Federal Courts And The Law Of Federal-state Relations

by Low, Peter W.; Jeffries, John C., Jr.

• ISBN13: 9781587785740
• ISBN10: 1587785749
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-14
• Publisher: West Group

Summary

This law school casebook provides detailed information on federal courts and the law of federal-state relations. The first part of the book explores the intersection of federalism and separation of powers that provide the constitutional foundations of a modern Federal Courts course. Part II covers jurisdiction, and Part III deals with Federal Court enforcement of Federal rights. The final chapter is devoted to certain technically complex questions of remedial interaction, notably the relation of federal habeas corpus to § 1983.

Table of Contents

Introduction	iii
Table of Cases	xxix
Table of Secondary Authorities	liii
PART I. FEDERALISM AND SEPARATION OF POWERS: THE BASIC STRUCTURE	1	(475)
Choice of Law in the Federal System	2	(122)
State Law in Federal Court	2	(30)
Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins	2	(6)
Notes on State Law in Federal Courts	8	(1)
Swift v. Tyson	8	(1)
The Legislative History of § 34	9	(2)
The Constitutional Premises of Erie	11	(1)
Equal Protection	11	(1)
Federalism	12	(1)
Separation of Powers	13	(2)
Examples of Federal Common Law	15	(1)
Lawsuits Between States	15	(1)
McCulloch v. Maryland	16	(1)
The Dormant Commerce Clause	17	(1)
Semtek International v. Lockheed Martin	18	(1)
Dice v. Akron, Canton & Youngstown Railroad	18	(1)
Concluding Questions and Comments	19	(1)
Notes on the Administration of Erie	20	(1)
Substance and Procedure	20	(1)
State Law in Non-Diversity Cases	20	(1)
Federal Law in Diversity Cases	21	(1)
Ascertaining State Law	21	(1)
Remedies for Uncertain State Law	22	(1)
Decline Jurisdiction	22	(1)
Abstention	23	(1)
Certified Questions	23	(1)
Concluding Questions	24	(1)
Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Manufacturing Co., Inc.	24	(1)
Notes on Choice of State Law by Federal Courts	25	(1)
Conflict of Laws	25	(1)
Substance and Procedure in Choice of Law	26	(1)
Griffin v. McCoach	27	(1)
Van Dusen v. Barrack	28	(1)
Ferens v. John Deere Co.	29	(1)
Majority Opinion	29	(2)
The Dissent	31	(1)
Federal Law in State Court	32	(41)
Notes on the Power of State Courts to Hear Federal Questions	32	(1)
Gulf Offshore Co.	32	(1)
Tafflin v. Levitt	33	(2)
From Power to Duty	35	(1)
Howlett v. Rose	35	(10)
Notes on the Duty of State Courts to Hear Federal Questions	45	(1)
Testa v. Katt	45	(1)
Claflin v. Houseman	46	(1)
The FELA Cases	47	(1)
Mondou	47	(1)
Douglas	48	(1)
McKnett	48	(1)
Pitcairn and Mayfield	49	(1)
Questions and Comments	49	(2)
The Anti-Commandeering Principle	51	(1)
Johnson v. Fankell	52	(5)
Notes on the Occasional Duty of State Courts to Apply Federal Procedures	57	(1)
Felder v. Casey	57	(2)
The FELA Cases	59	(1)
Dice v. Akron, Canton & Youngstown Railroad Co.	59	(3)
Brown v. Western Railway Co. of Alabama	62	(1)
Questions and Comments on the FELA Cases	63	(1)
Questions and Comments on Johnson v. Fankell	63	(1)
Federal Claims Raised by Defendants	64	(1)
Jackson v. Denno	64	(1)
Chapman v. California	64	(1)
Questions and Comments on Claims Raised by Defendants	65	(1)
Notes on Precluding State Courts From Hearing Federal Questions	66	(1)
Background	66	(1)
Tarble's Case	66	(1)
Questions and Comments on Tarble's Case	67	(1)
McClung v. Silliman	68	(1)
Other Suits Against Federal Officials in State Courts	69	(2)
Donovan v. Dallas	71	(2)
Questions and Comments on Donovan	73	(1)
Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions	73	(51)
Introductory Notes on the Power of the Supreme Court to Review State Court Decisions	73	(1)
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee	73	(3)
Murdock v. City of Memphis	76	(3)
Comments	79	(1)
Indiana Ex Rel. Anderson v. Brand	79	(4)
Notes on Federal Protection of State-Created Rights	83	(1)
Questions and Comments on Brand	83	(1)
Procedural Due Process	83	(1)
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee	84	(1)
Standard Oil Co. of California v. Johnson	84	(2)
Notes on Remote Federal Premise Cases	86	(1)
Questions and Comments on Standard Oil v. Johnson	86	(1)
State Tax Comm'n v. Van Cott	87	(1)
Moore v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co.	88	(1)
California v. Byers	88	(1)
Introductory Notes on the Adequate and Independent State Ground Doctrine	89	(1)
Murdock Revisited	89	(1)
The Modern Doctrine	90	(2)
Michigan v. Long	92	(9)
Notes on the Independence of State Grounds	101	(1)
Questions and Comments	101	(1)
Bibliography	102	(1)
Introductory Note on Bush v. Gore	103	(1)
Bush v. Gore	103	(16)
Notes on the Adequacy of State Grounds	119	(1)
NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson	119	(1)
State Rules Misapplied	120	(1)
Bush v. Gore and Supreme Court Review of State Law	121	(1)
Additional Bibliography	122	(2)
The Power of the Federal Courts to Create Federal Law	124	(111)
Federal Common Law	124	(35)
United States v. Little Lake Misere Land Co., Inc.	124	(8)
Notes on the Law Governing the Rights and Duties of the United States	132	(1)
Background	132	(1)
Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States	133	(1)
Federal or State Law	134	(1)
Content of Federal Law	135	(1)
Borrowing State Law: DeSylva v. Ballentine	135	(3)
Does It Matter How State Law Applies?	138	(1)
Boyle v. United Technologies Corp.	138	(12)
Notes on the Law Governing the Rights and Duties of Private Parties	150	(1)
Background: Suits Between Private Parties	150	(1)
Bank of America v. Parnell	150	(1)
Wallis v. Pan American Petroleum Corp	151	(2)
Miree v. DeKalb County	153	(1)
Suits Against Federal Officers	154	(1)
Howard v. Lyons	154	(1)
Barr v. Matteo	154	(1)
Westfall v. Erwin	155	(1)
Questions and Comments	156	(1)
Notes on Statutes of Limitations for Federal Claims	156	(1)
Agency Holding Corp. v. Malley-Duff & Associates	156	(3)
Questions and Comments	159	(1)
Implied Rights of Action to Enforce Federal Statutes	159	(26)
Cort v. Ash	159	(4)
Notes on Implied Rights of Action to Enforce Federal Statutes	163	(1)
J.I. Case v. Borak	163	(2)
Cannon v. University of Chicago	165	(1)
The Majority	165	(1)
The Powell Dissent	166	(2)
Post-Cannon Restrictions	168	(3)
Less Restrictive Decisions	171	(1)
Choice of Remedies to Enforce Implied Rights	172	(1)
Questions and Comments	172	(1)
42 U.S.C. § 1983: A Comparison	173	(1)
Bibliography	174	(2)
Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District	176	(9)
Note on Gebser v. Lago Vista	185	(1)
Rights of Action for the United States	185	(5)
United States v. Hudson and Goodwin	185	(2)
Notes on Judicial Creation of Rights of Action for the United States	187	(1)
Questions and Comments	187	(1)
United States v. Standard Oil	187	(2)
United States v. Gilman	189	(1)
Concluding Questions and Comments	189	(1)
Rights of Action to Enforce Constitutional Rights	190	(32)
Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics	190	(12)
Note on Bivens	202	(1)
Schweiker v. Chilicky	202	(13)
Notes on Private Rights of Action After Bivens	215	(1)
Cases Creating Bivens Actions in Other Contexts	215	(1)
Davis v. Passman	215	(1)
Carlson v. Green	216	(2)
Cases Denying Bivens Actions in Other Contexts	218	(1)
Bush v. Lucas	218	(2)
United States v. Stanley	220	(1)
Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko	221	(1)
Questions and Comments	222	(1)
Bibliography	222	(1)
Customary International Law	222	(13)
Filartiga v. Pena-Irala	222	(4)
Notes on Customary International Law As Federal Common Law	226	(1)
What Is ``Customary International Law''?	226	(1)
Customary International Law as Federal Common Law	227	(1)
Bradley and Goldsmith: The Attack on Conventional Wisdom	228	(2)
The Koh Response	230	(1)
The Bradley-Goldsmith Rejoinder	231	(1)
The Juvenile Death Penalty	231	(2)
Alvarez-Machain v. United States	233	(1)
Bibliography	233	(2)
Congressional Control of the Federal Courts	235	(120)
The Power to Limit Federal Jurisdiction	235	(27)
Introductory Notes on the Power to Limit Federal Jurisdiction	235	(1)
The Constitutional Text	235	(1)
Analysis	235	(1)
The Supreme Court	236	(1)
The Lower Federal Courts	236	(1)
Unfavorable Congressional Reaction to Supreme Court Decisions	236	(1)
Marbury v. Madison	237	(1)
A Testing Hypothetical: Abortion	238	(1)
Congressional Power to Curtail the Jurisdiction of State Courts	238	(1)
The Traditional View of Congressional Power to Limit the Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts	239	(3)
Concluding Comment	242	(1)
Ex Parte McCardle	242	(3)
Notes on the Traditional View	245	(1)
The Source of Supreme Court Jurisdiction	245	(1)
The Significance of McCardle	246	(1)
Congressional Power Over the Jurisdiction of the Lower Federal Courts: Sheldon v. Sill	247	(1)
Webster v. Doe	248	(5)
Questions and Comments	253	(1)
Notes on Competing Views of Congressional Power to Limit the Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts	254	(1)
Introduction	254	(1)
Justice Story	254	(2)
The Essential Functions Thesis	256	(3)
Independent Unconstitutionality	259	(1)
Due Process: Access to Courts	260	(1)
Discrimination Against Constitutional Claims	260	(1)
Institutional Characteristics of State and Federal Courts	261	(1)
The Power to Expand Federal Jurisdiction	262	(24)
Introductory Notes on Congressional Authority to Confer Federal Question Jurisdiction on the District Courts	262	(1)
Preliminary Comments	262	(1)
Osborn v. Bank of the United States	263	(2)
The Concept of Protective Jurisdiction	265	(1)
Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills	266	(7)
Notes on the Constitutionality of Protective Jurisdiction	273	(1)
Verlinden B.V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria	273	(3)
Questions and Comments on Lincoln Mills and Verlinden	276	(1)
Modern Variations: Consumer Protection and Nuclear Power	276	(1)
Mesa v. California	277	(2)
Gutierrez de Martinez v. Lamagno	279	(4)
National Mutual Insurance Co. v. Tidewater Transfer Co.	283	(2)
Note on Tidewater Transfer	285	(1)
The Power to Create Non-Article III Courts	286	(43)
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.	286	(27)
Notes on Northern Pipeline	313	(1)
Introduction	313	(1)
The Rationale	313	(1)
Vindication of the Text	314	(1)
Separation of Powers	314	(1)
Fairness to Litigants	315	(1)
Federalism	315	(1)
The Aftermath	316	(1)
Additional Notes on Non-Article III Adjudication	317	(1)
Thomas v. Union Carbide Agricultural Products	317	(1)
Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor	317	(2)
Questions and Comments on Article I Courts	319	(1)
Administrative Agencies: The Example of the NLRB	320	(2)
Questions and Comments on Agency Adjudication and Article III	322	(2)
Notes on Internal Delegation of Judicial Authority: U.S. Magistrates	324	(1)
Introduction	324	(1)
The Magistrates Act of 1968	324	(1)
The 1976 Amendments	325	(1)
United States v. Raddatz	325	(1)
The 1979 Magistrates Act	326	(2)
The 1983 Amendments to Rule 53	328	(1)
Limitations on the Use of Magistrates	328	(1)
Implied Consent to Trial by Magistrate	328	(1)
Bibliography	329	(1)
The Power to Reopen Final Judgments	329	(26)
Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.	329	(23)
Note on Miller v. French	352	(3)
Justiciability	355	(121)
Standing	355	(59)
Introductory Note on Standing	355	(2)
Allen v. Wright	357	(18)
Notes on Standing as a Constitutional Requirement	375	(1)
The Requirement of Injury: Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War	375	(1)
Questions and Comments on the Requirement of Injury	376	(1)
The Requirements of Causation and Redressability: Warth v. Seldin	376	(1)
Questions and Comments on the Requirements of Causation and Redressability	377	(1)
Duke Power	377	(2)
Bibliography	379	(2)
Notes on Taxpayer Standing	381	(1)
Introduction	381	(1)
Frothingham v. Mellon	381	(1)
Flast v. Cohen	382	(1)
United States v. Richardson	383	(1)
Valley Forge	384	(1)
The Majority	384	(2)
The Dissent	386	(1)
Questions and Comments on Taxpayer Standing	387	(1)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife	388	(15)
Notes on Statutory Standing	403	(1)
The ``Citizen Suit'' Provision	403	(1)
Questions and Comments on Statutory Standing	404	(1)
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw	405	(3)
Raines v. Byrd	408	(6)
Related Doctrines	414	(45)
Third-Party Standing	414	(1)
Singleton v. Wulff	414	(7)
Notes on Third--Party Standing	421	(1)
Introduction	421	(1)
The Third Party's Ability to Raise His or Her Own Rights	422	(1)
Barrows v. Jackson	423	(1)
Eisenstadt v. Baird	423	(1)
Relationship Between Litigant and Third Party	423	(1)
Dilution of Third--Party Rights	424	(1)
The Overbreadth Doctrine	425	(1)
Ripeness	426	(1)
Poe v. Ullman	426	(6)
Notes on Ripeness	432	(1)
Relation to Standing	432	(1)
Ripeness in Context	433	(1)
Ripeness in Declaratory Judgments: Aetna Life Ins. v. Haworth	434	(1)
Questions and Comments on Poe	434	(1)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell	435	(1)
Ripeness and Standing Revisited: Duke Power	435	(2)
Ripeness in Structural Reform Litigation: O'Shea v. Littleton	437	(1)
Ripeness in Structural Reform Litigation: Los Angeles v. Lyons	438	(1)
Ripeness in the Administrative State: Related Doctrines	439	(1)
Mootness	440	(1)
Introductory Notes on Mootness	440	(1)
Introduction	440	(1)
Voluntary Cessation of Illegal Activity	440	(1)
Controversies ``Capable of Repetition, Yet Evading Review''	441	(1)
Honig v. Doe	442	(2)
City of Erie v. Pap's ``Kandyland''	444	(1)
DeFunis v. Odegaard	445	(2)
United States Parole Commission v. Geraghty	447	(9)
Notes on Mootness in Class Actions	456	(1)
Sosna v. Iowa	456	(1)
Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co.	456	(1)
Deposit Guaranty National Bank v. Roper	457	(1)
Questions and Comments on Mootness in Class Actions	458	(1)
The Political Question	459	(17)
Introductory Notes on the History of the Doctrine	459	(1)
Luther v. Borden	459	(1)
Baker v. Carr	460	(1)
Powell v. McCormack	461	(1)
Nixon v. United States	462	(8)
Additional Notes on the Political Question	470	(1)
Questions and Comments on Nixon v. United States	470	(1)
The Political Question Doctrine in Foreign Affairs: Goldwater v. Carter	470	(2)
The Political Question Doctrine and Judicial Review	472	(2)
Bibliography	474	(2)
PART II. THE JURISDICTION OF THE FEDERAL COURTS	476	(261)
Subject Matter Jurisdiction	477	(151)
Federal Question Jurisdiction	477	(43)
Introductory Notes on Federal Question Jurisdiction	477	(1)
The Statute	477	(1)
The Face-of-the-Complaint Rule	477	(2)
The Primacy of Subject Matter Jurisdiction	479	(1)
Hypothetical Jurisdiction: Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment	480	(2)
In Personam v. Subject Matter Jurisdiction: Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co.	482	(1)
When a Case ``Arises Under'' Federal Law	483	(1)
American Well Works	483	(1)
Shoshone Mining Co. v. Rutter	484	(1)
Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co	484	(1)
Moore v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry	485	(1)
Questions and Comments	486	(1)
Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Thompson	487	(2)
Pendent Jurisdiction: United Mine Workers v. Gibbs	489	(1)
Pendent Party Jurisdiction: 28 U.S.C. § 1367	490	(1)
City of Chicago v. International College of Surgeons	491	(1)
Bibliography	492	(1)
Beneficial National Bank v. Anderson	493	(10)
Notes on Preemption as a Basis for Federal Question Jurisdiction	503	(1)
Avco Corp. v. Machinists	503	(2)
Postscript on the Avco Issue	505	(2)
Franchise Tax Board	507	(2)
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor	509	(2)
Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams	511	(1)
Questions and Comments	512	(1)
Notes on Federal Question Jurisdiction and Declaratory Judgments	512	(1)
Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co	512	(1)
A Proposed Rationale for Skelly Oil	513	(1)
Franchise Tax Board	514	(6)
Footnote on American Well Works	520	(1)
Diversity Jurisdiction	520	(27)
United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO v. R.H. Bouligny, Inc.	520	(3)
Notes on Diversity Jurisdiction	523	(1)
The Debate	523	(2)
The Case for Retention	525	(1)
The Case for Abolition	526	(1)
Strawbridge v. Curtiss	527	(1)
Questions and Comments on Bouligny	528	(1)
Interpretation of the Diversity Statute	529	(3)
Owen Equipment & Erection Co. v. Kroger	532	(9)
Additional Notes on Diversity Jurisdiction	541	(1)
Ancillary Jurisdiction	541	(2)
Supplemental Jurisdiction: 28 U.S.C. § 1367	543	(2)
Collusion: Kramer v. Caribbean Mills	545	(1)
Sandbagging	546	(1)
The Substance/Procedure Problem	547	(40)
Introductory Notes on the Substance/Procedure Problem	547	(1)
Background	547	(1)
Sibbach v. Wilson	548	(1)
Early Decisions on Substance v. Procedure	549	(1)
Guaranty Trust Co. v. York	549	(8)
Notes on Guaranty Trust	557	(1)
Comments and Questions on Guaranty Trust	557	(1)
The Varied Meanings of Substance and Procedure	557	(1)
Notes on Cases After Guaranty Trust	558	(1)
Ragan, Woods, and Cohen	558	(1)
Ragan	558	(1)
Woods	559	(1)
Cohen	560	(1)
The Rutledge Dissent	561	(1)
Byrd v. Blue Ridge	562	(2)
Hanna v. Plumer	564	(10)
Notes on Substance and Procedure After Hanna	574	(1)
Questions and Comments on Hanna	574	(1)
Walker v. Armco Steel Corp	575	(2)
Stewart Organization, Inc. v. Ricoh Corp	577	(2)
Szantay v. Beech Aircraft Corp	579	(2)
Marshall v. Mulrenin	581	(2)
Semtek International Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp	583	(3)
Bibliography	586	(1)
Finality and Appellate Review	587	(41)
Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay	587	(7)
Notes on Appellate Review of Final Decisions	594	(1)
The ``Collateral Order'' Doctrine: Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp	594	(1)
Gillespie v. United States Steel Corp	595	(2)
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord	597	(1)
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp	598	(2)
Questions and Comments	600	(1)
Footnote on Supreme Court Review of Cases in the Courts of Appeals	601	(1)
Notes on Alternative Forms of Circuit Court Review of District Court Judgments	601	(1)
Interlocutory Review	601	(1)
Rule 54(b)	602	(1)
Mandamus	603	(1)
Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp.	604	(1)
Appeal Under § 1291	604	(1)
Appeal Under § 1292(a)(1)	605	(1)
Mandamus	605	(1)
Bibliography	606	(1)
Notes on Supreme Court Review of Final Decisions By State Courts	606	(1)
Introduction	606	(1)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn	607	(1)
Federal Issue Conclusive or Outcome Preordained	608	(1)
Federal Issue Will Survive Anyway	608	(1)
Federal Issue Cannot Be Reviewed Later	609	(1)
Later Review Would Seriously Erode Federal Policy	609	(2)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn: The Dissent	611	(1)
Southland Corp. v. Keating	612	(1)
Hathorn v. Lovorn	613	(1)
Fort Wayne Books, Inc. v. Indiana	614	(2)
Questions and Comments	616	(1)
Additional Notes on Technical Aspects of Supreme Court Review of State Decisions	617	(1)
Initiating Review	617	(1)
The Meaning of Summary Disposition of Appeals	618	(2)
Decision by the ``Highest State Court''	620	(1)
Federal Question Raised Properly, Preserved, and Decided	620	(1)
The Relevance of Federal Rules of Standing: ASARCO, Inc. v. Kadish	620	(4)
Dept. of Labor v. Triplett	624	(1)
Nike, Inc. v. Karsky	625	(3)
Abstention	628	(109)
General Principles	628	(20)
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States	628	(9)
Notes on Concurrent Litigation in State and Federal Courts	637	(1)
The Starting Point	637	(1)
Recognized Exceptions	637	(1)
Declaratory Judgments	638	(2)
Questions and Comments on Colorado River	640	(1)
Bibliography	640	(1)
Notes on Burford Abstention	641	(1)
Introduction	641	(1)
Burford Abstention	641	(2)
A Confusing Interlude	643	(1)
Mashuda	643	(1)
Thibodaux	644	(1)
Kaiser Steel Corp. v. W.S. Ranch Co	645	(1)
Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co.	646	(1)
Bibliography	647	(1)
Pullman Abstention	648	(14)
Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Co.	648	(3)
Notes on Pullman Abstention	651	(1)
Siler v. Louisville & Nashville R. Co.	651	(1)
Questions and Comments on Pullman	652	(1)
Wisconsin v. Constantineau	652	(3)
Notes on Administration of Pullman Abstention	655	(1)
Introduction	655	(2)
Government Employees v. Windsor	657	(1)
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners	658	(3)
Harris County Commissioners v. Moore	661	(1)
Questions and Comments on the Procedural Consequences of Abstention	661	(1)
Younger Abstention	662	(58)
Origins	662	(1)
Introductory Notes on Federal Injunctions Against State Criminal Proceedings	662	(1)
Introduction	662	(1)
Douglas v. City of Jeannette	662	(1)
Dombrowski v. Pfister	663	(1)
Effect of Allegation of Overbreadth	664	(1)
Effect of Allegation of Harassment	665	(1)
Disposition	665	(1)
Resurrection of Invalidated Statute	665	(1)
The Harlan Dissent	665	(1)
Conclusion	666	(1)
Younger v. Harris	666	(11)
Notes on Younger v. Harris	677	(1)
Introduction	677	(1)
Boyle v. Landry	677	(1)
Samuels v. Mackell	677	(1)
Perez v. Ledesma	678	(1)
Questions and Comments on Younger v. Harris	679	(1)
The Policies of Younger	680	(1)
Ex parte Royall	681	(1)
The Younger Exceptions	681	(1)
Bibliography	682	(1)
Notes on the Relevance of the Anti-Injunction Statute to Younger Abstention	683	(1)
Mitchum v. Foster	683	(3)
Questions and Comments on Mitchum	686	(1)
Criminal Proceedings	686	(1)
Steffel v. Thompson	686	(10)
Notes on Declaratory and Equitable Relief After Steffel	696	(1)
Hicks v. Miranda	696	(1)
Doran v. Salem Inn	697	(1)
Questions and Comments	698	(1)
The Relevance of State Appellate Proceedings	699	(1)
Wooley v. Maynard	699	(1)
Civil Proceedings	700	(1)
Trainor v. Hernandez	700	(9)
Notes on the Application of Younger to Civil Proceedings	709	(1)
Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd.	709	(1)
Juidice v. Vail	710	(1)
New Orleans Public Service, Inc. v. Council of City of New Orleans	711	(2)
Questions and Comments on the Extension of Younger to Civil Proceedings	713	(1)
Moore v. Sims	713	(1)
The Majority	713	(2)
The Dissent	715	(1)
Questions and Comments on Moore v. Sims	716	(1)
Commentary and Bibliography	716	(2)
Notes on the Application of Younger to Administrative Proceedings	718	(1)
Middlesex County	718	(2)
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff	720	(1)
Anti-Injunction Act	720	(17)
Introductory Note	720	(1)
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers	721	(7)
Notes on the Anti-Injunction Act	728	(1)
Toucey v. New York Life Ins. Co	728	(1)
Early Litigation Under the 1948 Revision	729	(1)
Capital Service	729	(1)
Amalgamated Clothing Workers	729	(2)
Leiter Minerals	731	(1)
NLRB v. Nash-Finch Co	732	(1)
The Statutory Exceptions	732	(1)
Mitchum v. Foster	733	(1)
Vendo Co. v. Lektro--Vend Corp	734	(1)
Parsons Steel, Inc. v. First Alabama Bank	735	(2)
PART III. FEDERAL COURT ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL RIGHTS	737
Habeas Corpus	738
Introductory Notes on Federal Habeas Corpus	738
The Habeas Statute	738
Section 2255	739
Plan of the Chapter	739
The Scope of Review	740
Stone v. Powell	740
Notes on Stone v. Powell	760
The History: Brown v. Allen	760
Questions and Comments on Stone v. Powell	761
Bibliography	762
Notes on Developments After Stone v. Powell	765
Failure to Extend Stone to Other Constitutional Claims	765
Relevance of Stone to Non-Constitutional Claims: Reed v. Farley	766
Harmless Error: Brecht v. Abrahamson	768
The Teague Interlude	770
Wright v. West	774
The 1996 Legislation	774
Terry Williams v. Taylor	775
Notes on the 1996 Legislation	796
Questions and Comments on Terry Williams v. Taylor	796
Bell v. Cone	797
Horn v. Banks	799
Miller-El v. Cockrell	799
Additional Ambiguities	801
Bibliography	802
Procedural Foreclosure	802
Notes on Procedural Foreclosure	802
The Exhaustion Requirement	802
Daniels v. Allen	803
Fay v. Noia	803
Wainwright v. Sykes	806
The Majority	807
The Dissent	810
The Meaning of ``Cause''	813
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel; Massaro v. United States	815
Finality of Completed Sentences Used to Enhance a Current Sentence	816
State Court Forfeitures and Federal Common Law	817
Bibliography	818
Notes on Keeney v. Tamayo--Reyes: Retrial of Issues of Fact	819
Brown v. Allen	819
Townsend v. Sain	819
Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes	821
Lee v. Kemna	824
Notes on Procedural Foreclosure Under the 1996 Legislation	841
Effect of Prior Litigation of the Facts in State Court	841
Effect of Failure to Litigate Claims in State Court	842
Michael Wayne Williams v. Taylor	843
Questions and Comments on Michael Wayne Williams v. Taylor	847
The New Legislation in Capital Cases	848
Exhaustion of State Remedies and Repetitive Applications	850
Rose v. Lundy	850
Notes on Exhaustion of State Remedies and Repetitive Applications	863
Ex parte Royall	863
The Nature of the Requirement: Fay v. Noia	864
Repetitive Applications: Sanders v. United States	865
McCleskey v. Zant	866
Limitation Periods Under the 1996 Legislation	866
Repetitive Applications Under the 1996 Legislation	867
The Constitutionality of the 1996 Legislation: Felker v. Turpin	868
Questions and Comments on the 1996 Legislation	870
Stewart v. Martinez-Villareal	871
Questions and Comments on Martinez-Villareal	873
Duncan v. Walker	874
Tyler v. Cain	883
Claims of Innocence	893
Herrera v. Collins	893
Notes on Herrera v. Collins	914
The 1996 Legislation	914
Bibliography	915
Bousley v. United States	916
State Sovereign Immunity and the 11th Amendment	927
Nature of the Limitation	927
Introductory Notes on the Origins and Meaning of the 11th Amendment	927
Chisholm v. Georgia	927
Reaction to Chisholm	928
The Next Hundred Years	928
Hans v. Louisiana	929
The Immunity Interpretation	931
Concluding Comments	932
Ex Parte Young	933
Notes on Alternative Interpretations of the 11th Amendment	937
Injunctive Relief Against State Officers	937
The Diversity Interpretation	938
The Separation of Powers Interpretation	940
Concluding Comments	942
Additional Bibliography	942
Additional Notes on Ex Parte Young	944
The Anti-Injunction Act	944
Subsequent Legislative Limitations on Ex parte Young	944
Footnote on the Cause of Action	945
Edelman v. Jordan	946
Notes on State Immunity Against Award of Damages	956
Ford Motor Co. v. Department of the Treasury	956
Milliken v. Bradley (II)	958
Rosado v. Wyman	959
Will v. Michigan Department of State Police	959
Appealability of Immunity Denials: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc	960
11th Amendment Immunity for Local Governments	961
Notes on the Intersection of the 11th Amendment and State Law	962
Suits Against One State in the Courts of Another: Nevada v. Hall	962
Federal Injunctions Against States Based on State Law: Penn hurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman	963
Consent and Congressional Abrogation	966
Introductory Notes on State Consent to Suit and Congressional Abrogation of State Sovereign Immunity	966
State Consent	966
Congressional Abrogation: Parden v. Terminal Ry	967
Congressional Abrogation: Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer	967
State Liability Under § 1983: Quern v. Jordan and Will v. Michigan Department of State Police	968
The Requirement of Clear Statement: Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon	969
Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation	969
Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co	970
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida	971
Notes on Seminole Tribe	992
Bibliography	992
Alden v. Maine	993
The Majority Opinion	993
The Dissent	998
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board	1001
The Majority Opinion	1002
The Dissent	1003
Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority	1004
Section 5 of the 14th Amendment	1005
City of Boerne v. Flores	1006
Notes on Abrogation of State Sovereign Immunity Under § 5 of the 14th Amendment	1019
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board	1019
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank	1021
Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents	1024
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett	1025
Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs	1026
Bibliography	1033
Does Ex parte Young Survive?	1037
Introductory Note on Coeur D'alene Tribe	1037
Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe	1038
Note on Verizon Maryland, Inc. v. Public Service Commission	1046
Constitutionally Required Remedies in State Court	1047
McKesson Corp. v. Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco	1047
Notes on the Duty of State Courts to Remedy Constitutional Violations	1056
General Oil v. Crain	1056
Ward v. Love County	1057
Reich v. Collins	1059
Questions and Comments on the Duty of State Courts to Remedy Constitutional Violations	1061
Jackson v. Denno	1063
42 U.S.C. § 1983	1066
``Under Color of'' Law	1066
Monroe v. Pape	1066
Notes on 42 U.S.C. § 1983	1076
Background	1076
The Mind-Set of the Civil Rights Cases	1077
Home Telephone & Telegraph	1078
Questions and Comments on Monroe v. Pape	1079
Jurisdiction Over Civil Rights Actions	1080
Impact of Monroe v. Pape	1080
Notes on Other Civil Rights Acts	1081
Introduction	1081
Reconstruction Legislation	1081
The Act of 1866	1082
The Act of 1870	1082
The Act of 1871	1082
The Act of 1875	1082
Successor Provisions	1082
42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1982	1082
42 U.S.C. § 1985(3)	1083
18 U.S.C. § 241	1083
18 U.S.C. § 242	1083
Official Immunities	1083
Scheuer v. Rhodes	1083
Notes on Immunity From Award of Damages	1089
Background	1089
Questions and Comments on Scheuer	1089
The Meaning of Absolute Immunity	1090
The Meaning of Qualified Immunity	1091
Wood v. Strickland	1092
Harlow v. Fitzgerald	1094
Crawford-El v. Britton	1098
Anderson v. Creighton	1098
Bibliography	1101
Unnecessary Merits Adjudication	1102
Appealability of Immunity Denials: Mitchell v. Forsyth	1103
The Limits of Mitchell: Johnson v. Jones	1104
Analogous Immunities for Federal Officials	1105
Notes on Immunity From Award of Damages and the Goals of Section 1983	1107
Introduction	1107
Compensation	1107
Deterrence	1108
Qualified vs. Absolute Immunity	1112
Affirmation of Rights	1114
Note on Immunity From Prospective Relief	1116
Governmental Liability	1117
Monell v. Department of Social Services	1117
Notes on Governmental Liability Under § 1983	1128
Questions and Comments on Monell	1128
State as ``Person'' Under § 1983: Will v. Michigan Department of State Police	1129
State Official as ``Person'' When Acting in Official Capacity: Hafer v. Melo	1130
Comment on Judicial Methodology Under § 1983	1132
Owen v. City of Independence	1134
Notes on Owen v. City of Independence	1154
The Due Process Issue	1154
The Immunity Issue	1155
The Significance of Fault	1156
Subsequent Retroactivity Cases	1157
Federal Governmental Liability	1159
Introductory Notes on ``Official Policy''	1160
Introduction	1160
Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati	1160
City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik	1163
Notes on Praprotnik	1178
Questions and Comments	1178
The Significance of State Law: McMillian v. Monroe County	1179
Bibliography	1180
Notes on Failure to Train as ``Official Policy''	1182
Introduction	1182
Oklahoma City v. Tuttle	1182
City of Canton v. Harris	1183
Questions and Comments on Harris	1183
For What Wrongs?	1184
Constitutional Rights Enforceable Under § 1983	1184
Paul v. Davis	1184
Notes on ``Liberty'' and ``Property'' Protected By Due Process	1198
Introduction	1198
Questions and Comments on Paul v. Davis	1198
Siegert v. Gilley	1200
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept. of Social Services	1200
``Liberty'' and ``Property'' and the Relation of State and Federal Law	1204
County of Sacramento v. Lewis	1204
The Role of State Law	1205
Introductory Notes on Parratt v. Taylor and Its Progeny	1205
Parratt v. Taylor	1205
Mental Elements of § 1983	1206
Negligent Deprivation of Due Process	1206
The Process Due	1207
Hudson v. Palmer and Intentional Wrongdoing	1208
Daniels v. Williams and the Meaning of ``Deprivation''	1209
Davidson v. Cannon	1210
Questions and Comments on Parratt and Its Progeny	1212
Zinermon v. Burch	1212
Notes on the Role of State Law	1231
Questions and Comments	1231
Bibliography	1232
Non-Constitutional Rights Enforceable Under § 1983	1233
Maine v. Thiboutot	1233
Notes on Non--Constitutional Rights Enforceable Under § 1983	1244
Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org	1244
Questions and Comments on Maine v. Thiboutot	1246
National Sea Clammers	1247
Wright v. Roanoke Redevelopment and Housing Authority	1249
Smith v. Robinson	1250
Confusion in the Lower Courts	1251
Commentary and Bibliography	1253
Jett v. Dallas Independent School District: Relation Between § 1981 and § 1983	1254
Golden State Transit Corp. v. Los Angeles: § 1983 Actions to Enforce Federal Preemption of State Law	1255
Dennis v. Higgins: § 1983 Actions to Enforce Negative Commerce Clause Claims	1255
Gonzaga University v. Doe: The Interaction of Section 1983 and Implied Rights of Action	1256
Attorney's Fees	1259
City of Riverside v. Rivera	1259
Notes on Determining Fee Awards	1274
Introduction	1274
``In its Discretion''	1275
``Prevailing Party''	1276
Questions and Comments on City of Riverside	1277
Limited Success: Texas State Teachers Association v. Garland Independent School District	1277
Nominal Success: Farrar v. Hobby	1278
Survival of the Contingent Fee	1279
Expert Witnesses	1280
Fee Awards for Time Spent in Administration Proceedings	1280
Fee Awards for Disputes Settled Prior to Litigation	1281
Bibliography	1283
Introductory Note on Risk Enhancement	1284
City of Burlington v. Dague	1285
Notes on Attorney's Fees and Settlement Negotiations	1295
Attorney's Fees Upon Settlement	1295
Settlement Offers and Rule 68: Marek v. Chesny	1295
The Majority	1296
The Dissent	1297
Questions and Comments on Marek v. Chesny	1298
Settlement Conditioned on Waiver of Fees: Evans v. Jeff D	1298
The Majority	1299
The Dissent	1300
Questions and Comments on Evans	1301
Remedial Interactions	1303
Relation of § 1983 to Habeas Corpus	1303
Preiser v. Rodriguez	1303
Notes on the Relation of § 1983 to Habeas Corpus	1318
Questions and Comments on Preiser	1318
Relation of Preiser to § 1983 Actions for Damages	1318
Heck v. Humphrey	1319
Notes on Damages Suits and State Criminal Proceedings	1331
Questions and Comments	1331
Abstention: Deakins v. Monaghan	1332
Justice Blackmun's Opinion	1332
Justice White's Concurrence	1334
Questions and Comments	1335
Edwards v. Balisok	1336
Res Judicata	1336
Res Judicata	1336
Allen v. McCurry	1336
Notes on Res Judicata in Civil Rights Actions	1347
Migra v. Board of Education	1347
Questions and Comments	1348
Greater Preclusive Effect in Federal Court?	1349
Haring v. Prosise	1350
Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp	1351
McDonald v. City of West Branch	1351
Bibliography	1352
Notes on Res Judicata and Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction	1353
Will v. Calvert Fire Ins. Co.	1353
Marrese v. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons	1354
Questions and Comments	1355
Civil Rights Removal	1356
Introductory Note on Removal in Federal Question and Diversity Cases	1356
Introductory Notes on Civil Rights Removal	1358
The Statute	1358
Strauder and Rives	1359
Georgia v. Rachel	1359
City of Greenwood v. Peacock	1361
The Douglas Dissent	1363
``Is Denied.''	1363
``Cannot Enforce.''	1364
Questions and Comments	1364
Relation to Other Remedies	1365
Section 1443(2)	1365
Johnson v. Mississippi	1366
Additional Notes on Civil Rights Removal	1376
Questions and Comments on Johnson v. Mississippi	1376
Bibliography	1376
Appendix A. The Constitution	1	(1)
Appendix B. Selected Federal Statutes	1	(1)
Appendix C. Judicial Review	1