All Geography and Earth Science students carry out fieldwork as part of their studies, either on supervised field courses or independently as part of an extended project. Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology provides students with accepted and practicable techniques for addressing their chosen research.

Bryn Hubbard is the author of Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology, published by Wiley.

Neil F. Glasser is the author of Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology, published by Wiley.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

1 Introduction

1

(14)

1.1 Aim

1

(1)

1.2 The scope of this book

1

(1)

1.3 Book format and content

2

(1)

1.4 The role of fieldwork in glaciology and glacial geomorphology

3

(1)

1.5 The relationship between field glaciology and glaciological theory

4

(11)

2 Planning and conducting glaciological fieldwork

15

(15)

2.1 Aim

15

(1)

2.2 Designing and planning field-based research

15

(5)

2.3 Logistical preparations for fieldwork

20

(6)

2.4 Fieldwork data

26

(4)

3 Glacier ice: Character, sampling and analysis

30

(35)

3.1 Aim

30

(1)

3.2 Ice masses and ice facies: Principles, definition and identification

30

(8)

3.3 Sampling glacier ice

38

(17)

3.4 Ice analysis

55

(8)

3.5 Student projects

63

(2)

4 Glacier meltwater: Character, sampling and analysis

65

(50)

4.1 Aim

65

(1)

4.2 Background

65

(3)

4.3 Measuring bulk meltwater discharge: Stage-discharge rating curves

68

(11)

4.4 Sampling and analysing glacial meltwaters

79

(17)

4.5 Automated measurements by sensors and loggers

96

(5)

4.6 Tracer investigations

101

(11)

4.7 Student projects

112

(3)

5 Hot-water borehole drilling and borehole instrumentation

115

(33)

5.1 Aim

115

(1)

5.2 Introduction

115

(1)

5.3 Hot-water drilling

116

(8)

5.4 Borehole instrumentation

124

(22)

5.5 Summary

146

(1)

5.6 Student projects

146

(2)

6 Ice radar

148

(31)

6.1 Aim

148

(1)

6.2 Background and physical principles

148

(7)

6.3 Ice radar equipment

155

(4)

6.4 Radar data presentation

159

(2)

6.5 Field radar surveys

161

(10)

6.6 Processing

171

(3)

6.7 Field application and interpretation of ice radar

174

(3)

6.8 Student projects

177

(2)

7 Glacier mass balance and motion

179

(38)

7.1 Aim

179

(1)

7.2 Surface energy budget

180

(7)

7.3 Mass balance

187

(12)

7.4 Glacier motion and ice velocity

199

(17)

7.5 Student projects

216

(1)

8 Glacigenic sediments

217

(52)

8.1 Aim

217

(1)

8.2 Introduction to field sedimentology

217

(9)

8.3 Colour and organic content

226

(3)

8.4 Sediment texture

229

(3)

8.5 Particle morphology: The shape and roundness of sedimentary particles

232

(7)

8.6 Bedding

239

(4)

8.7 Sedimentary structures

243

(2)

8.8 Palaeocurrent data

245

(1)

8.9 Other properties

246

(1)

8.10 Field sampling techniques

247

(4)

8.11 Fabric analysis: General considerations

251

(1)

8.12 Clast macrofabrics

252

(7)

8.13 Clast microfabrics and microstructural description

259

(1)

8.14 Clast mesofabrics

260

(1)

8.15 Laboratory analysis

260

(2)

8.16 Interpreting the environment of deposition of sediments

262

(4)

8.17 Presentation of sedimentological data

266

(1)

8.18 Student projects

267

(2)

9 Mapping glaciers and glacial landforms

269

(62)

9.1 Aim

269

(1)

9.2 General considerations

269

(1)

9.3 Aims of the mapping and the areal extent of the map

270

(1)

9.4 Desk-based studies

271

(3)

9.5 Remotely sensed data

274

(13)

9.6 Geomorphological mapping

287

(3)

9.7 Field mapping

290

(14)

9.8 Field surveying techniques

304

(4)

9.9 Ground-penetrating radar and shallow seismic reflection investigations of sediment bodies

308

(3)

9.10 Electrical resistivity surveys

311

(2)

9.11 Aquatic (marine and lacustrine) geophysical techniques

313

(8)

9.12 Mapping glacier structures (structural glaciology)

321

(4)

9.13 Final map compilation

325

(2)

9.14 Mapping and measurement of landforms change over time

327

(2)

9.15 Student projects

329

(2)

10 Monitoring and reconstructing glacier fluctuations

331

(36)

10.1 Aim

331

(1)

10.2 Remotely sensed images

332

(3)

10.3 Fieldwork mapping and historical documents

335

(4)

10.4 Dating glacier fluctuations using 'absolute age' (numerical-age) and 'relative age' estimates

339

(1)

10.5 Numerical-age dating techniques

340

(10)

10.6 Relative-age dating techniques

350

(14)

10.7 Dating glacier fluctuations - concluding remarks

364

(1)

10.8 Student projects

364

(3)

References

367

(29)

Index

396

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