Financing and Acquiring Park and Recreation Resources

by Crompton, John L.

• ISBN13: 9780880118064
• ISBN10: 0880118067
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-02-01
• Publisher: Human Kinetics

Summary

When John Crompton and Dennis Howard co-authored their classic book Financing, Managing and Marketing Recreation and Park Resources in 1979, they put the spotlight on a growing shortfall in park funding and discussed an array of innovative solutions. Twenty years later, continued budget cutbacks and additional service demands have made funding an even greater concern for park and recreation managers.Now Crompton has put every aspect of park and recreation financing into a comprehensive resource that will help today's and tomorrow's managers meet the daily challenge of doing more with less.Financing and Acquiring Park and Recreation Resources is not an abstract reference destined to fill space on a shelf, but a comprehensive source book filled with real and workable solutions. It examines the forces behind decreased public spending and presents a wide range of alternative funding methods being used to bridge the gap and pay for new facilities and programs. You'll find information on everything from the traditional mechanisms of municipal bonds and property taxes to the evolving role of donations, volunteers, sponsorships, foundations, coproduction, and public-private alliances in funding park operations.There's more to making ends meet than coming up with the dollars. Cost containment and effective resource management are also important factors. This book covers it all, from basic operating budgets to various ways of out-sourcing services and sharing resources to make every dollar count.Where others may merely suggest ideas like using volunteers, Crompton spells out the details, from selecting and managing recruits to preparing for their arrival. And where others may briefly allude to possible sources of friction in fund-raising efforts, Crompton gives readers a clear picture of the intangible forces that motivate every funding decision on the private and public level.There's a vast difference between knowing what to do and knowing how to get it done. Crompton makes it easy with helpful hints and practical solutions, including the following:* How to select companies with good sponsorship potential* How to recognize and position your assets* Who to contact within a sponsor organization and what to say* How to find and manage volunteers* How to build long-term relationships with benefactors* How to write successful grant proposalsNo other book covers so much information with such clarity and detail. Crompton has successfully rewritten the bible of financial problem solving for public park and recreation organizations. If there's a way to cut costs, raise funds, form partnerships, or reevaluate assets to further the successful operation of park and recreation areas, you'll find it in this book.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii	(2)
Acknowledgments	xv
Part I Foundations of Financing and Acquisition	3	(146)
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Operating Environment	3	(14)
Evolution of the Tax Revolt	5	(4)
Emergence of the Park and Recreation Manager as Entrepreneur	9	(2)
Orientation to the Text	11	(3)
Summary	14	(1)
References	14	(3)
Chapter 2 Property Taxes, Sales Taxes, and Bonds	17	(38)
General Property Taxes	18	(9)
The Mechanics of Proposition 13	23	(2)
Real-Estate Transfer Taxes	25	(2)
Sales Taxes	27	(4)
The Hotel-Motel Tax	28	(1)
Manufacturers' Excise Tax on Recreational Equipment	29	(2)
Benefit Assessment Districts	31	(1)
Capital Funding Mechanisms	32	(20)
Full-Faith and Credit Obligations	33	(1)
Non-Guaranteed Debt	34	(6)
Conducting a Bond Campaign	40	(10)
Mechanics of Selling Bonds	50	(2)
Summary	52	(1)
References	53	(2)
Chapter 3 Budgeting Processes	55	(28)
Capital Budgeting	56	(2)
The Operating Budget	58	(5)
Roles of the Actors	59	(1)
Incremental Budgeting	60	(3)
Types of Operating Budgets	63	(11)
Line-Item Budgeting	63	(2)
Program Budgeting	65	(1)
Performance Budgeting	66	(4)
Zero-Base Budgeting	70	(1)
Entrepreneurial Budgeting Systems	71	(3)
Enterprise Funds	74	(2)
Budget Preparation	76	(2)
Budget Monitoring	78	(2)
Summary	80	(1)
References	81	(2)
Chapter 4 Less-Than-Fee Simple Approaches	83	(28)
Differential Taxation Assessment	85	(2)
Planned Unit and Cluster Developments	87	(3)
Transference of Development Rights	90	(2)
Easements	92	(10)
Affirmative and Negative Easements	93	(1)
Term and Perpetual Easements	94	(1)
Landowner Considerations in Negotiating an Easement	95	(4)
Agency Considerations in Negotiating an Easement	99	(2)
Strategies for Expediting Easement Acquisition	101	(1)
The Emergence of Greenways	102	(2)
Greenline Parks	104	(2)
Models	105	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages	105	(1)
Summary	106	(1)
References	107	(4)
Chapter 5 Repositioning the Field to Create a Broader Constituency	111	(38)
The Set of Repositioning Strategies	113	(1)
Aligning With Community Concerns	114	(1)
Contributing to Economic Development	114	(15)
Attracting Tourists	114	(5)
Attracting Businesses	119	(1)
Attracting Retirees	120	(2)
Enhancing Real-Estate Values	122	(3)
Expanding Retail Sales of Equipment	125	(1)
Stimulating Urban Rejuvenation	126	(3)
Alleviating Social Problems	129	(14)
Youth Crime	130	(6)
Unemployment	136	(2)
Nonchallenging Employment	138	(1)
Environmental Stress	139	(1)
Cost of Health Care	140	(3)
Summary	143	(1)
References	144	(5)
Part II Direct Partnerships	149	(192)
Chapter 6 The Emergent Paradigm: Privatization and Partnerships	149	(28)
Frustration With Direct Service Delivery	150	(2)
The Emergence of Privatization	152	(6)
The Convergence of Political Agendas	153	(1)
Recognition of the Inefficiencies Associated With Monopolistic Direct Delivery	154	(2)
Awareness of the Distinction Between Provision and Production	156	(2)
Reconciling Value Systems of Agencies and Businesses	158	(4)
Making Partnerships Work	161	(1)
The Unfair Competition Issue	162	(11)
Campgrounds	164	(3)
Recreational and Fitness Centers	167	(4)
Other Public Sector Contexts	171	(1)
Nonprofit Organizations	171	(2)
Summary	173	(1)
References	174	(3)
Chapter 7 The Complementary Assets of Park and Recreation Agencies and Business Enterprises	177	(22)
Agency Pump-Priming Resources	179	(10)
Land Bank	179	(4)
Low-Cost Capital	183	(3)
Tax Incentives	186	(1)
Control Over Permit and Zoning Processes	186	(3)
Commercial Sector Assets	189	(6)
Ability to Raise Capital	189	(1)
Specialized Management Expertise	190	(3)
Reduced Labor Costs	193	(1)
Adaptability to Scale of Service	194	(1)
Reduced Liability Risks	194	(1)
Summary	195	(1)
References	196	(3)
Chapter 8 Partnerships With the Commercial Sector Beyond Pump Priming	199	(28)
Land Exchanges	200	(4)
Types of Voluntary Exchanges	201	(1)
Mitigation Land Exchanges	202	(2)
Using Existing Commercial Facilities	204	(8)
Recreational Facilities or Classes	204	(1)
Urban Parks	205	(2)
Resources Beyond the Urban Environment	207	(2)
Using Utility Company Lands	209	(1)
Public Sector Takeover of Commercial Facilities	210	(2)
Joint Development With the Commercial Sector	212	(12)
Multiparty Partnerships	212	(4)
Expansion of Existing Facilities	216	(4)
Commercial Sector Pump Priming	220	(1)
Leaseback Arrangements	220	(1)
Multiple Exploitation of a Resource	221	(3)
Summary	224	(1)
References	225	(2)
Chapter 9 Contracting Out Services	227	(36)
Analyzing the Potential for Cost Savings	235	(2)
Availability of Alternative Service Producers	237	(1)
Central Sources of Controversy	238	(3)
Displacement of Existing Personnel	238	(2)
Control of Prices	240	(1)
Equity	240	(1)
Soliciting Public Input	241	(1)
Formulating the Contract	242	(6)
Safeguarding Against Contract Failure	242	(2)
Selecting the Invitation-to-Bid or Request-for-Proposals Approach	244	(1)
Types of Payment Option	245	(2)
Size and Scope of Contract	247	(1)
Contract Content	247	(1)
Monitoring the Contractor's Performance	248	(4)
Case Example: Contracting Out Maintenance and Mowing Services	252	(8)
Planning and Preparation	255	(2)
Implementation	257	(3)
Summary	260	(1)
References	261	(2)
Chapter 10 Acquiring Resources Through Exactions	263	(28)
Alternative Forms of Exactions	264	(6)
Land Dedication	265	(1)
Fees in Lieu	266	(1)
Impact Fees	266	(4)
Legal Challenges	270	(3)
Perceptions of Exactions by Stakeholder Groups	273	(9)
Perspectives of Local Government Officials: The Case for Support	273	(1)
Perspectives of Local Government Officials: The Case for Opposition	274	(2)
Perspectives of Developers: The Case for Support	276	(1)
Perspectives of Developers: The Case for Opposition	277	(3)
Perspectives of New Residents: The Case for Support	280	(1)
Perspectives of New Residents: The Case for Opposition	280	(1)
Perspectives of Existing Residents: The Case for Support	281	(1)
Perspectives of Existing Residents: The Case for Opposition	282	(1)
Negotiated Planning Gains	282	(4)
Incentive Zoning	285	(1)
Concept of Linkage	285	(1)
Summary	286	(2)
References	288	(3)
Chapter 11 Intergovernmental Cooperation	291	(24)
Partnerships With Schools	292	(6)
Benefits of Joint Provision	293	(3)
Difficulties Arising From Joint Provision	296	(1)
Vision: The Key Ingredient	297	(1)
Partnerships With Other Public Agencies	298	(5)
Cooperative Ventures With Other Local Agencies	298	(4)
Cooperative Ventures With Federal and State Agencies	302	(1)
Federal Grant Support	303	(9)
The Land and Water Conservation Fund	303	(5)
Other Federal Grant Opportunities	308	(4)
Youth Crime Prevention Programs	312	(1)
Summary	312	(1)
References	313	(2)
Chapter 12 Facilitation and Coproduction	315	(26)
Forms of Facilitation	316	(2)
The Concept of Coproduction	318	(9)
Advantages of Coproduction	321	(4)
Limitations of Coproduction	325	(2)
Transitioning From Direct Delivery to Coproduction	327	(1)
Demonstrating Accountability	328	(1)
Agency Conduits for Investing in Coproduction	328	(8)
Vouchers	330	(6)
Summary	336	(1)
References	337	(4)
Part III Support From External Sources	341	(186)
Chapter 13 Support From Volunteers	341	(22)
Benefits That Volunteers Bring to an Agency	342	(3)
Motives of Volunteers	345	(3)
Corporate Volunteers	348	(1)
Preparing an Agency for Volunteers	348	(3)
Securing Employee Support	348	(1)
Organizational Arrangements for Managing Volunteer Programs	349	(1)
Liability Risk	350	(1)
Developing Job Descriptions	350	(1)
Recruitment of Volunteers	351	(3)
Interviewing	353	(1)
Retention of Volunteers	354	(3)
Evaluation	356	(1)
Recognition and Rewards	356	(1)
Summary	357	(3)
References	360	(3)
Chapter 14 Support From Donations	363	(28)
Donations From Individuals	366	(10)
Tax Considerations	367	(6)
Phased Acquisition of Property	373	(1)
Five Types of Planned Donations	374	(2)
Donations From Businesses	376	(11)
Motives for Business Donations	376	(9)
Rationales for Businesses Not Making Donations	385	(1)
Influence of the Tax Structure on Corporate Donation Decisions	385	(2)
Summary	387	(1)
References	388	(3)
Chapter 15 Popular Donation Vehicles	391	(20)
Planned Donation Workshops	392	(1)
Key Features of Successful Planned Donation Workshops	393	(1)
Gifts Catalogs	393	(4)
Advantages of Gifts Catalogs	395	(1)
Developing a Gifts Catalog	396	(1)
Donating Personal Bricks	397	(2)
Donation Boxes and Fountains	399	(1)
Check-Off Donations	400	(1)
Adopt-a-Facility Programs	400	(1)
Cause-Related Marketing	401	(7)
Summary	408	(1)
References	408	(3)
Chapter 16 Support From Sponsorships	411	(30)
Benefits Business Organizations Seek From Sponsorships	413	(12)
The Relationship Between Sponsorship Benefits and the Consumer's Purchase Decision Process	416	(8)
The Media's Key Role in Enhancing Sponsor Benefits	424	(1)
Sponsorship of Recreation by Tobacco and Alcohol Companies	425	(2)
Integrating Sponsorship With Other Communication Vehicles	427	(3)
Measuring the Impact of Sponsorship	430	(6)
Linking Sponsorship to the Communication Process	431	(5)
Summary	436	(1)
References	437	(4)
Chapter 17 Soliciting Sponsorship and Donation Investments	441	(34)
Matching a Recreation Service With a Potential Corporate Investor	443	(3)
Matching Images	443	(2)
Matching Target Markets	445	(1)
Developing a Set of Potential Company Investors	446	(2)
Preparation of Proposals	448	(2)
Developing and Pricing Benefit Packages	450	(9)
Communicating the Proposal	459	(3)
Preparation	459	(1)
Presentation	460	(1)
Handling Negative Reactions	461	(1)
Closing	462	(1)
Criteria Used by Companies to Screen Proposals	462	(3)
Handling Rejections	465	(1)
The Contract	465	(1)
Working Together to Make It Happen	466	(1)
Post-Event Followup	466	(2)
A Concluding Example: The Importance of Flair and Imagination	468	(3)
Summary	471	(1)
References	472	(3)
Chapter 18 Support Roles of Foundations	475	(16)
Legal Status	476	(1)
The Roles of Foundations in Support of Public Agencies	477	(10)
Facilitate Donations and Grants	477	(2)
Accept Controversy and Risk	479	(1)
Provide Agility	480	(6)
Other Specialized Expertise	486	(1)
Extend Beyond Jurisdictional Boundaries	487	(1)
Summary	487	(1)
References	488	(3)
Chapter 19 Types of Foundations	491	(36)
Operating Foundations	492	(7)
Expression of Corporate Philanthrophy	493	(1)
Umbrella Foundations	493	(2)
Deliver Auxiliary Services for Public Agencies	495	(1)
Alternative to Public Agency Management	496	(3)
Support Foundations	499	(12)
National Foundations	499	(7)
Local Foundations	506	(5)
Grant-Aiding Foundations	511	(13)
Corporate Foundations	515	(4)
General or Special-Purpose Foundations	519	(2)
Community Foundations	521	(2)
Private Foundations	523	(1)
Summary	524	(1)
References	525	(2)
Index	527	(8)
About the Author	535