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Foreword | p. xv |
Preface to the Paperback Edition | p. xxi |
Preface | p. xxv |
Acknowledgments | p. xxxi |
Greek Alphabet | p. xxxiii |
Algebraic Preliminaries | |
Representations | p. 3 |
The Bare Notion of Representation | p. 3 |
An Example: Counting | p. 5 |
Digression: Definitions | p. 6 |
Counting (Continued) | p. 7 |
Counting Viewed as a Representation | p. 8 |
The Definition of a Representation | p. 9 |
Counting and Inequalities as Representations | p. 10 |
Summary | p. 11 |
Groups | p. 13 |
The Group of Rotations of a Sphere | p. 14 |
The General Concept of "Group" | p. 17 |
In Praise of Mathematical Idealization | p. 18 |
Digression: Lie Groups | p. 19 |
Permutations | p. 21 |
The abc of Permutations | p. 21 |
Permutations in General | p. 25 |
Cycles | p. 26 |
Digression: Mathematics and Society | p. 29 |
Modular Arithmetic | p. 31 |
Cyclical Time | p. 31 |
Congruences | p. 33 |
Arithmetic Modulo a Prime | p. 36 |
Modular Arithmetic and Group Theory | p. 39 |
Modular Arithmetic and Solutions of Equations | p. 41 |
Complex Numbers | p. 42 |
Overture to Complex Numbers | p. 42 |
Complex Arithmetic | p. 44 |
Complex Numbers and Solving Equations | p. 47 |
Digression: Theorem | p. 47 |
Algebraic Closure | p. 47 |
Equations and Varieties | p. 49 |
The Logic of Equality | p. 50 |
The History of Equations | p. 50 |
Z-Equations | p. 52 |
Varieties | p. 54 |
Systems of Equations | p. 56 |
Equivalent Descriptions of the Same Variety | p. 58 |
Finding Roots of Polynomials | p. 61 |
Are There General Methods for Finding Solutions to Systems of Polynomial Equations? | p. 62 |
Deeper Understanding Is Desirable | p. 65 |
Quadratic Reciprocity | p. 67 |
The Simplest Polynomial Equations | p. 67 |
When is -1 a Square mod p? | p. 69 |
The Legendre Symbol | p. 71 |
Digression: Notation Guides Thinking | p. 72 |
Multiplicativity of the Legendre Symbol | p. 73 |
When Is 2 a Square mod p? | p. 74 |
When Is 3 a Square mod p? | p. 75 |
When Is 5 a Square mod p? (Will This Go On Forever?) | p. 76 |
The Law of Quadratic Reciprocity | p. 78 |
Examples of Quadratic Reciprocity | p. 80 |
Galois Theory and Representations | |
Galois Theory | p. 87 |
Polynomials and Their Roots | p. 88 |
The Field of Algebraic Numbers Q[superscript alg] | p. 89 |
The Absolute Galois Group of Q Defined | p. 92 |
A Conversation with s: A Playlet in Three Short Scenes | p. 93 |
Digression: Symmetry | p. 96 |
How Elements of G Behave | p. 96 |
Why Is G a Group? | p. 101 |
Summary | p. 101 |
Elliptic Curves | p. 103 |
Elliptic Curves Are "Group Varieties" | p. 103 |
An Example | p. 104 |
The Group Law on an Elliptic Curve | p. 107 |
A Much-Needed Example | p. 108 |
Digression: What Is So Great about Elliptic Curves? | p. 109 |
The Congruent Number Problem | p. 110 |
Torsion and the Galois Group | p. 111 |
Matrices | p. 114 |
Matrices and Matrix Representations | p. 114 |
Matrices and Their Entries | p. 115 |
Matrix Multiplication | p. 117 |
Linear Algebra | p. 120 |
Digression: Graeco-Latin Squares | p. 122 |
Groups of Matrices | p. 124 |
Square Matrices | p. 124 |
Matrix Inverses | p. 126 |
The General Linear Group of Invertible Matrices | p. 129 |
The Group GL(2, Z) | p. 130 |
Solving Matrix Equations | p. 132 |
Group Representations | p. 135 |
Morphisms of Groups | p. 135 |
A[subscript 4], Symmetries of a Tetrahedron | p. 139 |
Representations of A[subscript 4] | p. 142 |
Mod p Linear Representations of the Absolute Galois Group from Elliptic Curves | p. 146 |
The Galois Group of a Polynomial | p. 149 |
The Field Generated by a Z-Polynomial | p. 149 |
Examples | p. 151 |
Digression: The Inverse Galois Problem | p. 154 |
Two More Things | p. 155 |
The Restriction Morphism | p. 157 |
The Big Picture and the Little Pictures | p. 157 |
Basic Facts about the Restriction Morphism | p. 159 |
Examples | p. 161 |
The Greeks Had a Name for It | p. 162 |
Traces | p. 163 |
Conjugacy Classes | p. 165 |
Examples of Characters | p. 166 |
How the Character of a Representation Determines the Representation | p. 171 |
Prelude to the Next Chapter | p. 175 |
Digression: A Fact about Rotations of the Sphere | p. 175 |
Frobenius | p. 177 |
Something for Nothing | p. 177 |
Good Prime, Bad Prime | p. 179 |
Algebraic Integers, Discriminants, and Norms | p. 180 |
A Working Definition of Frob[subscript p] | p. 184 |
An Example of Computing Frobenius Elements | p. 185 |
Frob[subscript p] and Factoring Polynomials modulo p | p. 186 |
The Official Definition of the Bad Primes for a Galois Representation | p. 188 |
The Official Definition of "Unramified" and Frob[subscript p] | p. 189 |
Reciprocity Laws | |
Reciprocity Laws | p. 193 |
The List of Traces of Frobenius | p. 193 |
Black Boxes | p. 195 |
Weak and Strong Reciprocity Laws | p. 196 |
Digression: Conjecture | p. 197 |
Kinds of Black Boxes | p. 199 |
One- and Two-Dimensional Representations | p. 200 |
Roots of Unity | p. 200 |
How Frob[subscript q] Acts on Roots of Unity | p. 202 |
One-Dimensional Galois Representations | p. 204 |
Two-Dimensional Galois Representations Arising from the p-Torsion Points of an Elliptic Curve | p. 205 |
How Frob[subscript q] Acts on p-Torsion Points | p. 207 |
The 2-Torsion | p. 209 |
An Example | p. 209 |
Another Example | p. 211 |
Yet Another Example | p. 212 |
The Proof | p. 214 |
Quadratic Reciprocity Revisited | p. 216 |
Simultaneous Eigenelements | p. 217 |
The Z-Variety x[superscript 2] - W | p. 218 |
A Weak Reciprocity Law | p. 220 |
A Strong Reciprocity Law | p. 221 |
A Derivation of Quadratic Reciprocity | p. 222 |
A Machine for Making Galois Representations | p. 225 |
Vector Spaces and Linear Actions of Groups | p. 225 |
Linearization | p. 228 |
Etale Cohomology | p. 229 |
Conjectures about Etale Cohomology | p. 231 |
A Last Look at Reciprocity | p. 233 |
What Is Mathematics? | p. 233 |
Reciprocity | p. 235 |
Modular Forms | p. 236 |
Review of Reciprocity Laws | p. 239 |
A Physical Analogy | p. 240 |
Fermat's Last Theorem and Generalized Fermat Equations | p. 242 |
The Three Pieces of the Proof | p. 243 |
Frey Curves | p. 244 |
The Modularity Conjecture | p. 245 |
Lowering the Level | p. 247 |
Proof of FLT Given the Truth of the Modularity Conjecture for Certain Elliptic Curves | p. 249 |
Bring on the Reciprocity Laws | p. 250 |
What Wiles and Taylor-Wiles Did | p. 252 |
Generalized Fermat Equations | p. 254 |
What Henri Darmon and Loic Merel Did | p. 255 |
Prospects for Solving the Generalized Fermat Equations | p. 256 |
Retrospect | p. 257 |
Topics Covered | p. 257 |
Back to Solving Equations | p. 258 |
Digression: Why Do Math? | p. 260 |
The Congruent Number Problem | p. 261 |
Peering Past the Frontier | p. 263 |
Bibliography | p. 265 |
Index | p. 269 |
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