Explaining Criminal Justice

by Lab, Steven P.; Williams, Marian; Holcomb, Jefferson E.; King, William R.; Buerger, Michael E.; Lab, Steven P.

• ISBN13: 9781931719162
• ISBN10: 1931719160
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-10-01
• Publisher: Roxbury Pub Co

Table of Contents

About the Authors	ix
Crime and the Criminal Justice System	1	(14)
Introduction: What Is Crime?	1	(4)
Measuring Crime	1	(4)
The Philosophies of the Criminal Justice System	5	(1)
Retribution	5	(1)
Deterrence	5	(1)
Rehabilitation	6	(1)
A System of Checks and Balances	6	(2)
The Four C's of the Criminal Justice System (Citizens, Cops, Courts, and Corrections)	8	(3)
Recent Trends in Criminal Justice	11	(2)
References	13	(1)
Suggested Readings	14	(1)
History of the Criminal Justice System	14	(1)
History of American Criminal Justice	14	(1)
Discretionary Decision Making in the Criminal Justice System	14	(1)
Discussion Questions	14	(1)
Theories and Explanations of Crime	15	(34)
Introduction	16	(3)
Theoretical Schools of Thought	19	(1)
The Classical School	19	(1)
The Positivist School	19	(1)
Neoclassicism	20	(1)
Biological Explanations	20	(4)
Physical Appearance Theories	21	(1)
Genetics and Inheritance Explanations	22	(1)
Biosocial Approaches	23	(1)
Psychological Explanations	24	(5)
Psychoanalytic Approaches	25	(1)
Developmental Explanations	26	(1)
Learning Theories	27	(1)
Personality Traits	28	(1)
Sociological Explanations	29	(14)
The Ecological Perspective	29	(2)
Sociological Learning Theories	31	(2)
Subcultural Approaches	33	(2)
Routine Activities and Rational Choice	35	(1)
Social Control Theories	36	(2)
Strain Theories	38	(2)
The Labeling Perspective	40	(1)
Conflict Theories	41	(2)
Theory Integration	43	(1)
Summary	44	(1)
References	44	(2)
Suggested Readings	46	(1)
Discussion Questions	47	(2)
Policing and Law Enforcement	49	(32)
Introduction	49	(3)
Law Enforcement	50	(1)
Order Maintenance	51	(1)
Service	52	(1)
Structure	52	(5)
Local	53	(1)
Sheriff	53	(1)
Special Police	54	(1)
State	54	(1)
Federal	55	(1)
Tribal	56	(1)
Homeland Security	56	(1)
Organization	57	(2)
Sworn vs. Civilian	57	(1)
Geography	58	(1)
Time	59	(1)
Police Work and Career Paths	59	(3)
The Hiring Process	60	(1)
Field Training	61	(1)
Promotion	61	(1)
Historical Background	62	(2)
The American Experience	64	(7)
Political Era	64	(1)
Professional Era	65	(1)
Community Policing Era	66	(5)
Enduring Elements and Issues	71	(6)
Police Subculture	71	(1)
Police Corruption	72	(1)
Harassment	73	(1)
Improper Use of Force and Police Brutality	74	(1)
The Blue Wall	75	(1)
Policing the Police	76	(1)
Special Constituencies	77	(1)
Future Issues	77	(2)
References	79	(1)
Suggested Readings	79	(1)
Police Culture	79	(1)
Community-Oriented and Problem-Oriented Policing	79	(1)
Modern Reform: Initial Studies	80	(1)
Discussion Questions	80	(1)
Courts and Legal Issues	81	(22)
Introduction	81	(6)
Common Law	82	(1)
Sources of Law	82	(1)
Criminal Law vs. Civil Law	83	(1)
Adversarial System	84	(1)
Due Process vs. Crime Control	85	(2)
The Court System	87	(2)
Dual Court System	87	(1)
Jurisdiction	87	(1)
Assembly-Line Justice	88	(1)
Courtroom Workgroup	88	(1)
Attrition and Plea Bargaining	89	(1)
Federal Court System	89	(2)
State Court Systems	91	(1)
Court Actors	92	(4)
Prosecutors	93	(1)
Defense Attorneys	94	(1)
Judges	95	(1)
Movement of Cases Through the Court System	96	(3)
Current Issues	99	(1)
References	100	(1)
Suggested Readings	100	(1)
Due Process and Crime Control Models of the Criminal Justice System	100	(1)
Courts and Court Processes	100	(1)
Politics in the Administration of the Court System	100	(1)
Discussion Questions	100	(3)
Corrections	103	(34)
Introduction	103	(3)
Contemporary Corrections	105	(1)
Punishment in Contemporary America	106	(2)
Sentencing and Sanctions	108	(3)
Sentencing Models	109	(2)
Available Sanctions	111	(18)
Community Supervision and Intermediate Sanctions	114	(5)
Jails	119	(1)
Prisons and Correctional Institutions	120	(5)
Prison Life, Release, and Reintegration	125	(4)
Future Issues Facing Corrections	129	(2)
References	131	(3)
Suggested Readings	134	(1)
History of Punishment	134	(1)
Prisons and Imprisonment	134	(1)
Probation, Intermediate Sanctions, and Parole	134	(1)
Discussion Questions	134	(3)
The Juvenile Justice System	137	(30)
Introduction	138	(1)
Defining Delinquency	138	(2)
The Development of the Juvenile Justice System	140	(1)
The Philosophy of the System	141	(2)
The Police and Juveniles	143	(2)
The Juvenile Court	145	(6)
Detention	145	(2)
The Intake Decision	147	(1)
The Transfer (or Waiver) Decision	148	(1)
Adjudication	149	(1)
Disposition	150	(1)
Due Process for Juveniles	151	(2)
Juvenile Corrections	153	(7)
Diversion	154	(1)
Institutional and Residential Interventions	155	(3)
Community Interventions	158	(2)
Special Topics	160	(4)
Gangs	160	(1)
Drugs and Delinquency	161	(1)
Capital Punishment and Juveniles	162	(1)
Calls to Eliminate the Juvenile System	163	(1)
References	164	(2)
Suggested Readings	166	(1)
General Juvenile Justice	166	(1)
History	166	(1)
Transfer or Waiver	166	(1)
Changing Philosophy	166	(1)
Discussion Questions	166	(1)
Appendix Readings for Further Topics	167	(2)
Crime Prevention	167	(1)
Victimology	167	(1)
Restorative Justice	167	(1)
Terrorism	168	(1)
Race, Class, and Gender	168	(1)
International Criminal Justice	168	(1)
Author Index	169	(4)
Subject Index	173