Fertilization in Protozoa and Metazoan Animals

by Tarin, Juan J.; Cano, Antonio

• ISBN13: 9783540670933
• ISBN10: 3540670939
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

This book offers the reader an integrated point of view of fertilization in the animal kingdom. As the research at the molecular and cellular level is scarce compared to the huge diversity of animal species, for each phylum or class representative species have been chosen. Each phylum/class begins with a general description of the sexual and asexual reproduction strategies of the respective species, followed by a description of the reproductive cycle as well as of its reproductive system. The main focus is on the cellular and molecular aspects of fertilization of all the selected representative species, and the book is fully illustrated with photographs and drawings to facilitate understanding.

Table of Contents

Fertilization in Protozoa
Kazuyuki Mikami
Reproduction Strategies in Protozoa	1	(3)
Gametogamy	1	(1)
Autogamy	2	(1)
Gamontogamy	3	(1)
Fertilization in a Flagellate	4	(4)
Reproduction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	4	(1)
Induction of Gametogenesis	4	(2)
Mating and Cell Fusion	6	(1)
Flagellar Agglutination	6	(1)
Losing Cell Wall and Protoplast Formation	6	(1)
Activation of Mating Structures	6	(1)
Formation of a Cytoplasmic Bridge	7	(1)
Protoplasmic Fusion	7	(1)
Nuclear Fusion, Flagellar Retraction and Zygotic Wall Formation	7	(1)
Chloroplast	7	(1)
Meiosis and Germination	8	(1)
Sexual Phase and Fertilization in Plasmodium	8	(3)
Reproduction in Plasmodium falciparum	8	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization in the Mosquito	8	(2)
Asexual Development in the Mosquito and in the Human Body	10	(1)
The Sexual Phase	11	(1)
Gamogony and Agamogony in Foraminiferans	11	(4)
Life Cycle of Foraminiferans	11	(2)
Heterokaryotic Species Rotaliella heterocaryotica	13	(1)
Homokaryotic Species Patellina corrugata	13	(2)
Conjugation in Ciliates	15	(12)
Life Cycle of Paramecium caudatum	15	(1)
Sexual Interaction at the Beginning of Conjugation	16	(1)
Nuclear Events During Conjugation	17	(1)
Nuclear Behavior at Early Stages of Conjugation and Meiosis	17	(1)
Random Selection of Meiotic Products	18	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	18	(2)
Macro- and Micronuclear Differentiation	20	(1)
Development of a New Macronucleus	20	(1)
Determination of the Germinal Micronucleus	21	(1)
References	22	(5)
Fertilization in Invertebrates
Heide Schatten
Amitabha Chakrabarti
Introduction	27	(1)
Porifera	28	(3)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	28	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	29	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	29	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	30	(1)
Sperm	30	(1)
Oocytes	30	(1)
Fertilization	30	(1)
Cnidaria (Coelenterata)	31	(3)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	32	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	32	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	32	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	33	(1)
Ctenophora	34	(2)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	34	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	34	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	34	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	34	(2)
Platyhelminthes	36	(2)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	36	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	36	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	37	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	37	(1)
Rhynchocoela (Nemertea, Nemertinea)	38	(2)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	38	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	39	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	39	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	39	(1)
Nematoda	40	(4)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	40	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	41	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	41	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	42	(1)
Sperm	42	(1)
Oocytes	43	(1)
Fertilization	43	(1)
Mollusca	44	(3)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	44	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	44	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	45	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	45	(1)
Sperm	45	(1)
Oocytes	45	(1)
Fertilization	46	(1)
Annelida	47	(4)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	47	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	48	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	48	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	49	(2)
Arthropoda	51	(5)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	51	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	52	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	52	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	53	(1)
Sperm	53	(1)
Oocytes	54	(1)
Fertilization	54	(2)
Echinodermata	56	(11)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	56	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	57	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	57	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	57	(1)
The Unfertilized Egg	58	(1)
Sperm	58	(2)
Sperm Activation	60	(1)
Fertilization	61	(6)
MPF and MAP Kinases During Meiotic Maturation and Fertilization	67	(1)
Protochordata	67	(22)
Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Cycle	67	(1)
Design of Reproductive System	68	(1)
Gametogenesis and Fertilization	68	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Fertilization	68	(1)
Sperm	69	(1)
Oocytes	69	(1)
Spawning of Gametes and Fertilization	70	(1)
Calcium Oscillations	71	(1)
Block to Polyspermy	72	(1)
MPF and MAP Kinases During Meiotic Maturation and Fertilization	73	(1)
References	74	(15)
Fertilization in Fishes
Takashi Iwamatsu
Introduction	89	(1)
Structural Preparation of Oocyte and Spermatozoon for Fertilization	90	(13)
Egg	90	(1)
Chorion	91	(5)
Micropyle	96	(1)
Cortical Layer	97	(2)
Sperm Entry Site	99	(1)
Nucleus	100	(1)
Spermatozoon	101	(2)
Oocyte Maturation for Acquisition of Fertilizability	103	(1)
Interaction and Membrane Fusion Between Gametes	104	(4)
Behavior and Fertilizability of Spermatozoa	104	(2)
Sperm-Egg Interaction	106	(1)
Sperm-Egg Membrane Fusion	106	(2)
Responses of Egg to Membrane Fusion with Spermatozoon	108	(11)
Change in Membrane Potential	108	(1)
Fertilization Wave and Wave of Increase in Cytoplasmic Ca2+	109	(2)
Exocytosis of Cortical Alveoli	111	(3)
Mechanism of Propagative Increase in Cytoplasmic Ca2+ and pH	114	(1)
Relationship Between Wave of Increase in Cytoplasmic Ca2+ and Exocytosis Wave	115	(1)
Perivitelline Space Formation and Change in Chorion	115	(2)
Fertilization Cone and Sperm Incorporation	117	(2)
Polyspermy-Preventing Mechanism	119	(3)
Formation of Male and Female Pronuclei	122	(5)
Progression of Second Meiotic Metaphase to Interphase	122	(2)
Breakdown of Nuclear Envelope and Chromatin Decondensation	124	(1)
Pronucleus Formation and MPF Activity	125	(1)
DNA Synthesis and Pronucleus Formation	126	(1)
Migration and Karyogamy of Female and Male Pronuclei	127	(1)
Fertilization Without an Increase in Cytoplasmic Ca2+ and Exocytosis of Cortical Alveoli	127	(20)
References	129	(18)
Fertilization in Amphibians
Yasuhiro Iwao
Introduction	147	(3)
Interactions of Sperm with Oocyte Investments and Oocyte Membrane	150	(7)
Interactions of Sperm with Jelly Layers	150	(3)
Sperm-Binding to the Vitelline Envelope	153	(2)
Acrosome Reaction	155	(1)
Interactions Between Sperm-and Oocyte-Membranes	156	(1)
Mechanism of Oocyte Activation	157	(8)
[Ca2+]i Increase	157	(3)
Fertilization Potentials	160	(2)
Cortical Reactions and Fertilization Envelope Formation	162	(2)
Resumption of Meiosis and Sperm Nuclear Decondensation	164	(1)
Mechanisms for Polyspermy Block	165	(11)
Role of Polyspermy Block	165	(1)
Reduction in Number of Sperm in Oocyte Investments	166	(1)
Fast, Electrical Block to Polyspermy	167	(2)
Slow Polyspermy Block by the Fertilization Envelope	169	(1)
Acquisition of Polyspermy Block During Oocyte Maturation in Anurans	169	(1)
Cytoplasmic Block to Polyspermy in Physiologically Polyspermic Oocytes	170	(6)
Variations in Amphibian Fertilization	176	(17)
Polyspermy in Anurans	176	(1)
Monospermy in Primitive Urodeles	177	(1)
Sperm Nuclear Behavior in Gynogenetic Urodele Oocytes	178	(1)
References	179	(14)
Fertilization in Birds
Graham J. Wishart
A. Janet Horrocks
Introduction to Avian Breeding Systems	193	(2)
Gametes, Gameteogenesis and Reproductive Systems	195	(10)
Primordial Germ Cells and Establishment of Gonads	195	(1)
Male Reproduction Systems and Sperm Production	196	(1)
Male Tract Anatomy	196	(1)
Maturation of Sperm Function	197	(1)
Female Reproductive System	198	(1)
The Ovary and Ovulation	198	(1)
The Oviduct and Egg Formation	198	(2)
Spermatozoa	200	(1)
Sperm Morphology	200	(2)
Sperm Motility	202	(1)
The Acrosome and Acrosomal Enzymes	202	(1)
The Ovum	203	(1)
Morphology of the Ovum at Ovulation	203	(1)
The Inner Perivitelline Layer	204	(1)
Oviducal Sperm Transport and Storage	205	(1)
Sperm: Egg Interaction	206	(10)
Fertilization in Vivo and in Vitro	206	(1)
Site of Fertilization in Vivo	206	(1)
Capacitation	207	(1)
Sperm: Perivitelline Layer Interaction	207	(1)
Sperm: Inner Perivitelline Layer Interaction	207	(2)
The Avian Acrosome Reaction	209	(1)
Inner Perivitelline Layer Molecules Mediating Interaction with Spermatozoa	209	(2)
Preferential Attraction of Spermatozoa to the Germinal Disc	211	(1)
The Outer Perivitelline Layer and Cessation of Sperm: Inner Perivitelline Layer Interaction	212	(1)
Sperm: Ovum Interaction and Syngamy	213	(1)
Sperm Engulfment by Oolemma	213	(1)
Pronuclear Formation and Syngamy	214	(1)
Supernumerary Spermatozoa and Embryonic Development	215	(1)
Quantitative Aspects of Sperm: Egg Interaction, Fertility and the Fertile Period	216	(7)
References	217	(6)
Fertilization in Monotreme, Marsupial and Eutherian Mammals
K.E. Mate
M.S. Harris
J.C. Rodger
Introduction	223	(5)
The Three Groups of Mammals	223	(1)
Monotremes	223	(1)
Marsupials	224	(2)
Marsupial Diversity	226	(1)
Eutherians	227	(1)
Mammalian Relationships and Evolution	227	(1)
Fertilization in Mammals	227	(1)
Sperm Production	228	(2)
Marsupials and Eutherians	228	(1)
Monotremes	228	(2)
Epididymal Maturation of Spermatozoa	230	(6)
Eutherians	230	(1)
Morphological Maturation	230	(1)
Development of Progressive Motility	230	(2)
Maturation of Sperm Surface	232	(1)
Marsupials	233	(1)
Morphological Changes	233	(1)
Molecular Changes	234	(1)
Monotremes	235	(1)
Common Themes and General Overview	235	(1)
Sperm Deposition, Storage and Transport in the Female Tract	236	(1)
Marsupials and Eutherians	236	(1)
Monotremes	237	(1)
Capacitation	237	(5)
Eutherians	237	(1)
Molecular Basis	238	(1)
Marsupials	238	(1)
Morphological Correlates	239	(1)
Differences Between Marsupials	239	(2)
Monotremes	241	(1)
Common Themes and General Overview	241	(1)
Hyperactivation of Spermatozoa	242	(2)
Eutherians	242	(1)
Marsupials and Monotremes	243	(1)
Common Themes and General Overview	243	(1)
The Acrosome	244	(4)
Mammalian Acrosome Morphology and Enzymes	244	(1)
Acrosome Reaction in Eutherians	244	(1)
Morphology and Functional Significance in Vivo	244	(2)
Mechanism of the Acrosome Reaction in Vivo	246	(1)
Mechanism of the Acrosome Reaction in Vitro	246	(1)
Acrosome Reaction in Marsupials and Monotremes	247	(1)
Common Themes and General Overview	247	(1)
Sperm Interaction with the Zona Pellucida	248	(6)
Eutherians	248	(1)
Structure and Function of the ZP	248	(3)
Primary Sperm-ZP Binding	251	(1)
Penetration of the ZP and Secondary Sperm-ZP Binding	251	(1)
Monotremes	252	(1)
Marsupials	252	(1)
Structure and Function of the ZP	252	(1)
Sperm Interaction with the ZP	253	(1)
Common Themes and General Overview	254	(1)
Sperm-Oocyte Fusion	254	(2)
Eutherians	254	(1)
Monotremes	255	(1)
Marsupials	255	(1)
Common Themes and General Overview	255	(1)
Oocyte Activation	256	(2)
Eutherians	256	(1)
Monotremes	257	(1)
Marsupials	258	(1)
Common Themes and General Overview	258	(1)
Cortical Reaction and Block to Polyspermy	258	(4)
Eutherians	258	(1)
Cortical Granules	259	(1)
Cortical Reaction	259	(1)
Monotremes	259	(1)
Marsupials	260	(1)
Cortical Granules	260	(1)
Cortical Reaction	261	(1)
Common Themes and General Overview	261	(1)
Decondensation of the Sperm Nucleus	262	(2)
Eutherians	262	(1)
Monotremes	262	(1)
Marsupials	262	(1)
Common Themes and Overview	263	(1)
Completion of Meiosis, Pronuclei Development and Syngamy	264	(2)
Eutherians	264	(1)
Completion of Oocyte Meiosis	264	(1)
Pronuclei Development and Syngamy	264	(1)
Completion of Fertilization in Monotremes	265	(1)
Completion of Fertilization in Marsupials	265	(1)
Common Themes and Overview	266	(1)
Concluding Remarks	266	(11)
References	267	(10)
Fertilization in Protozoa and Metazoan Animals: A Comparative Overview
Juan J. Tarin
Introduction	277	(1)
Definition of Fertilization	277	(1)
Somatic and Germ Cell Lines in Protozoa and Metazoa	278	(2)
Comparative Analysis of Fertilization in Metazoa	280	(35)
Sperm Capacitation and the Environment of Fertilization	280	(1)
Composition of Oocyte Envelope(s)	280	(12)
Sperm Binding to Oocyte Envelope(s)	292	(2)
Acrosome Reaction	294	(1)
Binding and Fusion of Spermatozoon to Oocyte Plasma Membrane	294	(1)
Oocyte Activation	295	(2)
Changes in Plasma Membrane Potential	297	(2)
Increase in [Ca2+]i	299	(4)
Cortical Alveolus/Granule Exocytosis	303	(1)
Ooplasmic Segregation	304	(3)
Increase in pHi	307	(1)
Resumption of the Cell Cycle	307	(2)
Development of Male Pronucleus	309	(1)
Pronuclear Apposition and Karyogamy	310	(1)
References	311	(4)
Subject Index	315