Exercise Testing and Prescription : A Health-Related Approach

by Nieman, David C.

• ISBN13: 9780073044743
• ISBN10: 0073044741
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-31
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

This comprehensive text provides coverage of fitness assessment concepts, hands-on prescription applications, and a thorough preparation for ACSM certification exams. Exercise testing and prescription are presented within a health-related context that provides the latest research findings on exercise and nutrition, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and aging.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART I Trends and Definitions	1	(44)
Health and Fitness Trends	3	(27)
Trends in Health	3	(1)
The Dimensions of Health	3	(1)
The Health Continuum	4	(1)
The Healthy People Initiative	4	(4)
The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health	8	(1)
Exercise and Physical Fitness in America	8	(1)
A Brief Historical Review	8	(1)
The Contemporary Fitness Movement	9	(2)
Current Activity Levels of American Adults	11	(3)
Future Challenges	14	(1)
Youth Fitness Studies	14	(2)
Guidelines for Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People	16	(1)
Worksite Health-Promotion and Fitness Activities	17	(2)
Benefits of Worksite Exercise Programs	19	(1)
Predicted Future Growth for Worksite Health Programs	19	(1)
Strategies for Increasing Physical Activity in America	19	(1)
Population-Based Strategies	19	(3)
Personal Factors	20	(1)
The Exercise Regimen	20	(1)
The Environment	21	(1)
Summary	22	(1)
Review Questions	22	(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 1.1: What Is Your Personal Exercise Program?	26	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 1.2: Using the Internet to Explore Health and Fitness	28	(2)
Physical Fitness Defined	30	(15)
Physical Activity	30	(2)
Exercise	32	(1)
A Comprehensive Approach to Physical Fitness	32	(1)
The Meaning of Physical Fitness	33	(1)
The Elements of Health-Related Physical Fitness	34	(6)
Cardiorespiratory Endurance	34	(1)
Body Composition	35	(1)
Musculoskeletal Fitness	35	(5)
Summary	40	(1)
Review Questions	40	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 2.1: Ranking Activities by Health-Related Value	42	(3)
PART II Screening and Testing	45	(154)
Testing Concepts	47	(30)
Preparticipation Health Screening	48	(2)
Using Screening Results for Risk Stratification	50	(2)
Contraindications for Exercise and Exercise Testing	52	(1)
Cardiovascular Screening of Competitive Athletes	53	(2)
Informed Consent	55	(1)
Health/Fitness Facility Standards and Guidelines	55	(5)
Concepts and Purposes in Physical Fitness Testing	60	(1)
Physical Fitness Testing Batteries	61	(1)
Recommended Order for Fitness-Evaluation Tests	61	(1)
Health-Related Fitness Testing Batteries	61	(2)
YMCA	62	(1)
Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness & Lifestyle Appraisal (CPAFLA)	62	(1)
AAHPERD: Health-Related Fitness Test for College Students	62	(1)
Fitnessgram®	62	(1)
The President's Challenge	63	(4)
Summary	67	(1)
Review Questions	67	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 3.1: Are You Ready to Exercise?	69	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 3.2: Medical/Health Questionnaire	71	(6)
Cardiorespiratory Fitness	77	(46)
Resting and Exercise Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Determination	78	(1)
Resting Blood Pressure	78	(2)
Exercise Blood Pressure	80	(1)
Resting Heart Rate	81	(1)
Exercise Heart Rate	82	(1)
Nonexercise Test VO2max Prediction Equations	83	(1)
Field Tests for Cardiorespiratory Fitness	84	(3)
Submaximal Laboratory Tests	87	(1)
Step Tests	88	(3)
The Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test	88	(2)
The YMCA 3-Minute Step Test	90	(1)
Other Step Tests	91	(1)
ACSM Bench-Stepping Equation	91	(1)
Treadmill Submaximal Laboratory Tests	92	(1)
Cycle Ergometer Submaximal Laboratory Tests	92	(3)
A Description of Cycle Ergometers	93	(1)
The YMCA Submaximal Cycle Test	94	(1)
Cycling Equations	95	(1)
Maximal Laboratory Tests	95	(1)
Maximal Graded Exercise Treadmill Test Protocols	95	(5)
Treadmill Equations for Predicting VO2max	98	(1)
Maximal Treadmill Test for College Students	99	(1)
ACSM Equations for Estimating VO2 for Walking and Running	99	(1)
Maximal Graded Exercise Cycle Test Protocols	100	(1)
The Astrand Maximal Cycle Protocol	100	(1)
The Storer--Davis Maximal Cycle Protocol	100	(1)
The Wingate Anaerobic Test	100	(1)
When to Terminate the Maximal GXT-ECG Test	101	(2)
Emergency Procedures	103	(1)
Personnel	103	(4)
Summary	107	(1)
Review Questions	108	(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.1: Practical Use of the ACSM Equations	112	(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.2: Cardiorespiratory Endurance Testing	116	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.3: Measurement of Your Resting Heart Rate	118	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.4: Measurement of Your Resting Blood Pressure	119	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.5: Estimation of VO2max Using an Equation	120	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.6: The 1-Mile Walk Test	121	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.7: A Step Test for College Students	122	(1)
Body Composition	123	(48)
Body Composition Terminology	123	(3)
Height and Weight Measurements	126	(1)
Historical Review of Height-Weight Tables	126	(2)
Relative Weight	128	(1)
Measuring Body Weight	129	(3)
Measuring Height	132	(1)
Measuring Frame Size	132	(1)
Body Mass Index	132	(6)
Skinfold Measurements	138	(4)
Rules for Taking Skinfolds	142	(4)
One-Site Skinfold Test	146	(1)
Two-Site Skinfold Test for Children, Youths, and College-Age Adults	147	(2)
Multiple Skinfold Tests for Adults	149	(3)
Underwater Weighing	152	(1)
Equipment	152	(1)
Procedures	153	(2)
Bioelectrical Impedance	155	(2)
Near-Infrared Light Interactance	157	(1)
Topography of the Human Body	158	(4)
Summary	162	(1)
Review Questions	163	(5)
Physical Fitness Activity 5.1: Measurement of Body Composition	168	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 5.2: Case Study: Providing Body Composition Counseling for a Female Track and Field Athlete	170	(1)
Musculoskeletal Fitness	171	(28)
Muscular Fitness	171	(1)
Health-Related Benefits of Musculoskeletal Fitness	171	(1)
Prevention and Treatment of Low-Back Pain	172	(2)
Risk Factors for Low-Back Pain	174	(2)
Treatment of Low-Back Pain with Exercise	176	(1)
Tests for Muscular Endurance and Strength	177	(1)
Abdominal Tests: Bent-Knee Sit-Ups and Partial Curl-Ups	177	(2)
Pull-Ups	179	(1)
The Traditional Pull-Up	179	(1)
The Modified Pull-Up	179	(1)
Flexed-Arm Hang	180	(1)
Push-Ups	180	(1)
Males	180	(1)
Females	180	(1)
Grip Strength Test with Hand Dynamometer	181	(1)
Bench-Press Strength and Endurance Tests	182	(1)
Bench-Press 1-RM Test for Strength	182	(1)
YMCA Bench-Press Test for Muscular Endurance	182	(1)
Parallel-Bar Dips	183	(1)
Flexibility Testing	184	(1)
Shoulder Flexibility Test	185	(1)
Trunk Rotation Flexibility Test	186	(1)
Vertical Jump	186	(4)
Summary	190	(1)
Review Questions	190	(5)
Physical Fitness Activity 6.1: Rating Your Posture	195	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 6.2: Assessment of Muscular Fitness	197	(2)
PART III Conditioning for Physical Fitness	199	(168)
The Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise	201	(29)
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise	201	(1)
Increase of Heart Rate	201	(1)
Increase of Stroke Volume	202	(1)
Increase in Cardiac Output	203	(1)
Increased Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference	203	(1)
Increase in VO2	203	(2)
Increased Systolic BP; Diastolic BP Unchanged	205	(1)
Increase in Minute Ventilation	206	(1)
Increased Blood Flow to Active Muscle Areas	207	(1)
Changes in Respiratory Exchange Ratio	208	(1)
Chronic Adaptations to Regular Exercise	209	(1)
Changes That Occur in Skeletal Muscles as a Result of Aerobic Training	209	(1)
Major Cardiorespiratory Changes from Exercise Training When at Rest	210	(1)
Major Cardiorespiratory Changes during Submaximal Exercise	211	(1)
Major Cardiorespiratory Changes during Maximal Exercise	212	(1)
Other Physiological Changes with Aerobic Exercise	213	(1)
Changes That Occur in Muscles Due to Strength Training	214	(2)
The Effects of Gender, Age, and Heredity	216	(1)
The Influence of Gender	216	(2)
The Influence of Age	218	(1)
The Influence of Heredity	219	(1)
The Effects of Inactivity	219	(3)
Summary	222	(1)
Review Questions	222	(6)
Physical Fitness Activity 7.1: Labeling Figures That Depict Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise	228	(2)
Exercise Prescription	230	(51)
Physical Activity Pyramid	235	(2)
The Individualized Approach	237	(1)
Cardiorespiratory Endurance/Body Composition	237	(1)
Warm-Up	237	(3)
The Aerobic Session	240	(16)
Frequency	240	(1)
Intensity	241	(7)
Time	248	(1)
Mode of Exercise	249	(4)
Rate of Progression	253	(1)
Systems of Cardiorespiratory Training	253	(1)
The Question of Supervision	253	(3)
Warm-Down (Cool-Down)	256	(1)
Musculoskeletal Conditioning	256	(1)
Flexibility Exercises	256	(2)
Factors That Influence Flexibility	257	(1)
Flexible Benefits	257	(1)
Static Stretching	258	(1)
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation	258	(1)
Muscular Strength and Endurance Exercises	258	(12)
Principles of Weight Training	260	(1)
Systems of Muscular Strength and Endurance Training	261	(9)
Summary	270	(1)
Review Questions	270	(7)
Physical Fitness Activity 8.1: The Activity Pyramid: How Do You Rate?	277	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 8.2: Your Aerobic Exercise Program	278	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 8.3: Your Flexibility Exercise Program	279	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 8.4: Your Muscular Strength and Endurance Exercise Program	280	(1)
Nutrition and Performance	281	(86)
Nutrition Basics	282	(1)
Essential Nutrients	282	(2)
Guidelines for Nutrient Intake: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)	284	(4)
Dietary Guidelines for Health and Disease Prevention	288	(1)
Weight Management; Physical Activity	288	(1)
Key Recommendations	288	(1)
Food Groups to Encourage	289	(5)
Key Recommendations	289	(5)
Carbohydrates	294	(2)
Key Recommendations	294	(2)
Food Safety	296	(1)
Key Recommendations	296	(1)
Fats	297	(2)
Key Recommendations	297	(2)
Adequate Nutrients within Calorie Needs	299	(1)
Key Recommendations	299	(1)
Sodium and Potassium	300	(1)
Key Recommendations	300	(1)
Alcoholic Beverages	301	(1)
Key Recommendations	301	(1)
Principle 1: Prudent Diet Is the Cornerstone	302	(1)
Dietary Practices of Athletes	302	(3)
Principle 2: Increase Total Energy Intake	305	(1)
Athletes Expend Large Amounts of Energy	305	(1)
Energy and ATP Production	306	(3)
Principle 3: Keep the Dietary Carbohydrate Intake High (55--70%) during Training	309	(1)
The Importance of Carbohydrate during Heavy Training	310	(2)
Practical Implications for Athletes	312	(2)
Principle 4: Drink Large Amounts of Fluids during Training and the Event	314	(1)
The Importance of Water for Temperature Regulation during Exercise	314	(7)
Should Electrolytes and Carbohydrates Be Used during Exercise?	321	(2)
Principle 5: Keep a Close Watch on Possible Iron Deficiency	323	(1)
The Problem of Iron Deficiency	323	(2)
Practical Implications for Athletes	325	(1)
Principle 6: Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Are Not Needed	326	(1)
Lack of Evidence for Benefits	327	(1)
Evidence of Possible Problems with High Intake	328	(1)
Principle 7: Protein Supplements Do Not Benefit the Athlete	329	(1)
Changes in Protein Metabolism during Exercise	329	(2)
Practical Implications for Athletes	331	(2)
Principle 8: Rest and Emphasize Carbohydrates before Long Endurance Events	333	(1)
How to Carbohydrate Load before the Big Event	333	(1)
The Pre-Event Meal	334	(1)
Principle 9: Use of Ergogenic Aids Is Unethical	335	(1)
Categories of Ergogenic Aids	336	(8)
Miscellaneous Nutritional Aids	336	(3)
Use of Caffeine to Improve Performance in Long Endurance Events	339	(1)
Soda Loading for Anaerobic Exercise	340	(1)
Blood Boosting and Doping for Endurance	340	(1)
Steroids and Steroid-Like Compounds	341	(2)
Creatine Supplementation	343	(1)
Principle 10: Fat Loading Is Not Recommended for Enhanced Performance or Health	344	(3)
Summary	347	(1)
Review Questions	348	(13)
Physical Fitness Activity 9.1: Rating Your Diet with MyPyramid	361	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 9.2: Analyzing Your Energy and Nutrient Intake	363	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 9.3: Case Study: Female Vegetarian Fitness Enthusiast with Anemia	365	(2)
PART IV Physical Activity and Disease	367	(330)
Heart Disease	369	(78)
Heart Disease	369	(5)
Coronary Heart Disease	374	(1)
Stroke	375	(3)
Trends in Cardiovascular Disease	378	(1)
Risk Factors for Heart Disease	379	(2)
Treatment of Heart Disease	381	(2)
Can Atherosclerosis Be Reversed Without Surgery?	383	(1)
Cigarette Smoking	383	(1)
A Leading Cause of Death	383	(1)
Recent Trends	384	(3)
Smokeless Tobacco	387	(1)
Smoking Cessation	387	(1)
Exercise and Tobacco	388	(2)
Hypertension	390	(1)
Health Problems	391	(1)
Treatment of Hypertension	391	(1)
Lifestyle Modifications to Lower Blood Pressure	392	(9)
Weight Control	392	(1)
Reduced Sodium Chloride Intake	392	(4)
Moderation of Alcohol Intake	396	(3)
Physical Activity	399	(2)
High Blood Cholesterol	401	(1)
Prevalence of High Blood Cholesterol	401	(1)
Description of Lipoproteins	402	(2)
Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia	404	(11)
Diet and Other Lifestyle Measures	405	(7)
Role of Exercise	412	(3)
Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease Prevention	415	(3)
Exercise and Stroke Prevention	418	(4)
Summary	422	(1)
Review Questions	423	(13)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.1: Heart Disease Risk	436	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.2: Coronary Heart Disease Risk	438	(3)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.3: Stroke Risk	441	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.4: Testing for Alcoholism	443	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.5: How ``Heart Healthy'' Is Your Diet?	444	(3)
Cancer	447	(34)
Cancer Statistics	448	(8)
Cancer Prevention	456	(6)
Physical Activity and Cancer	462	(1)
Inactivity as a Risk Factor for Cancer	462	(1)
Physical Activity and Colon Cancer	463	(2)
Physical Activity and Breast Cancer	465	(2)
Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer	467	(3)
Summary	470	(1)
Review Questions	471	(6)
Physical Fitness Activity 11.1: Test Your Risk from UV Radiation	477	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 11.2: Eating Smart for Cancer Prevention	478	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 11.3: Estimating Your Cancer Risk	480	(1)
Diabetes	481	(31)
Prevalence and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus	481	(1)
Definition and Description of Diabetes Mellitus	482	(1)
Complications of Diabetes	482	(4)
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus	486	(1)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus	486	(1)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	487	(1)
Testing and Diagnosis	487	(3)
Impaired Fasting Glucose or Pre-Diabetes	488	(1)
Risk Factors and Screening for Diabetes	488	(1)
Special Recommendations for Pregnant Women	488	(2)
Lifestyle and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes	490	(1)
Treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes	491	(3)
Prevention, Delay, and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes	494	(2)
Prevention/Delay of Type 2 Diabetes	496	(1)
Exercise and Diabetes	496	(1)
Physical Activity and Risk of Developing Diabetes	497	(1)
The Role of Exercise in Treatment of Diabetes	498	(8)
Type 1 Diabetes and Exercise	499	(1)
Exercise Precautions for Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes	499	(2)
Type 2 Diabetes and Exercise	501	(5)
Summary	506	(1)
Review Questions	507	(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 12.1: Assessing Your Diabetes Risk Score	511	(1)
Obesity	512	(58)
Health Risks of Obesity	515	(4)
Theories of Obesity	519	(1)
Genetic and Parental Influences	519	(1)
High Energy Intake	520	(3)
Low Energy Expenditure	523	(5)
Resting Metabolic Rate	524	(2)
Physical Activity	526	(2)
Thermic Effect of Food	528	(1)
Treatment of Obesity	528	(1)
Treatment Is Challenging	529	(1)
Weight Loss Maintenance	530	(1)
Conservative Treatment Guidelines	531	(1)
Gastric-Reduction Surgery	531	(4)
Drug Therapy	535	(1)
Very-Low-Calorie Diets	536	(2)
Weight Loss Programs and Methods	538	(1)
The Role of Exercise during Weight Loss	538	(6)
Misconception 1: Aerobic Exercise Accelerates Weight Loss Significantly, When Combined with a Reducing Diet	539	(3)
Misconception 2: Exercise Causes the Resting Metabolic Rate to Stay Elevated for a Long Time After the Bout, Burning Extra Calories	542	(1)
Misconception 3: Exercise Counters the Diet-Induced Decrease in Resting Metabolic Rate	543	(1)
Misconception 4: Exercise Counters the Diet-Induced Decrease in Fat-Free Mass	543	(1)
Benefits of Exercise for Weight Loss	544	(2)
Exercise Prescription and Precautions for the Obese	546	(5)
Summary	551	(1)
Review Questions	552	(10)
Physical Fitness Activity 13.1: Calculating Your Energy Expenditure	562	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 13.2: Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate and Total Energy Expenditure	564	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 13.3: Counting the Calories and Fat Crams from Fast Food	565	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 13.4: Monitoring Your Dietary Habits	566	(2)
Food Physical Fitness Activity 13.5: Eating Disorder Checksheet	568	(2)
Psychological Health	570	(43)
Mental Health	570	(4)
The Meaning of Stress	574	(1)
Ill Effects of High Stress and Poor Mental Health	575	(1)
Stress Management Principles	576	(3)
Control Stressors	576	(2)
Let the Mind Choose the Reaction	578	(1)
Seek the Social Support of Others	578	(1)
Find Satisfaction in Work and Service	578	(1)
Keep Physically Healthy	578	(1)
Physical Activity and Stress	579	(1)
Controlled Studies on Exercise and Mental Health	579	(1)
Cardiovascular Reactivity to Mental Stress	580	(1)
Depression	580	(1)
Anxiety	581	(1)
Mood State	581	(1)
Self-Esteem	582	(1)
Mental Cognition	582	(1)
Mechanisms: How Physical Activity Helps Psychological Health	583	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Hypothesis	583	(1)
Social Interaction Hypothesis	583	(1)
Time-Out/Distraction Hypothesis	583	(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness Hypothesis	583	(1)
Monoamine Neurotransmitter Hypothesis	584	(1)
Endogenous Opioid Hypothesis	584	(1)
Precautions: Exercise Addiction, Mood Disturbance, and Sleep Disruption	585	(1)
Practical Implications	585	(5)
Summary	590	(1)
Review Questions	591	(6)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.1: The General Well-Being Schedule	597	(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.2: Life Hassles and Stress	601	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.3: Depression	603	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.4: Controlling Stressors	604	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.5: Stress and Life Change: Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ)	605	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.6: Are You Overly Anxious?	606	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.7: Serious Psychological Distress	607	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.8: Do You Have Problems with Sleep?	608	(5)
Aging, Osteoporosis, and Arthritis	613	(49)
The Aging Process	617	(1)
Health Habits and Aging	618	(1)
Exercise and Aging	619	(1)
VO2max and the Aging Process	619	(4)
Physical Training by the Elderly	623	(3)
Cardiorespiratory Training	623	(2)
Muscular Strength and Resistance Training	625	(1)
Body Composition Changes	626	(1)
Physical Activity and Life Expectancy	626	(1)
Osteoporosis	627	(1)
Detection of Osteoporosis	628	(1)
Risk Factors	629	(1)
Medications for Treatment	629	(3)
Nutrition	632	(1)
The Role of Physical Activity	632	(6)
Arthritis	638	(1)
Common Types of Arthritis	639	(1)
Risk Factors for Arthritis	640	(1)
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors	640	(1)
Modifiable Risk Factors	640	(1)
Treatment	641	(1)
The Role of Exercise	642	(2)
Exercise Benefits	644	(1)
Potential Exercise Training Complications	645	(1)
Osteoarthritis and Wear and Tear	646	(1)
Summary	647	(1)
Review Questions	648	(9)
Physical Fitness Activity 15.1: Health Check	657	(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 15.2: Osteoporosis---Are You at Risk for Weak Bones?	659	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 15.3: Health Risk Appraisal on the Internet	660	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 15.4: Calculating Your Calcium Intake	661	(1)
Exercise Risks	662	(35)
Musculoskeletal Injuries	662	(1)
Running Injuries	662	(3)
The Extent of the Problem	662	(1)
Factors Associated with Injuries	663	(2)
Aerobic-Dance Injuries	665	(2)
Bicycling Injuries	667	(1)
Swimming Injuries	667	(1)
Management of Overuse Injuries	667	(2)
Potential Problems of Excess Exercise for Women	669	(1)
The Female Athlete Triad	669	(2)
Exercise and Pregnancy	671	(1)
Heat Injuries	672	(1)
Heat Cramps	672	(1)
Heat Exhaustion	672	(1)
Heat Stroke	673	(1)
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis	674	(1)
Measuring Temperature for Exercise Risk	674	(1)
Environmental Pollution	674	(2)
Sudden Death from Heart Attack	676	(1)
The Saga of Jim Fixx	676	(1)
Exercise and Heart Attack: A Double-Edged Sword	676	(2)
Risk for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection	678	(2)
Exercise-Induced Asthma	680	(1)
Prevalence of Asthma	680	(1)
Prevention Guidelines	681	(1)
Exercise-Induced Asthma Symptoms and Phases	682	(5)
Summary	687	(1)
Review Questions	687	(7)
Physical Fitness Activity 16.1: Benefits versus Risks of Exercise	694	(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 16.2: Rate Your Foot and Ankle Health	695	(2)
Appendix A Physical Fitness Test Norms	697	(42)
Appendix B Calisthenics for Development of Flexibility and Muscular Strength and Endurance	739	(12)
Appendix C Major Bones, Muscles, and Arteries of the Human Body	751	(5)
Appendix D Compendium of Physical Activities	756	(14)
Glossary	770	(13)
Index	783