Extended Electromagnetic Theory

by Lehnert, B.; Roy, S.

• ISBN13: 9789810233952
• ISBN10: 9810233957
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-02-01
• Publisher: WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUB CO INC

Summary

This book presents extended forms of the Maxwell equations as well as electromagnetic fields, based on a non-zero divergence of the electric field and a non-zero electric conductivity in vacuo. These approaches, which predict new features of the electromagnetic field, such as the existence of both longitudinal and transverse solutions, the existence of displacement current in vacuo, and steady electromagnetic equilibria, have possible applications to charge-neutral leptons and new photon physics. The present theory can also clear up some unsolved problems, such as the total reflection of light at the interface between a vacuum and a dissipative medium, and the appearance of an angular momentum of the photon, thereby leading to a rest mass and an axial magnetic field component of the photon. This axial magnetic field component may be related to the B(3) field proposed by Evans and Vigier. The new gauge condition has been proposed to maintain consistency of the theory with the non-zero photon mass.Several consequences of the non-zero mass of the photon are also discussed, especially in the astrophysical context.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
1. HISTORICAL SURVEY	1	(6)
1.1. Nonzero Photon Rest Mass and Electrical Conductivity in vacuo	4	(1)
1.2. Nonzero Electric Field Divergence in vacuo	5	(2)
2. BASIS OF PRESENT APPROACHES	7	(8)
2.1. Nonzero Electric Field Divergence in vacuo	7	(8)
2.1.1. Maxwell's Equations Modified by a Nonzero Electric Field Divergence	7	(3)
2.1.2. Relation to the Dirac Theory of the Electron	10	(2)
2.2. Nonzero Electric Conductivity in vacuo	12	(3)
3. NEW FEATURES INTRODUCED BY PRESENT APPROACHES	15	(6)
3.1. Features due to Nonzero Electric Field Divergence	15	(2)
3.1.1. Steady Equilibria	15	(1)
3.1.2. Wave Phenomena	16	(1)
3.2. Features due to Nonzero Electric Conductivity	17	(4)
4. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF STEADY AXISYMMETRIC EQUILIBRIA	21	(12)
4.1. The Generating Function	22	(1)
4.2. The Energy Density	23	(1)
4.3. Integrated Field Quantities	24	(1)
4.4. Quantum Conditions	25	(1)
4.5. Separable Generating Functions	26	(7)
4.5.1. Convergent Normalized Integrals	27	(2)
4.5.2. Divergent Normalized Integrals	29	(4)
5. ELECTRICALLY CHARGED AND NEUTRAL AXISYMMETRIC EQUILIBRIA	33	(32)
5.1. Electrically Charged Particle-Shaped States	33	(7)
5.1.1. The Polar Integrals	34	(2)
5.1.2. Variation of the Flatness of the Polar Function	36	(1)
5.1.3. A Class of Equilibrium Solutions	37	(2)
5.1.4. Comparison with the Properties of Charged Leptons	39	(1)
5.1.5. Remaining Questions	39	(1)
5.2. Electrically Neutral Particle-Shaped States	40	(4)
5.2.1. The Normalized Integrals	40	(2)
5.2.2. Speculations about Neutrino Mean Free Path	42	(2)
5.2.3. Comparison with the Properties of Neutrinos	44	(1)
5.3. String-Shaped States	44	(2)
5.3.1. The Net Electric Charge	45	(1)
5.3.2. The Magnetic Field	45	(1)
5.3.3. Comparison with Quantum Mechanical String Model	46	(1)
5.4. Equilibria Modified by Effects of General Relativity	46	(17)
5.4.1. The Deflection of Light and its Equivalent Force	47	(1)
5.4.2. Modification of the Basic Equations	48	(3)
5.4.3. Integrated Modified Field Quantities	51	(1)
5.4.4. The Modified Generating Function	52	(1)
5.4.5. The Modified Case of a Non-Vanishing Characteristic Radius	52	(1)
5.4.6. The Polar Functions	53	(2)
5.4.7. Equilibria with Subsidiary Conditions	55	(8)
5.5. Search for a Possible Extremum of the Total Energy or Other Quantities	63	(2)
6. NONTRANSVERSE PLANE WAVES DUE TO SPACE-CHARGES IN VACUO	65	(4)
6.1. The Electric Space-Charge Mode	65	(1)
6.2. The Electromagnetic Space-Charge Mode	66	(1)
6.3. Group and Phase Velocities	67	(1)
6.4. Comparison with the Conventional Theorem by Poynting	67	(2)
7. TOTAL REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES	69	(18)
7.1. Defined Parameters of Plane Waves	69	(7)
7.1.1. Nondissipative Case	74	(1)
7.1.2. Dissipative Case	74	(2)
7.2. The Electric and Magnetic Fields of Plane Waves	76	(2)
7.2.1. Parallel Polarization of Incident Electric Wave Field	77	(1)
7.2.2. Perpendicular Polarization of Incident Electric Wave Field	77	(1)
7.3. Total Reflection of Homogeneous Incident Wave	78	(4)
7.3.1. Undamped Incident Wave of Parallel Polarization	79	(1)
7.3.2. Undamped Incident Wave of Perpendicular Polarization	80	(2)
7.4. Total Reflection of Inhomogeneous Incident Wave	82	(2)
7.4.1. Damped Incident Wave of Parallel Polarization	83	(1)
7.4.2. Damped Incident Wave of Perpendicular Polarization	83	(1)
7.5. Conclusions and Discussion on Total Reflection	84	(3)
8. AXISYMMETRIC WAVE MODES	87	(14)
8.1. Basic Equations	87	(2)
8.2. Vanishing Electric Field Divergence	89	(1)
8.3. Nonvanishing Electric Field Divergence	90	(1)
8.4. Macroscopic Field Quantities of a Wave Packet	91	(4)
8.5. Discussion on Axisymmetric Configurations	95	(3)
8.6. Wave Modes due to Nonzero Electric Conductivity	98	(3)
9. NONZERO CONDUCTIVITY IN VACUO AND NONZERO REST MASS OF PHOTON	101	(24)
9.1. Introduction	101	(1)
9.2. Nonzero Rest Mass of Photon and Sigma (Not equal to) 0	102	(3)
9.3. Sigma (Not equal to) 0 and Space-Charges in vacuo	105	(4)
9.4. Experimental Evidence of Nonzero Photon Mass	109	(3)
9.5. Massive Electrodynamics and Magnetic Monopoles	112	(6)
9.6. Longitudinal Solutions and Nonzero Photon Mass	118	(4)
9.7. Nonzero Photon Mass and Planck's Radiation Law	122	(3)
10. AXIAL MAGNETIC FIELD AND LONGITUDINAL SOLUTIONS	125	(6)
11. GAUGE CONDITION	131	(8)
11.1. Gauge Invariance and Nonzero Photon Mass	131	(4)
11.2. Einstein-de Broglie-Proca [EBP] Theory and Gauge Condition	135	(4)
12. POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS	139	(8)
12.1. Anisotropy Properties	139	(4)
12.1.1. Anisotropy Properties in the Propagation Velocity of Light	139	(2)
12.1.2. Frequency Anisotropy	141	(1)
12.1.3. Anisotropy of the Background Radiation	142	(1)
12.2. The Cosmological Redshift	143	(4)
12.2.1. Physical Origin of Redshift	143	(3)
12.2.2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation and Massive Photon	146	(1)
13. GENERAL SUMMARY	147	(2)
REFERENCES	149	(8)
INDEX	157