Improve Aerobic Power	444	(3)
Interval Training	445	(1)
Long, Slow-Distance Exercise	446	(1)
High-Intensity, Continuous Exercise	446	(1)
Injuries and Endurance Training	447	(1)
Training for Improved Anaerobic Power	447	(1)
Traning to Improve the ATP-PC System	448	(1)
Training to Improve the Glycolytic System	448	(1)
Training to Improve Muscular Strength	448	(8)
Progressive Resistance Exercise	450	(1)
General Strength-Training Principles	450	(1)
Free Weights versus Machines	451	(1)
Combined Strength- and Endurance-Training Programs	451	(1)
Gender Differences in Response to Strength Training	451	(2)
Muscle Soreness	453	(3)
Training for Improved Flexibility	456	(1)
Year-Round Conditioning for Athletes	457	(1)
Off-Season Conditioning	457	(1)
Preseason Conditioning	457	(1)
In-Season Conditioning	457	(1)
Common Training Mistakes	458	(5)
Training for the Female Athlete, Children, and Special Populations	463	(14)
Factors Important to Women Involved in Vigorous Training	464	(5)
Exercise and Menstrual Disorders	464	(1)
Training and Menstruation	465	(1)
The Female Athlete and Eating Disorders	465	(1)
Bone Mineral Disorders and the Female Athlete	466	(1)
Training During Pregnancy	466	(1)
Risk of Knee Injury in Female Athletes	466	(3)
Sports Conditioning for Children	469	(1)
Training and the Cardiopulmonary System	469	(1)
Training and the Musculoskeletal System	469	(1)
Competitive Training for Diabetics	470	(2)
Training for Asthmatics	472	(1)
Epilepsy and Physical Training	472	(5)
Does Exercise Promote Seizures?	473	(1)
Risk of Injury Due to Seizures	473	(4)
Nutrition, Body Composition, and Performance	477	(22)
Nutrition and Performance	478	(14)
Carbohydrate	478	(4)
Protein	482	(4)
Water and Electrolytes	486	(3)
Minerals	489	(1)
Vitamins	490	(1)
Precompetition Diet	491	(1)
Body Composition and Performance	492	(1)
Somatotype	492	(7)
Body Fatness and Performance	492	(7)
Exercise and the Environment	499	(23)
Altitude	500	(9)
Atmospheric Pressure	500	(1)
Short-Term Anaerobic Performance	500	(1)
Long-Term Aerobic Performance	501	(1)
Maximal Aerobic Power and Altitude	501	(2)
Adaptation to High Altitude	503	(1)
Training for Competition at Altitude	504	(2)
The Quest for Everest	506	(3)
Heat	509	(3)
Hyperthermia	509	(3)
Cold	512	(4)
Environmental Factors	512	(1)
Insulating Factors	513	(2)
Energy Production	515	(1)
Dealing with Hypothermia	516	(1)
Air Pollution	516	(6)
Particulate Matter	517	(1)
Ozone	517	(1)
Sulfur Dioxide	517	(1)
Carbon Monoxide	517	(5)
Ergogenic Aids	522
Research Design Concerns	523	(1)
Dietary Supplements	524	(1)
Aerobic Performance	524	(5)
Oxygen	524	(3)
Blood Doping	527	(2)
Anaerobic Performance	529	(1)
Blood Buffers	529	(1)
Drugs	530	(6)
Amphetamines	530	(1)
Caffeine	531	(3)
Cocaine	534	(1)
Nicotine	535	(1)
Physical Warm-Up	536
Appendix A Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production	1	(4)
Appendix B Estimated Energy Expenditure during Selected Activities	5	(12)
Appendix C PARmed-X Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination	17	(1)
Appendix D Dietary Reference Intakes: Macronutrients	18	(2)
Appendix E Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins and Minerals	20	(4)
Appendix F Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements	24	(1)
Appendix G Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds	25	(1)
Appendix H Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds	26
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1