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9780231102339

Exploring Agrodiversity

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780231102339

  • ISBN10:

    023110233X

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2000-11-01
  • Publisher: COLUMBIA UNIV PRESS

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Summary

Small farmers are often viewed as engaging in wasteful practices that wreak ecological havoc. Exploring Agrodiversitysets the record straight: Small farmers are in fact ingenious and inventive and engage in a diverse range of land-management strategies, many of them resourcefully geared toward conserving resources, especially soil. They have shown considerable resilience in the face of major onslaughts against their way of life by outsiders and government.Using case studies from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Pacific, this book provides in-depth analysis of agricultural diversity and explores its history. The book also considers the effect of the "gene revolution" on small farmers and reviews the effects of the "green revolution" in Asian countries. In conclusion, it questions whether the diverse agricultural practices employed by small farmers can survive modern pressures and the global ambitions of the biotechnology industry.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Introducing an Exploration xi
The Plan of the Book xvi
Acknowledgments xviii
Part I. Presenting Agrodiversity
Presenting Diversity by Example: Mintima and Bayninan
3(20)
Mintima, Chimbu, Papua New Guinea
3(13)
Bayninan, Ifugao, Philippines
16(4)
Comment: Dimensions of Diversity
20(3)
Diversity, Stress, and Opportunity
23(17)
Three Contrasted Examples
23(1)
Threats to Crop Biodiversity: Paucartambo, Peru
23(4)
A People Resettled Again and Again: The Zande of the Southern Sudan
27(5)
The City in the Village: Four Villages Around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
32(6)
Comment Arising from the First Two Chapters
38(2)
Defining, Describing, and Writing About Agrodiversity
40(19)
Summarizing the Elements
40(2)
Defining Agrodiversity
42(4)
Describing and Classifying Agrodiversity
46(4)
Following What Farmers Do
50(2)
Analyzing and Writing About Agrodiversity
52(2)
Themes for a Structured Argument
54(2)
Two Cautions
56(1)
The Way Forward
57(2)
Learning About the History of Agrodiversity
59(21)
Two Very Relevant Questions
59(9)
Selection of Favored Sites
68(1)
Diversity in Early Management: Evidence from the Ground Surface
69(4)
Evidence from Within the Soil
73(2)
Toward Answers to the Questions
75(5)
Understanding Soils and Soil-Plant Dynamics
80(23)
Introducing Soils
80(2)
Soil Taxonomy and Its Problems
82(6)
Soil-Forming Processes
88(2)
Introducing Nutrients and Soil-Plant Relationships
90(6)
The Human Factor
96(7)
Part II. Diversity Within Land Rotational Systems
Analyzing Shifting Cultivation
103(20)
Introducing Part II
103(2)
Farming in the Forests of Borneo
105(11)
Borneo in Perspective
116(3)
The Forces of Change
119(4)
Alternative Ways to Farm Parsimonious Soils
123(17)
Citemene and Fundikila: Northeastern Zambia
123(9)
Farming Systems Across Space and Through Time
132(6)
Some Concluding Remarks About Work on Shifting Cultivation
138(2)
Managing Plants in the Fallow and the Forest
140(17)
Introducing the Management of Plants
140(1)
Managing the Sucessional Forest in Latin America
141(3)
Managed Sucessional Fallows in Amazonia and Southeast Asia
144(5)
Complex Multistory Agroforests in Southeast Asia
149(2)
What Is Natural and What Is Human-Made?
151(3)
Using Plants and Soil in Conjunction
154(2)
Conclusion
156(1)
Coping with Problems: Degraded Land, Slope Dynamics, and Flood
157(22)
Degraded Land
157(4)
Coping with Degradation in Southeastern Ghana
161(4)
Managing the Dynamics of Steep Slopes
165(5)
Managing Water
170(3)
Discussion
173(6)
Part III. Paths of Transformation
Who Has Driven Agricultural Change?
179(19)
Introducing Part III
179(2)
Bursts of Innovation and Incremental Change
181(2)
Two Completed Experiments
183(5)
Agricultural and Social Change in Japan, 1700-1950
188(6)
Japan and Java
194(2)
Conclusions
196(2)
Farmer-Driven Transformation in Modern Times
198(20)
A Focus on Spontaneous Change
198(3)
Management and Investment in a Sahel Village
201(5)
Management and Migration Among the Kofyar of Northern Nigeria
206(5)
Interference and Invention in Machakos, Kenya
211(3)
Intensification, Revolution, and Agrarian Transformation: A Review
214(4)
The Green Revolution
218(23)
Science and Public Policy as the Drivers of Change
218(4)
North and South India
222(8)
Farmers and the State in Java
230(3)
Back to Diversity
233(2)
Conclusions
235(6)
Part IV. The Future of Agrodiversity
Recent Trends in Agriculture
241(21)
Economy and Ecology Hand in Hand
241(3)
The Background: Genetic Erosion and Conservation
244(5)
Innovations in Plant Breeding
249(4)
Alternative Agriculture in the North
253(4)
The Special Case of Cuba
257(5)
Science, Farmers, and Politics
262(19)
A Check to the Seed-Chemical Juggernaut
262(3)
Progress in Wider Biotechnology Fields
265(3)
Biosafety and Ethical Issues
268(2)
Understanding the Scientific Basis of Agrodiversity
270(5)
Biophysical Diversity and Its Management: Alternatives to Herbicides
275(1)
Diversity in Farm Management
276(2)
The Organizational Domain: An Area of Weakness
278(1)
The Conditions for Success of Diversity
279(2)
Epilogue: Looking at the Future 281(6)
Allies of Agrodiversity
281(3)
In Conclusion
284(3)
References 287(38)
Index 325

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