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9781119660231

Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781119660231

  • ISBN10:

    1119660238

  • Edition: 5th
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2022-03-29
  • Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

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Summary

The newly revised Fifth Edition of Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology delivers a fully updated new edition of the most complete reference to hematology and cytology in exotic animals. The book features high-quality images and step-by-step descriptions of practical techniques.    

Organized by animal class to make it easier to quickly find critical information, the authors have included 45 new case studies to highlight the application of the content in a real-world setting. All major exotic animal groups are covered, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.    

Clinicians seeking a decision-making aid for patient workup, treatment, and prognosis will find what they need in Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology. The book also includes:    

  • Thorough cellular descriptions unique to mammalian, avian, herptile, and fish species, with extensive discussions of blood and bone marrow sample collection and hematologic techniques for each group 
  • Comprehensive evaluation of the peripheral blood specific to mammals, birds, herptiles, and fish, as well as the evaluation of bone marrow  
  • Practical discussions of hematology case studies with applications to common real-world clinical problems  
  • Color atlas of hemic cells of select species for quick and easy reference 
  • Extensive examinations of cytodiagnosis and exploration of unique features within mammals, birds, herptiles, and fish, as well as cytology case studies and wet-mount cases in fish 
  • Access to video clips and additional case reports on a companion website 

Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology is an essential reference for veterinary clinical pathologists, anatomic pathologists, clinicians, and technicians, as well as for veterinary students taking courses involving exotic hematology and cytology. 

Author Biography

The authors  

Terry W. Campbell, DVM, PhD, is an Associate Professor Emeritus of Zoological Medicine at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, and was the head veterinarian at the Downtown Aquarium in Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.   

Krystan R. Grant, DVM, PhD, CertAqV, was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, and is currently the Director of Pet Health at the PetSmart Home Office in Phoenix, Arizona, USA.  

 

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Scientific Names Used in Text

 

SECTION I: Mammal

1.            Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Small Mammals

Blood Sample Collection

Blood Volume Collection

Restraint and Collection Sites

Other Collection Sites and Considerations

Blood Sample Handling and Preparation

Bone Marrow Collection

References

 

2.            Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Mammals

Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters

               Packed Cell Volume

               Plasma Appearance and Protein

               Hemoglobin

               Total Erythrocyte Concentration

               Erythrocyte Indices

               Reticulocytes

Leukocyte Parameters

               Total Leukocyte Concentration

               Leukocyte Differential

Platelet Parameters

References

 

3.            Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Mammals

Mammalian Erythrocytes

               Morphology and Color

               Other Erythrocyte Features

Erythrocyte Response to Disease

               Anemias

               Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia)

Mammalian Leukocytes

               Granulocytes

               Mononuclear Cells

Leukocyte Response to Disease

               Inflammatory Leukogram in Mammals

               Eosinophil Response

               Basophilia in Mammals

               Lymphocyte Response

               Monocytosis

               Myeloproliferative Disease

Platelets of Small Mammals

               Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis in Mammals

Hemogram Evaluation of Specific Species

               Myomorphs or True Rodents (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters)

               Guinea Pigs

               Chinchillas

               Rabbits

               Ferrets

               African Hedgehogs

References

 

4.            Evaluation of Mammalian Bone Marrow

Mammalian Hematopoiesis

               Mammalian Erythropoiesis

               Mammalian Granulopoiesis

               Mammalian Platelet Production

               Other Cells in the Mammalian Bone Marrow

Mammalian Bone Marrow Responses in Disease

               Hypoplasia and Hyperplasia

               Mammalian Myeloid Neoplasms

Bone Marrow Evaluation

               Bone Marrow Evaluation of Rodents

               Bone Marrow Evaluation of Rabbits

               Bone Marrow Evaluation of Ferrets

References

 

5.            Mammalian Hematology Clinical Case Presentations

Case 1: Chinchilla with Dental Disease

Case 2: Guinea Pig with Gastric Stasis

Case 3: Hedgehog with Anorexia

Case 4: Ferret with Lethargy, Inappetence, and Labored Breathing

Case 5: Ferret with Lethargy and Weakness

 

6.            Sample Collection for Mammalian Cytodiagnosis

Cytology Sampling and Evaluation Techniques

Sample Locations

               The Integument

               Alimentary Tract

               Respiratory Tract

               Conjunctiva and Cornea

               Synovial Fluid

               Lymph Nodes

               Spleen

               Liver

               Kidney

               Reproductive Tract

Preparation For Cytologic Examination

               Köhler Illumination

               Sample Collection

Sample Collection Techniques

               Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy

               Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration

               Brush Cytology

               Contact Smears and Squash Preparations

               Fluid Samples

Sample Preparation and Evaluation

               Fixation and Staining

               Evaluation of the Cytologic Sample

               Basic Cytologic Responses

References

 

7.            Mammalian Cytodiagnosis

 Normal Mammalian Cytology

               Digestive Tract

Respiratory Tract

Skin

Central Nervous System

Eye

Joint Fluid

Lymph Tissue/Lymph Nodes

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

Reproductive Tract

Inflammation

               Neutrophilic/Heterophilic Inflammation of Mammals

               Septic Inflammation

               Mixed Cell Inflammation

               Macrophagic Inflammation

               Eosinophilic Inflammation

               Inflammatory Lesions of the Alimentary Tract

               Inflammation of the Respiratory Tract

Inflammation of the Skin

Inflammation of Synovial Joints

Inflammation of Lymphoid Tissue

Inflammation of the Liver

Ophthalmic Inflammation

Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia

               Adipose

               Hepatic Lipidosis

Epidermal Cyst

Sebaceous Cysts

Trichoepitheliomas

Papillomas

Histiocytoma

Chordomas

Zymbal Gland Adenoma

Leiomyoma

Squamous Hyperplasia/Metaplasia

Lymphoid Hyperplasia

Thyroid Hyperplasia

               Ferret Adrenocortical Disease

Malignant Neoplasia

               General Cellular Features of Malignant Neoplasia

Cytoplasmic Features of Malignant Neoplasia

Nuclear Features of Malignant Neoplasia

Structural Features of Malignant Neoplasia

Round or Discrete Cell Tumor

Myelogenous Leukemia

Carcinoma

Sarcoma

Neuroendocrine

Cellular Arrangements

Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract

Cutaneous Neoplasms

Ocular Neoplasia

Neoplasms of Joints and Bone

Liver Neoplasms

Renal Neoplasms

Reproductive Tract Neoplasia

Neoplasia of Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)

Neoplasia of African Pygmy Hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris)

               Neoplasia of Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps)

               Neoplasia of Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)

Effusions

               Transudate

Exudative Effusion

Hemorrhagic Effusion

Chylous Effusions

Uroabdomen

Malignant (Neoplastic) Effusion

Synovial Cyst

Cutaneous Cysts

Mucocele

Infectious Agents

               Bacteria

Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmosis)

Clostridium

Campylobacter

Spirochetes

Helicobacter

Chlamydia/Chlamydophila

Mycobacterium

Candidiasis

Malassezia

Cryptococcus neoformans

Histoplasma

Blastomycosis

Saccharomyces Yeast in Rabbits

Hyphae-Forming Fungi

Aspergillosis

Trichomoniasis

Cryptosporidiosis

Giardia

References

 

8.            Mammalian Cytology Clinical Case Presentations

Case 1: Hedgehog with Swelling Under the Right Forelimb

Case 2: Dumbo Rat with a Mass on its Face

Case 3: Hedgehog with a Vaginal Mass

Case 4: Sugar Glider with a Mass in the Left Axilla

Case 5: Ferret with an Abdominal Mass

 

SECTION II: Avian

9.            Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Birds

Blood Sample Collection

               Restraint

               Blood Volume Collection

               Blood Collection Methods

               Collection Sites

Blood Sample Handling and Preparation

               Anticoagulant

               Whole Blood Preservation

               Blood Film Techniques

               Stains

               Laboratory Submission

Bone Marrow Collection

               Collection Sites for Marrow Aspiration

Preparation of Aspirated Bone Marrow

               Marrow Core Biopsy

References

 

10.         Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Birds

Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters

               Packed Cell Volume

               Hemoglobin

               Total Erythrocyte Concentration

               Erythrocyte Indices

               Plasma Appearance and Protein

Leukocyte Parameters

               Semidirect Method for Manual Leukocyte Concentration

               Direct Method for Manual Leukocyte Concentration

               Leukocyte Estimation from Blood Film

               Leukocyte Differential

Thrombocyte Parameters

Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Marrow Aspirates

References

 

11.         Evaluation and Interpretation of Peripheral Blood of Birds

Avian Erythrocytes

               Morphology and Color

               Other Erythrocyte Features

Factors Affecting the Avian Erythrogram

               Species

               Sex

               Age

               Season and Environment

Erythrocyte Response to Disease

               Anemia in Birds

               Avian Erythrocytosis

Avian Leukocytes

               Lymphocytes

               Monocytes

               Heterophils

               Eosinophils

               Basophils

Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Birds

Leukocyte Response to Disease

               Inflammatory Leukogram

               Leukopenia in Birds

               Lymphocytosis in Birds

               Monocytosis in Birds

               Eosinophilia and Eosinopenia in Birds

Avian Thrombocytes

               Normal Variation in the Thrombogram of Birds

               Thrombocytopenia

               Thrombocytosis

Avian Blood Parasites

               Hemoproteus

               Plasmodium

               Leukocytozoon

               Microfilaria

Aegyptianella

Isosporosis or Atoxoplasmosis

Trypanosomes

Borrelia anserine

Bacteremia

References

 

12.         Evaluation of Avian Bone Marrow

Avian Hematopoiesis

               Avian Erythropoiesis

               Avian Granulopoiesis

               Avian Thrombopoiesis

               Other Cells Present in Avian Bone Marrow

Avian Hematopoietic Tissue Other Than Bone Marrow

               Avian Bursa of Fabricius

               Avian Thymus

               Avian Spleen

References

 

13.         Avian Hematology Clinical Case Presentation

Case 1: Cockatoo with Lethargy and Anorexia

Case 2: Swainson’s Hawk with Head Trauma

Case 3: Pionus Parrot with Weight Loss, Exercise Intolerance, and Sneezing

Case 4: Conure with Lethargy and Anorexia

Case 5: Hawk with Dehydration and Emaciation

 

14.         Sample Collection for Avian Cytodiagnosis

Alimentary Tract

Respiratory Tract

Lymphoid Tissue of Lower Vertebrates

Conjunctiva and Cornea

Synovial Fluid

Coelomic Fluid

References

 

15.         Avian Cytodiagnosis

Digestive Tract

Respiratory Tract

Skin

Eye

Joint Fluid

Lymphoid Tissue

Liver

Kidney

Inflammation

               Heterophilic Inflammation of Birds

               Septic Inflammation

               Mixed Cell Inflammation

               Macrophagic Inflammation

               Eosinophilic Inflammation

               Inflammatory Lesions of the Alimentary Tract

               Inflammation of the Respiratory Tract

Inflammation of the Skin

Inflammation of Synovial Joints

Inflammation of the Spleen

Inflammation of the Liver

Ophthalmic Inflammation

Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia

               Adipose

               Hepatic Lipidosis

               Feather Cysts

Papillomatosis

               Squamous Hyperplasia/Metaplasia

Malignant Neoplasia

               Lymphoma/Lymphocytic Leukemia

               Carcinoma

               Sarcoma

               Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract

               Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract

               Cutaneous Neoplasms

               Ocular Neoplasms

               Neoplasms of Joints and Bone

               Reproductive Tract Neoplasia

               Neoplasia of the Liver

               Neoplasia of the Kidney

               Neoplasia of the Thyroid

Effusions

               Accidental Aspiration of the Liver

               Synovial Cyst

               Mucocele

Infectious Agents

               Avian Pox

Mycoplasmosis

Clostridium

Campylobacter

Spirochetes

Chlamydiosis

Microsporidia

Mycobacterium

Candidiasis

Cryptococcus neoformans

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster in Birds

Aspergillosis

Trichomoniasis

Giardia

Cryptosporidiosis

               Blastocystis

               Atoxoplasmosis

               Microfilaria

References

 

16.         Avian Cytology Clinical Case Presentation

Case 1: Lethargic Parrot

Case 2: Macaw with Periorbital Swelling

Case 3: Eagle with Swollen Right Foot

Case 4: Owl with Oral Lesions

Case 5: Hawk with Skin Lesions

 

SECTION III: Herptile

17.         Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Reptiles and Amphibians

Blood Sample Collection

               General Considerations

               Blood Volume Collection

               Restraint and Collection Sites

               Other Collection Sites and Considerations

Blood Sample Handling and Preparation

               Anticoagulant

               Blood Film Techniques

               Stains

Bone Marrow Collection

References

 

18.         Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Reptiles and Amphibians

Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters

               Packed Cell Volume

               Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

               Hemoglobin

               Total Erythrocyte Concentration

               Erythrocyte Indices

               Plasma Appearance and Protein

Leukocyte Parameters

               Semidirect Method for Manual Leukocyte Concentration

               Direct Methods for Manual Leukocyte Concentration

               Leukocyte Differential

Thrombocyte Parameters

References

 

19.         Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Reptiles

The Interpretation of the Reptile Hemogram

Reptile Erythrocytes

               Morphology and Color

               Reticulocytes

               Cytoplasm Inclusions

Factors Affecting the Reptilian Erythrogram

               Intrinsic Factors

               Extrinsic Factors

Erythrocyte Response to Disease

               Anemia in Reptiles

               Basophilic Stippling

               Inclusions

Reptile Leukocytes

               Heterophils

               Eosinophils

               Basophils

               Lymphocytes

               Monocytes

Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Reptiles

               Reference Intervals

Leukocyte Response to Disease

               Heterophils and The Inflammatory Leukogram

               Eosinophilia in Reptiles

               Basophilia in Reptiles

               Lymphocytes

               Monocytosis in Reptiles

Reptile Thrombocytes

Reptile Blood Parasites

               Hemogregarines

               Hemoproteus

               Plasmodium

               Saurocytozoon

               Microfilaria

               Piroplasmids

               Pirhemocyton

               Laisonia and Schellackia

               Trypanosomes

               Leishmania

               Anaplasmataceae

Reptile Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation

               Reptile Erythropoiesis

               Reptile Granulopoiesis

               Reptile Thrombopoiesis

               Reptile Lymphopoiesis

References

 

20.         Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Amphibians

Amphibian Erythrocytes

Amphibian Leukocytes

Amphibian Thrombocytes

Amphibian Blood Parasites

Amphibian Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation

               Amphibian Erythropoiesis

               Amphibian Granulopoiesis

References

 

21.         Herptile Hematology Clinical Case Presentations

Case 1: Snake with Nasal Discharge and Mites

Case 2: Snake with Neurologic Behavior and Skin Nodules

Case 3: Comparison of Two Chelonian Respiratory Cases

Case 4: Case Series of Chelonian Dystocia and Follicular Stasis

Case 5: Lizard with Limb Lameness, Lethargy, and Anorexia

 

22.         Sample Collection for Herptile Cytodiagnosis

Sample Locations

               Alimentary Tract

               Respiratory Tract

               Conjunctiva and Cornea

               Synovial Fluid

               Coelomic Fluid

               Coelomic Organs

References

 

23.         Herptile Cytodiagnosis

Normal Cytology

               The Digestive Tract

               Respiratory Tract

               The Skin

               The Eye

               Other Tissues

Inflammation

               Heterophilic/Neutrophilic Inflammation

               Mixed Cell Inflammation

               Macrophagic Inflammation

               Inflammatory Lesions of the Alimentary Tract

Inflammation of the Respiratory Tract

Inflammation of Skin

Inflammation of Synovial Joints

Inflammation of the Liver

Ophthalmic Inflammation

Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia

               Adipose

               Corneal Lipidosis

               Hepatic Lipidosis

               Squamous Hyperplasia/Metaplasia

Malignant Neoplasia

               Lymphoma/Lymphocytic Leukemia

               Sarcoma

               Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract

               Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract

               Cutaneous Neoplasms

               Reproductive Tract Neoplasia

Effusions

Infectious Agents

               Bacteria

               Fungal Infections

               Parasitic Infections

               Specific Bacterial Infections

               Viral Infections

               Pentastomes

References

 

24.         Herptile Cytology Clinical Case Presentation

Case 1: Snake with a Bulging Right Eye

Case 2: Lizard with Lethargy and Neurologic Disorder

Case 3: Lizard with Skin Lesion

Case 4: Thin Snake with Swollen Mouth

Case 5: Snake with Diarrhea

 

SECTION IV: Fish

25.         Blood Sample Collection and Preparation in Fish

Blood Sample Collection

               General Considerations

               Blood Volume Collection

               Collection Sites

Blood Sampling Handling and Preparation

               Anticoagulant

               Long-Term Storage

               Blood Film Techniques and Stain

               Laboratory Submission

References

 

26.         Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Fish

Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters

               Packed Cell Volume

               Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

               Hemoglobin

               Total Erythrocyte Concentration

               Erythrocyte Indices

               Plasma Appearance and Protein

Leukocyte Parameters

               Semidirect Method for Manual Leukocyte Concentration

               Direct Methods for Manual Leukocyte Concentration

               Leukocyte Differential

Thrombocyte Parameters

Whole Blood Preservatives

References

 

27.         Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Fish

Fish Erythrocytes

               Morphology and Color

               Immature Erythrocytes

Factors Affecting the Piscine Erythrogram

               Species

               Age and Sex

               Season and Environment

Erythrocyte Response to Disease

               Anemia in Fish

Fish Leukocytes

               Granulocytes of Teleost Fish

               Granulocytes of Cartilaginous Fish (Sharks and Rays)

               Lymphocytes of Fish (Bony and Cartilaginous)

               Monocytes of Fish (Bony and Cartilaginous)

               Leukocytes of Commonly Studied Bony Fish

Variations to the Leukogram of Fish

               Granulocytes and Inflammation

               Lymphocytosis and Lymphopenia

               Monocytes

               Nutritional Disorders

Fish Thrombocytes and Hemostasis

               Thrombocytes

               Hemostasis

Fish Blood Parasites

               Intracellular Parasites

               Extracellular Parasites

Viral Inclusions

References

 

28.         Piscine Hematopoiesis

References

 

29.         Fish Hematology Clinical Case Presentations

Case 1: Nurse Shark with Excessive Gilling

Case 2: Reticulated Stingray with Bite Wounds

Case 3: Southern Stingray with Anorexia

Case 4: Knifefish with Tail Wound

Case 5: Toadfish Found Abnormally Floating

 

30.         Sample Collection for Wet Mounts and Cytodiagnosis in Fish

Sampling Techniques for Wet Mounts

               Mucus Smear

               Fin Biopsy

               Gill Biopsy

               Fecal Sample

Sampling Techniques for Cytodiagnosis

               The Integument

               Alimentary Tract

               Respiratory Tract

               Coelomic Fluid

References

 

31.         Wet Mount Microscopy in Fish

Sample Evaluation

               Gill Biopsies

               Mucus Smears and Fin Biopsies

Nonparasitic Pathogens

               Bacteria

               Fungus

               Lymphocystis

Cutaneous Fish Parasites

               Ciliate Protozoa

               Flagellate Protozoa

               Myxozoa

               Microspordians

               Monogeneans

               Digenean Trematodes

               Turbellarians

               Crustaceans

               Nematodes

               Coccidia

Nonpathogenic Organisms

References

 

32.         Wet Mount Microscopy in Fish Clinical Case Presentations

Case 1: Tiger Barb with Skin and Behavior Changes

Case 2: Goldfish Newly Arrived

Case 3: Cichlid with a Missing Eye

Case 4: Catfish with Rapid Breathing and Lethargy

Case 5: Damselfish with Skin Lesions and Behavior Change

 

33.         Piscine Cytodiagnosis

Skin

Calcinosis Circumscripta

Fecal Cytology

Mycobacteriosis

Saprolegniasis

Thyroid

Hepatic Lipidosis

Neoplasia

Effusions

Parasites

Sample Contamination

References

 

34. Piscine Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case PresentationsCase 1: Shark with Cutaneous Nodules

Case 2: Trout with a Mass on Mandible

Case 3: Seahorse with Possible Gas Bubble Disease

Case 4: Carp with Swollen Operculum

Case 5: Perch with Mass on Left Gill

 

Appendices

A.           Stains and Solutions Use in Hematology and Cytology

Acid-Fast Stain

Gram’s Stain

Macchiavello’s Stain

Modified Giménez Stain

New Methylene Blue Stain

Standard Natt and Herrick’s Solution and Stain

Elasmobranch-Modified Natt and Herrick’s Solution and Stain

Elasmobranch-Modified Heparin-EDTA

Elasmobranch-Modified ACD Solution

Quick or Stat Stains

Sudan III and Sudan IV Stains

Wright’s Stain

Wright-Giemsa Stain

 

B.           Hematologic Values

C.           Hemic Cell Plates

Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis)

Macaw spp. (Ara spp.)

Blue-headed Pionus Parrot (Pionus mentruus)

California King Snake (Lampropeltis getula californiae)

Common Boa (Boa constrictor)

Jungle Carpet Python (Morelia spilota cheynei)

Green Iguana (Iguana iguana)

Savannah Monitor (Varanus exanthematicus)

Russian Tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii)

Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)

Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Dwarf Caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus)

American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Colorado River Toad (Incilius alvarius)

Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Iridescent Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Leopoldi Stingray (Potamotrygon leopoldi)

Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera bonasus)

Southern Stingray (Hypanus americanus)

Whitespotted Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum)

Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum)

 

D.           Common Artifacts Found in Blood Films and Cytologic Samples

 

Index

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