Exploring Human Behavior and the Social Environment

by Furr, L. Allen

• ISBN13: 9780131487277
• ISBN10: 0131487272
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-09-12
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book effectively balances the life cycle (micro) and community (macro) perspectives on development.The book covers CSWE-mandated topics, and these topics are arranged and presented in a logical fashion. Readers will find a multitude of interesting examples in the book, including a "Case Study" at the beginning of every chapter. In addition, "Exploring the Issues" boxes in every chapter examine a particular topic in more depth, such as "Male and Female Circumcision: Two Different Stories" in Chapter 2, Pregnancy and Early Childhood. Extensive references can be used for additional reading.For professionals working in the field of social work.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
The Context of Human Life	1	(26)
Objectives	1	(1)
Case Study	2	(1)
The Social Work Frame of Mind	2	(1)
The Person-in-Environment	3	(10)
The Nature of the Environment	4	(1)
The Cultural Domain	4	(2)
The Social Environment	6	(2)
The Psychological Domain	8	(2)
The Biological Domain	10	(1)
The Natural Environment	11	(1)
Physical and Spatial Environment	11	(1)
Conclusion	12	(1)
Creating Social Environments	13	(1)
Systems	13	(4)
Subsystems	14	(1)
Boundaries	15	(1)
Open versus Closed Systems	16	(1)
Self-Regulation	17	(1)
Levels of Systems	17	(1)
The Structural Model of Social Work Practice	18	(5)
The Nature of Macrosystems	22	(1)
The Nature of Microsystems	22	(1)
Conclusion	23	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	24	(1)
Key Terms	24	(3)
Pregnancy and Early Childhood	27	(34)
Objectives	27	(1)
Case Study	28	(1)
Introduction	28	(1)
Conception	28	(6)
Prenatal Care	30	(2)
Prenatal Screening	32	(2)
The Maternal Environment	34	(8)
Influence of Maternal Diseases on Fetal Development	34	(3)
Influence of Drugs on Fetal Development and Delivery	37	(5)
Pregnancy as Developmental Process	42	(1)
Postpartum Depression	43	(1)
Attachment	44	(5)
Theories of Child Development	49	(5)
Stage Theories	49	(5)
Enlarging Self Theory	54	(1)
Young Children and Family Life	54	(1)
Diversity and Infancy	55	(3)
Diversity and Infant Health	55	(1)
Diversity and Beliefs about Babies and Child-Rearing	56	(2)
Conclusion	58	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	58	(1)
Key Terms	58	(3)
Pre-Adolescence	61	(28)
Objectives	61	(1)
Case Study	62	(1)
Introduction	63	(1)
Physiology and Growth	63	(1)
Developmental Tasks of Pre-Adolescence	64	(1)
Pre-Adolescence and the Family	65	(1)
Pre-Adolescence and Peer Groups	66	(2)
Problems with Peers	67	(1)
Child Maltreatment	68	(13)
Physical Abuse	70	(4)
Neglect	74	(2)
Sexual Abuse	76	(3)
Psychological Abuse	79	(2)
Children's Mental Health	81	(3)
Extrinsic Factors	82	(2)
Intrinsic Factors	84	(1)
Potential Protective Factors	84	(1)
Pre-Adolescence and Human Diversity	84	(3)
Health	86	(1)
Conclusion	87	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	87	(1)
Key Terms	88	(1)
Adolescence	89	(28)
Objectives	89	(1)
Case Study	90	(1)
Introduction	90	(1)
Physiological Maturation	91	(2)
Puberty	91	(2)
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence	93	(3)
Developing an Identity	94	(1)
Developmental Tasks	94	(2)
Adolescence and the Family	96	(1)
Adolescents and Peer Groups	97	(2)
Problems among Adolescence	99	(7)
Depression and Suicide	99	(2)
Teenage Sexuality and Pregnancy	101	(2)
Drugs and Alcohol	103	(1)
Deviance	104	(2)
Adolescence and Diversity	106	(9)
Gender	106	(2)
Gay and Lesbian Adolescents	108	(2)
Hispanic Adolescents	110	(1)
African American Adolescents	111	(2)
Native Americans	113	(1)
Asian Americans	113	(1)
Adolescents in Rural Areas	114	(1)
Conclusion	115	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	115	(1)
Key Terms	116	(1)
Early and Middle Adulthood	117	(30)
Objectives	117	(1)
Case Study	118	(1)
Introduction	118	(1)
Physiological Changes	118	(3)
Appearance and Strength	119	(1)
Cardiovascular System	119	(1)
Respiratory System	120	(1)
Vision	120	(1)
Auditory System	120	(1)
Digestive and Excretory Systems	120	(1)
Sleep Patterns	120	(1)
Reproduction and Sexuality	121	(3)
Early Climacteric	121	(1)
Perimenopause	121	(1)
Late Climacteric	122	(1)
Climacteric in Men	122	(1)
Sexual and Emotional Responses to the ``Change in Life''	123	(1)
Childbirth in Midlife	123	(1)
Transitions in Adulthood	124	(7)
Early Adult Transition	126	(1)
Early Life Structure for Early Adulthood	126	(1)
The Age 30 Transition	126	(1)
The Culminating Life Structure for Early Adulthood	127	(1)
The Midlife Transition	127	(1)
Life Structure for Middle Adulthood	127	(1)
The Age 50 Transition	128	(1)
Criticisms of Levinson's Theory	128	(2)
Gender and Transition to Midlife	130	(1)
Developmental Tasks of Adulthood	131	(9)
The Tasks of Intimacy and Forming Families	131	(5)
Achievement Needs	136	(1)
The Interaction between Love and Work	137	(1)
The ``Sandwich Generation''	138	(1)
End of Life Issues	139	(1)
Mental Well-Being	140	(3)
Prior Functioning	140	(1)
Impending Old Age	141	(1)
Occupational Stability	142	(1)
Health	142	(1)
The Midlife Crisis	143	(1)
Conclusion	143	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	144	(1)
Key Terms	144	(3)
Late Adulthood	147	(36)
Objectives	147	(1)
Case Study	148	(1)
Introduction	148	(1)
The ``Graying of America''	149	(1)
Aging and the Body	149	(6)
Skin	150	(1)
Muscular-Skeletal	150	(1)
The Nervous System	151	(1)
The Circulation System	151	(1)
The Immune System	152	(1)
The Respiratory System	152	(1)
The Digestive System	152	(1)
The Urinary System	153	(1)
The Senses	153	(1)
Sex and Reproduction	154	(1)
Developmental Tasks of Late Adulthood	155	(6)
Social Theories of Aging	155	(2)
Developmental Tasks of Aging	157	(4)
Aging and Groups	161	(4)
Peers	162	(1)
Institutional Living	163	(2)
Late Adulthood and Diversity	165	(8)
Race and Ethnicity	166	(4)
Gender	170	(1)
Sexual Orientation	171	(1)
The Rural Elderly	172	(1)
Late Adulthood and Health	173	(7)
Physical Health	173	(1)
Mental Health	174	(2)
Alcohol Abuse	176	(1)
Elder Abuse	177	(1)
Dementia	178	(2)
Conclusion	180	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	180	(1)
Key Terms	181	(2)
Diversity in Communities	183	(24)
Objectives	183	(1)
Case Study	184	(1)
Introduction	185	(1)
The Diversity of Human Populations	185	(1)
Communities	186	(2)
Communities and Human Development	188	(6)
Positive Effects of Community Membership	189	(1)
Negative Effects of Community Membership	190	(4)
Prejudice and Discrimination	194	(2)
Prejudice	194	(1)
Discrimination	195	(1)
Relationships between Communities	196	(4)
Minorities	197	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Groups	197	(1)
Women	198	(1)
The Elderly	198	(1)
Sexual Orientation	198	(1)
Physically Disadvantaged	199	(1)
Cognitive Minorities	200	(1)
Behavioral Minorities	200	(1)
Policies	200	(4)
Annihilation	201	(1)
Forced Resettlement	202	(1)
Separation	202	(1)
Assimilation	203	(1)
Conclusion	204	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	205	(1)
Key Terms	205	(2)
Social Class	207	(24)
Objectives	207	(1)
Case Study	208	(1)
Introduction	208	(1)
Social Inequality	208	(3)
Inequality Today	211	(1)
Social Class	211	(4)
What Are the Classes?	214	(1)
Poverty in America	215	(8)
Counting the Poor	215	(1)
Explanations of Poverty	216	(3)
Who Is Poor?	219	(4)
Life Chances	223	(4)
Class and Values	223	(1)
Class and Health	223	(3)
Alienation	226	(1)
Social Class and Self-Esteem	226	(1)
Social Class and Gender Roles	227	(1)
Conclusion	227	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	228	(1)
Key Terms	228	(3)
Race and Ethnicity	231	(30)
Objectives	231	(1)
Case Study	232	(1)
Introduction	232	(1)
The Meanings of Race and Ethnicity	233	(2)
Ethnic Groups as Cultural Systems	234	(1)
Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Groups	235	(1)
Prominent Racial and Ethnic Groups	236	(16)
Native Americans	236	(3)
Latinos	239	(6)
African Americans	245	(3)
Asian Americans	248	(4)
Ethnicity and Economic Status	252	(1)
Self-Esteem and Racial Identity	252	(2)
Ethnicity and Mental Health	254	(2)
Ethnicity and Health	256	(2)
Hispanics	256	(1)
African Americans	257	(1)
Conclusion	258	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	259	(1)
Key Terms	259	(2)
Gender	261	(26)
Objectives	261	(1)
Case Study	262	(1)
Introduction	262	(1)
Gender Roles and Gender Identity	263	(3)
The Sex-Charged Environment	266	(4)
Parents	268	(1)
Teachers	269	(1)
Peer Influences	270	(1)
Theories of Gender Identity Formation	270	(2)
Social Learning Theory	271	(1)
Cognitive Development Theory	271	(1)
The Gender ``Profile''?	272	(4)
Aggression	272	(1)
Intelligence	273	(1)
Self-Esteem	274	(1)
Communication Styles	275	(1)
Gender and Mental Health	276	(4)
Work Roles and Women's Mental Health	276	(1)
Marital Roles and Women's Mental Health	277	(1)
Multiple Roles	277	(2)
Emotional Differences	279	(1)
Dependency	280	(1)
Gender and Health	280	(3)
Biological Factors	282	(1)
AIDS and Women	282	(1)
Gender and Groups	283	(1)
Conclusion	284	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	284	(1)
Key Terms	284	(3)
Sexual Orientation	287	(28)
Objectives	287	(1)
Case Study	288	(1)
Introduction	289	(1)
Sexual Orientation and Culture	289	(2)
Defining Terms	291	(1)
Developing a Homosexual Identity	292	(3)
Coming Out	292	(3)
Prevalence Studies	295	(1)
What Causes Homosexual Behavior?	295	(6)
Theories of Biology	296	(2)
Psychosocial Theories	298	(1)
Interaction Model	299	(1)
Conclusions on the Nature of Theories of Homosexuality	300	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Relationships	301	(5)
Diversity among Lifestyles	301	(1)
Stages of Gay Relationships	302	(1)
Features of Gay Relationships	303	(3)
Gays and Lesbians in Heterosexual Relationships	306	(1)
Lesbians and Gays as Parents	307	(1)
Mental and Physical Health	307	(2)
Mental Health	307	(1)
Physical Health	308	(1)
Homophobia	309	(2)
Ethnicity and Homosexuality	311	(2)
Conclusion	313	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	313	(1)
Key Terms	314	(1)
Family Organization	315	(20)
Objectives	315	(1)
Case Study	316	(1)
Introduction	316	(1)
Origins and Functions of the Family	317	(3)
Family Origins	317	(1)
Family Functions	318	(2)
Family Images and Myths	320	(4)
Families as ``Havens in a Heartless World''	320	(3)
Family Self-Reliance	323	(1)
Romancing the Family	323	(1)
Family Myths and Rules	324	(1)
Defining the Healthy Family	324	(5)
Problem-Solving	326	(1)
Communication	326	(1)
Role Functioning	327	(1)
Affective Responsiveness	327	(1)
Affective Involvement	327	(1)
Behavior Control	328	(1)
Life Cycle Family Tasks	329	(4)
The Beginning Family	329	(1)
The Family with Young Children	330	(1)
The Adolescent Family	331	(1)
The Launching Family	331	(1)
The Postparental Family	332	(1)
A Critique of the Life Cycle Model	333	(1)
Conclusion	333	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	333	(1)
Key Terms	334	(1)
Family Diversity	335	(22)
Objectives	335	(1)
Case Study	336	(1)
Introduction	337	(1)
Diversity in Family Structure	337	(11)
Couples with No Children	337	(1)
Families with Two Parents and Their Biological Children	337	(3)
Single-Parent Families	340	(4)
Families Formed by Remarriage	344	(2)
Multigenerational Families	346	(1)
Other Types of Family Diversity	346	(2)
Diversity in Social Class	348	(3)
Upper-Class and Middle-Class Families	348	(2)
Working-Class Families	350	(1)
Poor Families	350	(1)
Diversity in Ethnic or Racial Group Membership	351	(4)
African American Families	351	(2)
Hispanic Families	353	(1)
Asian American and Pacific Islander Americans	353	(2)
Native Americans	355	(1)
Conclusion	355	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	356	(1)
Key Terms	356	(1)
Marital Violence and Dissolution	357	(22)
Objectives	357	(1)
Case Study	358	(1)
Introduction	358	(1)
Spouse Abuse	358	(9)
How Violent Are Families?	358	(1)
Why Spouse Abuse Happens	359	(6)
The Impact of Spouse Abuse on Children	365	(2)
Divorce	367	(4)
Sociocultural Factors	368	(1)
Dyadic Factors	369	(1)
Individual Factors	370	(1)
The Process and Consequences of Divorce	371	(6)
Divorce as Process	371	(3)
Children and Divorce	374	(3)
Conclusion	377	(1)
Case Study Review Questions	378	(1)
Key Terms	378	(1)
References	379	(28)
Index	407