Field and Laboratory Guide to Tree Pathology

by Blanchard, Robert O.; Tattar, Terry A.

• ISBN13: 9780121039820
• ISBN10: 012103982X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-12-01
• Publisher: Academic Pr

Summary

The Second Edition of this classic text is completely up-to-date with new chapters, new information on diseases, updated citations, and revised taxonomy and terminology of the fungi, bacteria, and other organisms that affect trees. Field and Laboratory Guide to Tree Pathology presents field and laboratory techniques as well as basic information for students, foresters, plant scientists, and arboriculturalists on tree disease pathology. The revised edition includes expanded historical documentation, updated taxonomy and terminology for both pests and diseases, an entirely new introduction, new chapters on tree biology, general control strategies, and diagnostic techniques. A new section of color plates will help readers in the identification of tree pathogens. All the references have been comprehensively updated, and the exercises included for students have been revised, making this guide a useful tool for students, teachers, and practitioners interested in tree disease. Key Features * Contains new chapters on tree biology, general control strategies, and diagnostic techniques * Includes additional information on the histories of disease * Provides thoroughly updated citations * Contains comprehensively revised taxonomy and terminology

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii	(4)
Acknowledgments	xvii	(2)
Introduction	xix
PART I Concepts and Techniques for Understanding, Identifying, and Controlling Tree Diseases	4	(41)
1 Tree Biology Selected References	4	(1)
2 Sterile Technique	5	(4)
Introduction	5	(1)
Preparation of Sterile Media	5	(3)
Sterile Transfers	8	(1)
3 Diagnostic Techniques	9	(10)
Introduction	9	(1)
Isolation of Disease-Causing Organisms	10	(3)
Preparation and Interpretation of Microscope Slides	13	(6)
4 Preservation of Diseased Specimens and Pathogens	19	(6)
Introduction	19	(1)
Diseased Samples	19	(3)
Pathogens--Fungi and Bacteria	22	(2)
Selected References	24	(1)
5 Models	25	(6)
Introduction	25	(1)
The Disease Cycle	25	(1)
The Disease Triangle	26	(2)
The Control Triangle	28	(1)
Associations among Organisms	28	(2)
Selected References	30	(1)
6 Symptomatology	31	(6)
Introduction	31	(1)
Symptoms	31	(3)
Signs	34	(2)
Selected References	36	(1)
7 General Control Strategies	37	(8)
Introduction	37	(1)
Exclusion	38	(1)
Eradication	39	(1)
Protection	40	(1)
Resistance	40	(1)
Selected References	41	(4)
PART II Diseases Caused by Infectious Agents	45	(228)
8 Fungi	45	(6)
Introduction	45	(1)
Sexual Reproduction	46	(1)
Asexual Reproduction	46	(1)
Classification	47	(2)
Selected References	49	(2)
9 Foliage Diseases	51	(38)
Introduction	51	(2)
Disease: Powdery Mildew (Species of Phyllactinia, Erysiphe, Microsphaera, Uncinula, Podosphaera, Sphaerotheca)	53	(5)
Disease: Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)	58	(5)
Disease: Anthracnose (Most commonly species of Apignomonia, Discula, Kabetiella)	63	(8)
Disease: Oak Leaf Blister (Taphrina caerulescens)	71	(1)
Disease: Tar Spot of Maple (Rhytisma acerinum, R. punctatum)	72	(3)
Disease: Needle Cast [Species of Cyclaneusma (Naemacyclus), Elytroderma, Lophodermium, Phaeocryptos (Adelopus), Rhabdocline, Rhizosphaera, and other related genera]	75	(6)
Disease: Needle and Tip Blight [Species of Kabatina, Mycosphaerella (Scirrhia), Phomopsis, Sirococcus (Ascochyta), Sphaeropsis (Diplodia), and other related genera]	81	(4)
Disease: Sooty Mold (Traditionally ascomycetous fungi in the family Capnodiaceae but, more accurately, many pigmented members of the Ascomycota)	85	(4)
10 Vascular Wilt Diseases	89	(22)
Introduction	89	(1)
Disease: Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma ulmi)	90	(8)
Disease: Oak Wilt (Ceratocystis fagacearum)	98	(3)
Disease: Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium dahliae)	101	(4)
Disease: Mimosa Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. perniciosum)	105	(6)
11 Canker Diseases	111	(46)
Introduction	111	(1)
Disease: Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)	112	(7)
Disease: Strumella Canker (Urnula craterium)	119	(3)
Disease: Eutypella Canker (Eutypella parasitica)	122	(4)
Disease: Nectria Canker [Target Canker] (Nectria galligena)	126	(3)
Disease: Beech Bark Disease (Nectria coccinea var. faginata)	129	(7)
Disease: Hypoxylon Canker (Hypoxylon mammatum)	136	(5)
Disease: Scleroderris Canker (Ascocalyx abietina)	141	(5)
Disease: Cytospora [Leucostoma] Canker of Spruce (Leucostoma kunzei)	146	(4)
Disease: Butternut Canker (Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum)	150	(7)
12 Rust Diseases	157	(30)
Introduction	157	(1)
Disease: White Pine Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola)	158	(7)
Disease: Pine-Oak Gall Rust [Eastern Gall Rust] (Cronartium quercuum)	165	(4)
Disease: Fusiform Rust (Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme)	169	(5)
Disease: Cedar-Apple Rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae)	174	(3)
Disease: Ash Rust (Puccinia sparganioides)	177	(10)
13 Root Diseases	187	(18)
Introduction	187	(1)
Disease: Armillaria Root Rot [Shoestring Root Rot] (Armillaria mellea)	188	(5)
Disease: Annosum Root Rot (Heterobasidion annosum)	193	(3)
Disease: Phytophthora Root Rots (Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. cactorum are most common, but other species of Phytophthora may be involved)	196	(4)
Mycorrhizae	200	(5)
14 Discoloration and Decay in Living Trees	205	(4)
Wounds	205	(1)
Host Response to Wounds (CODIT)	205	(1)
Microbial Invasion of Wounds	206	(1)
Carpenter Ants and Termites in Living Trees	206	(2)
Selected References	208	(1)
15 Bacterial Diseases	209	(14)
Introduction	209	(1)
Disease: Crown Gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)	210	(4)
Disease: Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora)	214	(4)
Disease: Bacterial Wetwood of Elm (Enterobacter cloacae and other bacteria)	218	(5)
16 Vascular Bacterial Diseases	223	(18)
Introduction	223	(1)
Disease: Elm Yellows [Elm Phloem Necrosis] (Phytoplasma)	224	(5)
Disease: Lethal Yellowing of Coconut Palms (Phytoplasma)	229	(3)
Disease: Ash Yellows or Ash Witches'-Broom (Phytoplasma)	232	(3)
Disease: Leaf Scorch of Hardwoods (Xylella fastidiosa)	235	(6)
17 Virus Diseases	241	(6)
Introduction	241	(1)
Virus Diseases of Trees	242	(2)
Control of Virus Diseases of Trees	244	(1)
Selected References	244	(3)
18 Nematode Diseases	247	(14)
Introduction	247	(1)
Nematode Diseases of Tree Roots	248	(4)
Control of Nematode Root Diseases	252	(3)
Systemic Attack of Nematodes	255	(2)
Disease: Pine Wilt (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)	257	(4)
19 Diseases Caused by Parasitic Seed Plants	261	(12)
Introduction	261	(1)
Disease: Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.)	261	(3)
Disease: True (Leafy) Mistletoe (Species of Phoradendron, Loranthus, and Viscum)	264	(3)
Disease: Dodder (Cuscuta spp.)	267	(6)
PART III Diseases Caused by Noninfectious Agents	273	(26)
20 Temperature Extremes	273	(6)
Introduction	273	(1)
High Temperature--Heat Injury	273	(2)
Low Temperature--Cold Injury	275	(1)
Selected References	276	(3)
21 Moisture Extremes	279	(6)
Introduction	279	(1)
Water Deficiency--Drought	279	(1)
Water Excess--Flooding and Poorly Drained Soils	280	(1)
Selected References	281	(4)
22 Nutrient Abnormalities	285	(4)
Introduction	285	(1)
Macronutrients	285	(1)
Micronutrients	286	(1)
Soil and Tissue Analysis	286	(1)
Selected References	286	(3)
23 People Pressure Diseases	289	(10)
Introduction	289	(1)
Construction Injury	289	(2)
Chemical Injury	291	(3)
Control of People Pressure Diseases	294	(1)
Selected References	295	(4)
PART IV Field and Laboratory Exercises	299	(26)
Exercise I: Symptoms and Signs	299	(1)
Exercise II: Collection and Identification of Powdery Mildews	300	(1)
Exercise III: Disease Sample Collection	301	(3)
Exercise IV: Isolations of Vascular Wilt Pathogens	304	(3)
Exercise V: Detection of Starch Reserves in Trees	307	(2)
Exercise VI: Koch's Postulates	309	(1)
Exercise VII: Extraction of Nematodes from Soil and Roots	310	(4)
Exercise VIII: Observations of Mycorrhizae	314	(1)
Exercise IX: Development of Crown Gall	315	(1)
Exercise X: Appraisal of Shade Trees	316	(2)
Exercise XI: Detection of Hazard Trees	318	(2)
Exercise XII: Effects of Salt on Tree Seedlings	320	(1)
Exercise XIII: Detection of Discoloration and Decay in Wood	321	(4)
Glossary	325	(6)
Bibliography	331	(22)
Index	353