The Expanding Family Life Cycle Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives with Enhanced Pearson eText -- Access Card Package

by McGoldrick, Monica; Garcia Preto, Nydia A.; Carter, Betty A.

• ISBN13: 9780134057279
• ISBN10: 0134057279
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Package
• Copyright: 2015-07-09
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

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Updated, expanded, and more comprehensive than ever, this new Fifth Edition a classic family therapy resource, The Expanded Family Life Cycle, gives readers a solid understanding of human development and the life cycle. Featured are a groundbreaking integration of individual development within a systemic context discussion of the increasing racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity across the life cycle in the United States today; life cycle perspectives on LGBT issues, alcohol, sexuality, migration, social class, violence in the family, and assessment of “home place” as fundamental to clinical work. This edition moves from society’s general orientation of nuclear families to consider a more diverse and inclusive definition of society’s rapidly changing family patterns, one that considers, among other things, that the life cycle time frame itself has been expanding as people live longer and the patterns of coupling and child rearing continue to change. Also explored are the impact of issues at multiple levels of the human system and the individual, family households, extended family, community, cultural group, and the larger society. Included are new chapters on sexuality over the life curse, mental health as well as physical health in life cycle perspective, and friendship through the life cycle. The Enhanced Pearson eText features embedded self-check assessments.

 

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0134057279 / 9780134057279 Expanded Family Life Cycle, The: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives with Enhanced Pearson eText -- Access Card Package

Package consists of: 

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Author Biography

Monica McGoldrick, MSW, PhD (h.c.), is the Director of the Multicultural Family Institute and on the Clinical faculty of the Psychiatry at the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. She has an international reputation as a trainer and author. Her other books include Ethnicity and Family Therapy (3^rd ed), Genograms (3^rd ed), Living Beyond Loss (2^nd ed), Re-Visioning Family Therapy: Race, Culture and Gender in Clinical Practice (2^nd ed), Women in Families, and The Genogram Journey: Reconnecting With Your Family (2^nd edition of You Can Go Home Again, 2011).  She is at work on a new Genogram Casebook to be published in 2015 and has two teaching videotapes on psychotherapy.net that have become classics in the field.  

 

Nydia Garcia Preto, MSW, L.C.S.W. is the Associate Director at the Multicultural Family Institute in Highland Pk., NJ where she also has a Private Practice. Ms. Garcia Preto has been a Visiting Professor at the Rutgers Graduate School of Social Work, and was the Director of the Adolescent Day Hospital, at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. A noted family therapist, author, teacher, and lecturer, she has published and presented nationally on Puerto Rican and Latino families, Latinas, ethnic intermarriage, and families with adolescents. She is Co Editor of Ethnicity and Family Therapy (3^rd ed), and of The Expanded Family Life Cycle (4^th ed). She also is a highly respected trainer in the area of Cultural Competence.

Table of Contents

Part 1  Perspectives on the Evolving Family Life Cycle 

 

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW: THE LIFE CYCLE IN ITS CHANGING CONTEXT: INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES

Monica McGoldrick, Nydia Garcia Preto & Betty Carter

The Family Life Cycle: A System Moving Through Time 

The Changing Patterns of the Family Life Cycle 

Dimensions of Human Development in the Context  of the Family and Society

                Developing a Self in Context: Belonging

                Friendship Through the Life Cycle

                Developing a Self in Context: Gender

                The Connected Self: Beyond Autonomy and Self Determination

A Multi-Contextual Life Cycle Framework for Understanding Human Development

                Anxiety, Symptom Development and Healing

                The Socio-Cultural Context of Human Development

                The Family Context of Human Development

                The Individual Life Cycle in Context

Multi-Contextual Assessment

Case Illustration: The Aiello–Lopez Family

Conclusion 

Figures-Genograms-

Figure 1.1: A Multi-Contextual Life Cycle Framework for Clinical Assessment

Figure 1.2: Multi-Contextual Framework for Clinical Assessment

Table 1.1: Phases of the Family Life Cycle

Table 1.2: The Individual Life Cycle in Context

Figure 1.3: Guidelines for a Multi-Contextual Life Cycle Assessment

Figure 1.4: The Aiello-Lopez Family

               

Chapter 2  WOMEN AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE

Monica McGoldrick 

Women’s Changing Life Cycle Roles 

Women and Education 

Women and Work 

Women in Families 

Women in the Middle: Women and Caretaking

Women’s Exclusion From Power Under the Law and Societal Expectations 

Women and Marriage 

Mothers and Children

Adolescence

Stepmothers

Launching Children and Moving On

Older Families 

Women and Their Friendship Networks 

Women and Loss 

Conclusion: Affirming Women Through the Life Cycle 

 

Chapter 3   MEN AND THE LIFE CYCLE

Matthew R. Mock & Tim Baima

Introduction

Childhood and Adolescence

Men and Work

Men as Partners and Husbands 

Fatherhood 

Men in Later Life

Conclusion

               

Chapter 4 SOCIAL CLASS AND THE LIFE CYCLE

Jodie Kliman 

Introduction 

Intersections of Class and Other Factors

Understanding Social Class 

Class Position and Families

Invisible class differences.

Case Examples 

Social Class and Families With Young Children 

Social Class and Families With Older Children and Adolescents 

Social Class and Families With Late Adolescents and Young Adults 

Social Class and Families With Adults in Mid- and Later Life 

Conclusions: Implications for Family Therapy 

Figures-Genograms-

Figure 4.1: Sophie and Daniel’s Genogram

Figure 4.2: Ta’esha’s Genogram

Figure 4.3: Miguelito’s Genogram

Figure 4.4: Author’s Genogram

 

Chapter 5  THE LIFE CYCLE OF ECONOMICALLY FRAGILE FAMILIES

Paulette Moore Hines

Factors Affecting Multi-Stressed Families Throughout the Life Cycle 

Racial-Cultural Discrimination

Female-Headed Households 

High Unemployment/Underemployment

Uncertainty

Toxic Environments

Ongoing Trauma Exposure, Disruptions in Attachments, and Untimely Losses

Reliance on Institutional Supports

A Condensed Life Cycle

The Condensed Family Life Cycle: Assessment and Treatment

Stage 1: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 

Key Assessment and Intervention Considerations

Stage 2: Coupling and Raising Children

Sustaining Intimate Relationships

Taking on Parental Roles

Realigning Relationships with Extended Family

Key Assessment and Intervention Considerations

Stage 3: Families in Later Life

Key Assessment and Intervention Considerations

Overarching Assessment and Treatment Considerations 

Case Illustration 

Avoiding Therapist Burn-Out 

Conclusion 

               

Chapter 6   SEXUALITY AND THE LIFE CYCLE

Tracey Laszloffy

Sexuality and Individual and Family Development

Boundaries

The Bergens: A Case of Rigid Boundaries

The Mishras: A Case of Loose Boundaries

Sexual Beliefs/Messages and Resulting Feelings/Behaviors

Intergenerational Patterns Related to Sex and Gender

Cultural Normas

Religion Sex and Sin

Social Class

Ethnic/Racial Background

Soeietal Organizing Principles

Sexuality Over the Life Cycle

Couplehood

Pregnancy

Young Children and Families

Adolescents and Families

Mid-Life

Families with Older Family Members

Case Study

Summary

Figure 6.1: Mahoney/Corelli family genogram

Table 6.1  Beliefs/Messages

 

Chapter 7   LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUALS AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE

Deidre Ashton 

Introduction

Current Status of LGBT Families in the United States 

Access to Marriage 

Family Growth

Diversity Among LGBT Families 

Models of LGBT Identity Development 

Lesbian and Gay Identity Development 

Bisexual Identity Development 

Transgender Identity Development 

Coming Out 

The Family Life Cycle 

Leaving Home and Staying Connected: Launching and Single Adulthood

Coupling 

Parenting: Families With Young Children

Parenting: Families With Adolescent Children 

Families in Later Life 

Conclusion 

               

Chapter 8  SPIRITUALITY AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE

Sueli Petry 

Spirituality and Religion in America 

Family Life Cycle Theory and Application to Context of Spirituality 

                Children and Spirituality 

                Case Study–Anthony and Angelina: children’s spiritual beliefs may comfort or cause anxiety

Adolescence: Identity Development and Spirituality 

                Case Study–Joshua: adolescents challenge family beliefs 

Early Adulthood: Time to Explore and Make Choices About Spiritual Beliefs 

Case Study–Lorraine and Richard: interfaith couple’s counseling 

Case Study–Ana and Luis: spirituality overcomes oppression

Middle-Age: Beliefs Reaffirmed 

Case Study–Lucy: spirituality, spirits, and resiliency in the face of untimely loss

Older Adults: Aging and Facing Mortality

Case Study–Pearl: spirituality promotes dignity in the face of poverty and oppression 

Case Study–Eleanor: unresolved spiritual issues and depression 

Conclusion

Figures-Genograms-

Figure 8.1: Joshua’s Genogram

Figure 8.2: Lorraine and Richard’s Genogram

Figure 8.3: Ana and Luis’ Genogram

Figure 8.4: Lucy’s Genogram

 

Chapter 9  SIBLINGS AND THE LIFE CYCLE

Monica McGoldrick & Marlene Watson 

The Importance of Sibling Relationships Through the Life Cycle 

Age Spacing 

Gender Differences 

Culture, Class, Race and Ethnicity

                Racial /Ethnic Identity of Siblings

Birth-Order Effects in Sibling Relationships

Life Cycle Issues in Families With Disabled Siblings 

Sibling Positions and Parenting 

Siblings and Adolescent Relationships 

Sibling Relationships in Young Adulthood 

Sibling Positions and Marital Relationships 

In-Laws, Step- and Half Siblings 

Sibling Relationships in Midlife 

Sibling Relationships After the Death of Parents 

Rules of Thumb for Sibling Relationships Through the Life Cycle 

Conclusions 

               

Chapter 10 SINGLE ADULTS AND THE LIFE CYCLE

Kathy Berliner, Demaris Jacob, & Natalie Schwartzberg 

Introduction

Setting the Clinical Stage

                Marriage as Social Empowerment

Marriage And The Family Of Origin

Multigenerational Themes

Class And Culture

The Single Person’s Life Cycle

The Twenties: Establishing Adulthood

The Thirties: The Single Crisis 

Tasks

Midlife: Developing Alternative Scripts 

Later Life: Putting It All Together 

References

               

CHAPTER 11 FRIENDSHIP AND THE LIFE CYCLE

Timothy Baima & Kiran Arora

Introduction

Trends Across The Life Cycle

Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence

Developmental Significance and Benefits of Friendship

Developmental Characteristics of Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence

Social Influences And Friendship Stability in Childhood and Adolescence

Adult Friendships

Characteristics of Adult Friendships

Friends and Resiliency

Gender and Adult Heterosexual Friendships

Heterosexual  Couples and Friendships

Friendship and Divorce

Friendships in Later Life

Friendships Among Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People

Critical Themes of Friendship

Friendships and Family Relationships Complement One Another

Working on Relational Challenges in Friendships Improves Friendship Quality

Similarities Facilitate Friendship Bonds

Wholeness is Compromised in Order to Stabilize Friendship

Race is an Organizing Principle in Friendships

The Story of Our Friendship

Our Contexts

References

 

Chapter 12  MIGRATION AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE

Celia J. Falicov 

A Social Constructionist View of the Life Cycle

MECA for Migration and Life Cycle Processes

MECA: Migration-Acculturation

Migration as a Developmental Process

Migration as Ambiguous Loss and Gain

Variations in the Experience of Traumatic Migration

Family Composition at Migration

Lack of Transitional Rituals

Transnationalism and Technologies of Communication

MECA: Ecological Context

Linguistic and Cultural Dissonance

Host Country Receptions and Community Insertions

Stresses of Racism

Double Consciousness as a Resilient Response

Silence, Poverty, Undocumented Status and Empowerment

MECA: Family Organization

Family Reorganization Due to Migration Changes

Generational Tensions and Family Reorganizations

CEFSA: Cultural Differences, Ecological Fears and Separation Anxiety

Gender Role Reorganizations in Couple Relationships

Family Separations and Reunifications

Truth or Lies

Transnational Therapies

MECA: Family Life Cycle

Cultural Change and Continuity in the Life Cycle

Age and Life Stage Implications for Migration

Religion and Spirituality

Pile-Up of Life Cycle Transitions in Transnational Contexts

Second Generation Transnational Exposure

The Immigrant’s Paradox

Conclusion 

Table 12.1 Multidimensional Ecological Comparative Approach (MECA) Continuities and changes in immigrant family life cycle in cultural diversity and social justice processes.

 

Part 2  Life Cycle Transitions and Phases  

               

Chapter 13  BECOMING AN ADULT: FINDING WAYS TO LOVE AND WORK

Richard H. Fulmer

Young Adulthood(s) in the New Century 

Early Young Adulthood: Developmental Tasks 

Work Tasks: Preparation Without Pay or Earning out of Necessity? 

Relationship Tasks: Trying to Find Love in Lust 

Early Young Adulthood: Ages 18 to 21 

Later Young Adulthood, Ages 22 to 30: Trying to Consolidate Work and Family 

Alcohol and drugs in later young adulthood 

Family dynamics 

Parents’ relationship 

How financial support affects the relationship 

Young adulthood “off the books” 

Young adulthood for individuals with same-sex attractions 

Young Adulthood for Men 

Anticipation of Death 

Barriers to Affiliation for Men 

Affiliation: Can Fathers Help? 

Young Adulthood for Women 

Anticipation of Birth 

Conclusion: Young Adulthood as a Transition for Three Generations 

               

Chapter 14 BECOMING A COUPLE

Monica McGoldrick 

Marriage in Our Times 

Marriage: Sex, Love, Power, Money, and Administration

What makes Marital Adjustment More Difficult

Fusion and Intimacy 

Gay and Lesbian Couples 

The Wedding 

Sexuality 

Patterns With Extended Family 

In-Laws 

Sibling Issues in Couple Formation 

Cultural Differences 

Conclusion

Figure 14.1: Issues That Tend To Make Marital Adjustment More Difficult

Figure 14.2: Characteristics of Intimate Relationships

 

Chapter 15  BECOMING PARENTS: THE FAMILY WITH YOUNG CHILDREN

Monica McGoldrick, & Barbara Petkov, & Betty Carter

The Transition to Parenthood

Expectations Versus Reality 

The Extended Family

Couple Relationships and Traditional Roles In The Parenthood Phase

Clinical Implications of Pull to Traditional Gender Roles

Child Care and The Work-Family Dilemma

Child-Rearing 

Discipline

Single-Parenting

Teenage Parenting

Infertility 

Adoption 

Lesbian and Gay Parenting 

Children with Disabilities 

Child Abuse 

Clinical Guidelines 

The Evaluation 

The Therapy

Shifting Among Levels of the System

Conclusion 

Figures-Genograms-

Figure 15.1: Genogram of Gary and Sharon’s Family

              

Chapter 16 TRANSFORMATION OF THE FAMILY SYSTEM DURING ADOLESCENCE

Nydia Garcia Preto 

Overview

Risk Behaviors and Prevention

Evolving One’s Identity: The Balance Between Self and Other:  A   Multicontextual Three Generational Perspective

A Multicontextual Three Generational View

Clinical Assessment

Conclusion 

               

Chapter 17 FAMILIES AT MIDLIFE: LAUNCHING CHILDREN AND MOVING ON

Nydia Garcia Preto & Lynn Blacker 

Overview: Midlife and Launching 

Women and Men At Midlife

Facing Aging

Launching Children, and Redefining Relationships With Them

Renegotiating Relationships With Other Family Members And Friends

Accepting The Expansion Of The Family Through Marriage And Grandchildren

Renegotiating Couple Relationships

Divorce At Midlife

Renegotiating Relationships With Parents

The Death Of Parents

Conclusion 

               

Chapter 18  FAMILIES IN LATER LIFE: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND RESILIENCE

Froma Walsh

The Graying of the Family 

The Varying and Extended Family Life Course

From Ageism and Gerophobia to a Larger Vision of Later Life

The Vital Importance of Family Bonds 

Later-Life Transitions and Challenges 

Retirement

Grandparenthood

Chronic Illness and Family Caregiving 

Dementias: The Long Good-Bye 

Family Intervention Issues and Priorities 

From Designated Caregiver to Caregiving Team 

Placement Planning 

End-of-life Challenges and Loss of Loved Ones 

Cross-Generational Interplay of Life Cycle Issues 

Successful Aging: Meaning and Connection 

The Wisdom and Spirit of the Elders 

The Significance of Relational Connections 

Clinical Challenges and Opportunities: A Resilience-Oriented Approach 

Facilitating Family Healing and Resilience 

Looking Ahead 

Expanding Our Developmental Lens 

               

Chapter 19 DEATH, LOSS, AND THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE

Monica McGoldrick & Froma Walsh 

Family Adaptation to Loss

1. Shared Acknowledgment of the Death and Loss

2. Shared Experience of the Loss

3. Reorganization of the Family System

4. Reinvestment in Other Relationships and Life Pursuits

Assessing Loss In Life Cycle Perspective 

                Timing: When In The Family’s Life Cycle The Death Occurred

                Role and Relationships with The Deceased

                The Socio-Economic, Ethnic, Gender, Religious, Political and Historical Context of the Death

                The Manner of Death

                The Family’s History of Loss

                Family Relationships and Resources at Time of Death

Loss at Various Family Life Cycle Stages 

New Couples

Families with Young Children

Families with Adolescents 

Launching and Moving On: Young Adults and Parents at Mid-life

Families in Later Life 

Death in Divorced and Remarried Families 

Varied Life Course Challenges: Hidden and Stigmatized Losses 

Diverse Cultural and Spiritual Beliefs and Practices

Conclusion 

 

Chapter 20 DIVORCE: AN UNSCHEDULED FAMILY TRANSITION

Constance R. Ahrons 

The Context of Divorce: Historical and Legal Perspectives 

Demographics and the Probability of Divorce 

Ethnic, Gender and Life Cycle Variations 

The Social Context 

Divorce as a Multidimensional Process 

The Binuclear Family 

Dual-Household Binuclear Families 

Transitions of the Divorce Process 

The Transitions Framework

Individual Cognition: The Decision 

Family Metacognition: The Announcement 

Betrayal and Blame 

Loss 

Systemic Separation: Dismantling the Nuclear Family 

Orderly and Disorderly Separations 

Legal Issues 

Systemic Reorganization: The Binuclear Family 

The Former Spouse Relationship 

Co-Parenting Relationships 

Establishing Boundaries

Family Redefinition: The Aftermath 

Clinical Overview 

 

Chapter 21 SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES: STRENGTHS, VULNERABILITIES, AND INTERVENTIONS

Carol M. Anderson & Maria Anderson

Single Parents and the Family Life Cycle

New Single-Parent Families With Young Children 

Single-Parent Families With Older Children And Adolescents 

Single Parenting In The Post—Child-Rearing Years

When Single-Parent Families Seek Help

Cases Of Single-Parent Families Seeking Help

Angela: Balancing A Need For Independence With The Need For Support 

Daniel: A Committed Single-Parent Father Against All Odds 

Mary: Divorced, Overwhelmed, And In Crisis 

Kathleen: Independent With A Vengeance 

Conclusions 

 

Chapter 22 THE REMARRIAGE CYCLE: DIVORCED, MULTINUCLEAR AND RECOUPLED FAMILIES

Monica McGoldrick & Betty Carter 

Introduction

The Divorce-Remarriage Cycle

Predictable Issues In Remarriage 

                Adjustment and Family Integration Issues with Stepparents and Stepchildren

                The Stress of Money

                Gays and Lesbians in Stepfamilies

                Emotional Issues: Anger, Grief, Pseudomutuality, Loyalty Conflicts, Conflict and Cutoff

Remarriage at Various Phases of the Family Life Cycle 

Spouses at the Same Life Cycle Phase 

Stepfamilies and Young Children 

Stepfamilies With Adolescents 

The Impact of Remarriage in Later Life Cycle Phases 

Clinical Intervention With Remarried Families 

Triangle between the new spouses and an ex-spouse 

Triangle involving a pseudomutual remarried couple, an ex-spouse, and a child or children 

Triangle involving a remarried couple in conflict over the child/children of one of them 

Triangle involving a pseudomutual remarried couple, his children, and her children 

Triangle involving a parent, the biological children, and the stepchildren 

Triangle involving remarried spouses and the parents of either  332

Clinical Guidelines

Case Illustration 

Figures-Genograms-

Figure 22.1: Genogram of Josh and Susan

Table 22.1: The Developmental Tasks for Divorcing & Remarrying Families

 

Part 3  Clinical Dilemmas and Interventions 

 

Chapter 23 CHRONIC ILLNESS AND THE LIFE CYCLE

John S. Rolland 

The Dimension of Time

The Social Context of Illness and Disabilities 

Psychosocial Typology of Illness 

Onset 

Course 

Outcome 

Incapacitation 

Uncertainty  

Time Phases of Illness 

Clinical Implications

Interweaving of the Illness, Individual and Family Development

Phases of Child-Rearing and Postlaunching

Life Cycle Transition Phases

Life Structure-Maintaining Phases

Multigenerational Experiences with Illness, Loss and Crisis

Illness Type and Time Phase Issues

Replication of System Patterns

Life Cycle Coincidences Across Generations

Serious Chronic Mental Disorders

The New Era of Genetics

Conclusion

Figure 23.1 Three dimensional model: illness type, time phase, family functioning.

Figure 23.2: Interface of Chronic Illness and the Family

Figure 23.3: Time Line and Phase of Illness

Table 23.1: Categorization of Chronic Illnesses by Psychosocial Type

 

Chapter 24 ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND THE LIFE CYCLE

Tracey A. Laszloffy 

Definitions of Alcoholism 

Scope of the Problem 

Risk Factors/Vulnerabilities 

Biology and genetics 

Family of origin 

Age 

Attitudes and beliefs about alcohol 

Psychiatric disorders 

Social marginalization and devaluation 

Understanding Alcoholism From a Family Life Cycle Perspective 

Contextual Factors

The Launching and Leaving Phase

New Couplehood 

Sober—intoxicated interaction patterns 

Skewed boundaries 

Poor communication and low problem solving 

Overfunctioning/underfunctioning 

Gay and Lesbian Couples 

Relationship Violence 

Pregnancy and New Parenthood

Parenthood and Young Children 

Approaches to Parenting 

Effect of Alcoholism on Children 

Families With Adolescents 

Midlife Change 

Divorce 

Aging and Later Life 

Implications for Treatment 

Case Study

The Burton family 

Conclusion 

 

Chapter 25 VIOLENCE AND THE LIFE CYCLE

Monica McGoldrick & Mary Anne Ross 

Introduction

Violence Is Abuse of Power

The Experience of Violence is Different for Men and Women

Not Just A Family Legacy But A Social Legacy 

Couples

Families With Children 

                Children Experiencing Physical Violence

                Child Sexual Abuse

                Intervention Begins With Education

                Bullying and Cyber-Bullying

Families With Adolescents 

                Assessment

                Intervention

Families at Midlife 

Older Families 

Conclusion 

Figures-Genograms-

Figure 25.1: U.S. Government Definition of Domestic Violence

 

Chapter 26 CREATING MEANINGFUL RITUALS FOR NEW LIFE CYCLE TRANSITIONS

Evan Imber-Black 

Creating Rituals as a Developmental Task for Couples 

Contemporary Life Cycle Transitions 

El Salvador and the Bronx 

The Emergence of Symptoms 

The house-cooling party 

Therapeutic Rituals

The giving of gifts 

Discussion of the Ritual 

Healing Rituals 

Setting fire to the past 

Identity Redefinition Rituals 

A mutual adoption celebration 

Designing and Implementing Rituals for New Life Cycle Transitions 

Conclusion 

               

Chapter 27 THE THERAPIST AND THE FAMILY: THE INTERSECTION OF LIFE CYCLES

Steve Lerner 

Dimensions of Similarity Between Therapist and Client 

Brief Scenarios: Complex Therapist—Family Life Cycle Interactions 

Families With Young Children: A Complex Intersection 

She Nurtures/He Earns: The Therapist’s Transition Gets in the Way 

Supervision 

Supervisory feedback

Family of origin data 

The Long-Term View: Working With One Family Over Successive Life Cycle Stages 

Working With Loss: A Link Between Life Cycle Stages 

Conclusion