The First Amendment

by Stone, Geoffrey R.; Seidman, Louis M.; Sunstein, Cass R.; Tushnet, Mark V.; Karlan, Pamela S.; Stone, Geoffrey R.

• ISBN13: 9780735529298
• ISBN10: 0735529299
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

The First Amendment, Second Edition, puts the power of a fomidable author team at the service of instructors who teach elective courses focusing exclusively on freedoms of speech, expression, and religion. Using cases, excerpted scholarship, and notes, The First Amendment, Second Edition, continues to provide a thorough treatmen of these critical areas in constitutional law. If you are not already using the First Amendment in your course, consider these unique strengths: comprehensive cogent treatment that balances historical, theoretical, and practical approaches authors highly regarded in the field For The passion and erudition of both their teaching and their scholarship developed form the authors' highly successful Constitutional Law, Fourth Edition casebook, The text offers more updated and in-depth coverage of first amendment issues than the parent book numerous well-crafted problems reinforce learning and build practice skills three-quarters of the text is devoted To The topic of free speech, with the remaining quarter dedicated to religion Features of the Second Edition: the entire book includes case and note material on major Supreme Court decisions And The First Amendment implications of September 11 notes have been streamlined to maintain a trim, teachable length major cases include Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, (rights of gays in private organizations), United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, (televising sexual material), Hill v. Colorado, (anti-abortion demonstrations near health facilities), City of Erie v. Pap's A.M. (illustrating prohibitions on public nudity), and zelman v. Simmons-Harris, (constitutionality of school voucher programs)

Author Biography

Geoffrey R. Stone: Harry Kalven, Jr., Distinguished Service Professor of Law University of Chicago Law School Louis M. Seidman: Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center Cass R. Sunstein: Karl N. Llewellyn Distinguished Service Professor of Jurisprudence University of Chicago Law School and Department of Political Science Mark V. Tushnet: Carmack Waterhouse Professor of Constitutional Law Georgetown University Law Center Pamela S. Karlan: Kenneth & Harle Montgomery Professor of Public Interest Law Stanford Law School

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
Acknowledgments	xxiii
Editorial Notice	xxxv
The First Amendment	xxxvii
The Constitution of the United States	xxxix
Biographical Notes	lvii
First Amendment Timeline	lxxiii
Part I Freedom of Expression	1	(520)
The History and Philosophy of Free Expression	3	(16)
Note: The History of Free Expression	3	(6)
Note: The Philosophy of Free Expression	9	(9)
Note: Organization	18	(1)
Content-Based Restrictions: Dangerous Ideas and Information	19	(94)
Expression that Induces Unlawful Conduct	19	(46)
Shaffer v. United States	20	(1)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten	21	(3)
Schenck v. United States	24	(1)
Note: Shaffer, Masses, and Schenck	25	(3)
Frohwerk v. United States	28	(1)
Debs v. United States	29	(1)
Abrams v. United States	30	(3)
Note: Abrams and the Emergence of the Holmes/Brandeis Tradition	33	(2)
Gitlow v. New York	35	(4)
Note: Gitlow and the Question of Deference	39	(2)
Whitney v. California	41	(4)
Note: The Brandeis Concurrence, the Right of Association, and the Road to Dennis	45	(3)
Dennis v. United States	48	(5)
Note: Dennis and the Communist Conspiracy	53	(3)
Note: The Road to Brandenburg	56	(3)
Brandenburg v. Ohio	59	(2)
Note: The Brandenburg Formulation	61	(3)
Note: From Schenck to Brandenburg, and Beyond	64	(1)
Speech that ``Threatens''	65	(7)
Bridges v. California	66	(2)
Note: Contempt by Publication and the Problem of Threats	68	(4)
Expression that Provokes a Hostile Audience Reaction	72	(20)
Terminiello v. Chicago	72	(1)
Cantwell v. Connecticut	73	(2)
Note: Cantwell, the Hostile Audience, and the Subversive Advocacy Analogy	75	(1)
Feiner v. New York	76	(3)
Note: Feiner, Kunz, and the Search for Mechanisms of Control	79	(1)
Note: Revising the Feiner Approach	80	(3)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire	83	(2)
Note: Fighting Words	85	(4)
Note: The Skokie Controversy	89	(3)
Expression that Discloses Confidential Information	92	(21)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia	92	(1)
Note: Landmark and the Problem of Confidentiality	93	(1)
Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart	93	(2)
New York Times Co. v. United States; United States v. Washington Post Co.	95	(8)
Note: Nebraska Press and the Pentagon Papers	103	(3)
Note: The Progressive Controversy	106	(2)
Note: Terrorism and the First Amendment	108	(2)
Note: Dangerous Ideas and Information --- Final Thoughts	110	(3)
Overbreadth, Vagueness, and Prior Restraint	113	(26)
Overbreadth and Vagueness	113	(11)
Gooding v. Wilson	113	(4)
Note: Overbreadth	117	(5)
Note: Vagueness	122	(2)
Prior Restraint	124	(15)
Lovell v. Griffin	125	(1)
Note: Licensing as Prior Restraint	126	(5)
Near v. Minnesota	131	(2)
Note: Injunction as Prior Restraint	133	(6)
Content-Based Restrictions: ``Low'' Value Speech	139	(142)
False Statements of Fact	140	(23)
New York Times v. Sullivan	140	(6)
Note: ``The Central Meaning'' of New York Times v. Sullivan	146	(4)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts; Associated Press v. Walker	150	(1)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.	151	(6)
Note: Public and Private Figures, Public and Private Speech	157	(1)
Dun & Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders	158	(2)
Note: Other False Statements of Fact	160	(1)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell	161	(2)
``Nonnewsworthy'' Disclosures of ``Private'' Information	163	(6)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn	163	(3)
Note: Invasion of Privacy and the First Amendment	166	(3)
Commercial Speech	169	(28)
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council	169	(6)
Note: Virginia Pharmacy and ``The Free Flow of Commercial Information''	175	(3)
Note: Truthful, Nondeceptive Commercial Advertising After Virginia Pharmacy	178	(2)
Central Hudson Gas v. Public Service Commission of New York	180	(1)
Note: Truthful, Nondeceptive Commercial Advertising After Central Hudson	181	(1)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico	182	(2)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island	184	(1)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly	185	(2)
Thompson v. Western States Medical Center	187	(3)
Note: Truthful, Nondeceptive Commercial Advertising After Liquormart, Lorillard, and Thompson	190	(1)
Note: Additional Regulations of Commercial Speech	191	(4)
Note: Labor Disputes and the First Amendment	195	(2)
Obscenity	197	(27)
Roth v. United States; Alberts v. California	198	(1)
Note: Obscenity and Free Expression	199	(4)
Note: Developments in the Law of ``Obscenity'' --- 1957-1973	203	(3)
Miller v. California	206	(3)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton	209	(5)
Note: The 1973 Reformulation and Its Aftermath	214	(4)
New York v. Ferber	218	(3)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition	221	(3)
The Lewd, the Profane, and the Indecent	224	(31)
Cohen v. California	225	(4)
Note: Profanity, Cohen, and the Captive Audience	229	(3)
Erznoznik v. Jacksonville	232	(1)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation	233	(6)
Sable Communications, Inc. v. FCC	239	(1)
Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC	240	(2)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union	242	(1)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.	243	(2)
Note: The Problem of ``Indecent'' Expression	245	(1)
Young v. American Mini-Theatres	246	(5)
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres	251	(1)
City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books	252	(1)
Note: Zoning and Nude Dancing	253	(2)
Hate Speech and Pornography	255	(26)
Beauharnais v. Illinois	255	(3)
Note: Group Defamation and ``Hate Speech''	258	(5)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul	263	(8)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell	271	(1)
Note: R.A.V. and Mitchell	272	(2)
Note: Pornography and the Victimization of Women	274	(6)
Note: ``Low'' Value Speech --- Final Thoughts	280	(1)
Content-Neutral Restrictions: Limitations on the Means of Communication and the Problem of Content-Neutrality	281	(150)
General Principles	281	(14)
Schneider v. State	281	(1)
Martin v. City of Struthers	282	(1)
Kovacs v. Cooper	283	(2)
Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego	285	(1)
City of Ladue v. Gilleo	286	(1)
Bartnicki v. Vopper	287	(2)
Note: The Search for Principles	289	(2)
Note: The Meaning of ``Content-Neutrality''	291	(4)
Speech on Public Property: The Public Forum	295	(11)
The Public Forum: Streets and Parks	295	(1)
Commonwealth v. Davis	295	(1)
Hague v. CIO	296	(1)
Schneider v. State	297	(1)
Note: Regulating the Public Forum	298	(6)
Note: Devices for Regulating the Public Forum	304	(2)
The Public Forum: Other Publicly Owned Property	306	(11)
Adderley v. Florida	306	(2)
Note: ``No Less Than a Private Owner of Property''?	308	(4)
International Society for Krishna Consciousness v. Lee	312	(3)
Note: Modern Public Forum Doctrine	315	(1)
Note: The Right to a ``Private'' Forum	315	(2)
The Public Forum: Unequal Access and the Problem of Content-Neutrality	317	(23)
Police Department of Chicago v. Mosley	318	(2)
Note: Mosley and the ``Equality'' of Ideas	320	(5)
Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights	325	(3)
Note: Lehman and the Limits of Mosley	328	(2)
Perry Educators' Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association	330	(2)
Note: Quintessential, Designated, and Nonpublic Forums	332	(5)
Note: Religious Expression and the Meaning of ``Viewpoint Neutrality''	337	(3)
Unequal Access and the Problem of Government Speech	340	(20)
Southeastern Promotions v. Conrad	341	(1)
Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District v. Pico	342	(3)
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington	345	(1)
Rust v. Sullivan	346	(3)
Note: The Implications of Rust and the Rosenberger Distinction	349	(3)
Legal Services Corporation v. Velazquez	352	(3)
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley	355	(5)
Symbolic Conduct	360	(23)
United States v. O'Brien	361	(5)
Note: Draft Card Burning and the First Amendment	366	(5)
Note: Flag Desecration and Misuse	371	(5)
Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.	376	(3)
City of Erie v. PAP's A.M.	379	(2)
Note: Political Boycotts	381	(1)
Note: Computer Code	382	(1)
Money and Free Expression: Regulation of Solicitation, Contribution, and Expenditure	383	(29)
Village of Schaumburg v. Citizens for a Better Environment	383	(2)
Buckley v. Valeo	385	(9)
Note: Buckley and the Problem of Abridging Speech to ``Enhance'' the Electoral Process	394	(6)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti	400	(2)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce	402	(2)
Note: Additional Regulation of the Electoral Process	404	(6)
Note: The Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002	410	(2)
Other Means of Expression: Litigation, Association, and the Right Not to Speak	412	(19)
Litigation	412	(1)
NAACP v. Button	412	(2)
Note: Litigation and the First Amendment	414	(2)
Association	416	(1)
Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees	416	(1)
Note: Association and the First Amendment	417	(1)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale	418	(3)
Note: The Meaning of Dale	421	(3)
The Right Not to Speak	424	(1)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins	424	(1)
Note: Compelled Affirmation, Expression, and Association: The Right Not to Speak	424	(5)
Note: Content-Neutral Restrictions --- Final Thoughts	429	(2)
Additional Problems	431	(90)
Restricted Environments: The Military, Schools, and Prisons	431	(7)
The Military	431	(1)
Parker v. Levy	431	(2)
Schools	433	(1)
Tinker v. Des Moines School District	433	(4)
Prisons	437	(1)
Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union	437	(1)
Public Employment	438	(23)
Partisan Political Activity	440	(1)
U.S. Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers	440	(2)
Note: Mitchell, Letter Carriers, and Broadrick	442	(1)
Criticizing Government Policy	443	(1)
Pickering v. Board of Education	443	(2)
Note: Pickering and Its Implications	445	(2)
Patronage	447	(1)
Elrod v. Burns	447	(3)
Branti v. Finkel	450	(2)
Subversive Advocacy and Associations	452	(1)
Adler v. Board of Education	452	(1)
Elfbrandt v. Russell	453	(1)
Note: Loyalty Programs and the First Amendment	454	(1)
Confidential Information	455	(1)
Snepp v. United States	455	(4)
Note: Snepp, Public Employment, and the Disclosure of Confidential Information	459	(2)
Compelled Disclosure of Expression, Belief, and Association	461	(12)
General Principles	461	(1)
NAACP v. Alabama	461	(1)
Talley v. California	462	(1)
Mclntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission	463	(1)
Buckley v. Valeo	464	(1)
Public Employees and Licensees	465	(1)
Shelton v. Tucker	465	(2)
Konigsberg v. State Bar	467	(1)
Legislative Investigations	468	(1)
Barenblatt v. United States	469	(2)
Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigating Committee	471	(2)
Freedom of the Press	473	(48)
A ``Preferred'' Status for the Press?	473	(1)
A Right to ``Gather'' News?	474	(1)
Branzburg v. Hayes	474	(5)
Note: A Right to Gather News?	479	(3)
Pell v. Procunier	482	(1)
Houchins v. KQED	483	(2)
Note: A Press Right of Access to Government Information?	485	(2)
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia	487	(4)
Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court	491	(1)
Note: Variations on the Press Right of Access	492	(2)
Differential Treatment of the Press	494	(1)
Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co. v. Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue	495	(2)
Note: Differential Treatment	497	(2)
Regulating the Press to ``Improve'' the Marketplace of Ideas	499	(1)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo	499	(1)
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC	500	(3)
Note: Regulating the Airwaves	503	(6)
Turner Broadcasting System Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission	509	(2)
Note: Turner and the Regulation of Cable	511	(4)
Note: The First Amendment in Cyberspace	515	(4)
Note: Free Expression --- Final Thoughts	519	(2)
Part II The Constitution and Religion	521	(106)
Historical and Analytical Overview	523	(18)
Everson v. Board of Education	523	(2)
The History of the Religion Clauses	525	(7)
General Approaches to the Religion Clauses	532	(4)
Defining Religion	536	(5)
The Establishment Clause	541	(50)
The Anticoercion Principle	541	(12)
Lee v. Weisman	541	(9)
Note: The Noncoercion Principle	550	(3)
The Nonendorsement Principle and De Facto Establishments	553	(13)
Lynch v. Donnelly	553	(7)
Note: The Nonendorsement Principle	560	(6)
Impermissible Purposes: The School Prayer Cases	566	(5)
Note: Problems with a ``Purpose'' Test	566	(5)
Facially Neutral Statutes that Incidentally Aid Religion: Permissible and Impermissible Effects	571	(20)
Note: The Problem and Its Background	571	(2)
Mueller v. Allen	573	(4)
Note: From Aguilar to Mitchell	577	(6)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris	583	(2)
Note: Purpose and Effect in Aid to Nonpublic Education --- Benevolent Neutrality?	585	(3)
Note: Concluding Observations	588	(3)
The Free Exercise Clause: Required Accommodations	591	(20)
From Reynolds to Smith	591	(4)
Braunfeld v. Brown	592	(1)
Sherbert v. Verner	593	(1)
Wisconsin v. Yoder	594	(1)
Problems of Mandatory Accommodation	595	(16)
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith	599	(8)
Note: Should Accommodation Be Required?	607	(4)
Permissible Accommodation	611	(16)
Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos	612	(4)
Texas Monthly v. Bullock	616	(1)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet	617	(2)
Note: When --- If Ever --- Should Accommodations of Religion Be Permitted?	619	(3)
Note: Free Exercise, Free Speech, and the Right of Expressive Association	622	(3)
Note: Concluding Observations	625	(2)
Table of Cases	627	(6)
Table of Authorities	633	(10)
Index	643