First Look at Communication Theory

by Emory A. Griffin; Glen Arthur McClish

• ISBN13: 9780072291537
• ISBN10: 0072291532
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: MCG

Table of Contents

Preface for Instructors	vii
PART ONE OVERVIEW	1	(48)
Introduction	2	(4)
Talk About Theory	6	(14)
Science or Interpretation: Two Views of a Swimming Elephant	6	(4)
Glenn: An Objective Perspective	7	(1)
Marty: An Interpretive Perspective	8	(2)
Ways of Knowing: Discovering the Truth versus Creating Multiple Realities	10	(1)
Human Nature: Determinism versus Free Will	10	(2)
What Do We Value Most? Objectivity versus Emancipation	12	(1)
The Purpose of Theory: Universal Laws versus Rules for Interpretation	13	(1)
Research Methods: Experiments, Surveys, Textual Analysis, Ethnography	14	(3)
Experiments	14	(1)
Surveys	14	(2)
Textual Analysis	16	(1)
Ethnography	17	(1)
Looking Back, Looking Ahead	17	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	18	(1)
A Second Look	18	(2)
Weighing the Words	20	(14)
Ernest Bormann's
A Test Case: Ernest Bormann's Symbolic Convergence Theory	21	(1)
What Makes an Objective Theory Good?	22	(5)
Scientific Standard 1: Explanation of the Data	22	(1)
Scientific Standard 2: Prediction of Future Events	23	(1)
Scientific Standard 3: Relative Simplicity	24	(1)
Scientific Standard 4: Hypotheses That Can Be Tested	25	(1)
Scientific Standard 5: Practical Utility	26	(1)
What Makes an Interpretive Theory Good?	27	(4)
Interpretive Standard 1: New Understanding of People	27	(1)
Interpretive Standard 2: Clarification of Values	28	(1)
Interpretive Standard 3: Aesthetic Appeal	29	(1)
Interpretive Standard 4: A Community of Agreement	29	(1)
Interpretive Standard 5: Reform of Society	30	(1)
Balancing the Scale: Similar Weights and Measures	31	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	32	(1)
A Second Look	32	(2)
Mapping the Territory	34	(15)
(Seven Traditions in the Field of Communication Theory)
The Socio-Psychological Tradition (Communication as Interpersonal Influence)	35	(1)
The Cybernetic Tradition (Communication as Information Processing)	36	(2)
The Rhetorical Tradition (Communication as Artful Public Address)	38	(1)
The Semiotic Tradition (Communication as the Process of Sharing Meaning Through Signs)	39	(2)
The Socio-Cultural Tradition (Communication as the Creation and Enactment of Social Reality)	41	(2)
The Critical Tradition (Communication as a Reflective Challenge of Unjust Discourse)	43	(2)
The Phenomenological Tradition (Communication as the Experience of Self and Others Through Dialogue)	45	(1)
Fencing the Field of Communication Theory	46	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	47	(1)
A Second Look	48	(1)
PART TWO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION	49	(1)
Interpersonal Messages	50	(53)
Symbolic Interactionism	53	(11)
George Herbert Mead
Meaning: The Construction of Social Reality	54	(1)
Language: The Source of Meaning	55	(1)
Thought: Taking the Role of the Other	56	(1)
The Self: Reflections in a Looking Glass	57	(1)
Community: The Socializing Effect of Others' Expectations	58	(2)
A Symbolic Sampler of Applied Interactionism	60	(1)
Critique: A Theory Too Grand?	61	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	62	(1)
A Second Look	63	(1)
Coordinated Management of Meaning	64	(14)
W. Barnett Pearce
Vernon Cronen
The Social Constructionist Ideal: Cosmopolitan Communicators Who Are Curious Participants in a Pluralistic World	64	(2)
Persons-in-Conversation---Creating Bonds of Union	66	(2)
Stories Told, Stories Lived, Stories Not Yet Told	68	(6)
Coherence---A Unified Context for Stories Told	69	(2)
Coordination---The Meshing of Stories Lived	71	(1)
Mystery---A Sense of Wonder for Stories Not Yet Told	72	(2)
The Practice of Cosmopolitan Communication: Coordination Without Coherence	74	(1)
Critique: What Do They Think They Are Doing?	75	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	76	(1)
A Second Look	76	(2)
Expectancy Violations Theory	78	(12)
Judee Burgoon
Personal Space Expectations: Conform or Deviate?	79	(3)
An Applied Test of the Original Model	81	(1)
A Convoluted Model Becomes an Elegant Theory	82	(1)
Core Concepts of EVT	83	(4)
Expectancy	84	(1)
Violation Valence	85	(1)
Communicator Reward Valence	86	(1)
Critique: Work in Progress	87	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	88	(1)
A Second Look	89	(1)
Interpersonal Deception Theory	90	(13)
David Buller
Judee Burgoon
An Emergent Theory of Thoughtful Interaction	92	(2)
Strategic Information Management: The Language and Look of Liars	94	(2)
Leakage---The Truth Will Come Out (Maybe)	96	(1)
Respondents' Dilemma: Truth Bias or Suspicion?	97	(1)
Putting Doubts to Rest: Deceiver Adjustment to Respondent Suspicion	98	(1)
Critique: Why Is a Scientific Theory of Deceptive Communication So Complicated?	99	(2)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	101	(1)
A Second Look	101	(2)
Ethical Reflections	103	(4)
Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative	103	(1)
Augustine's Divine Will	104	(1)
Sissela Bok's Principle of Veracity	105	(2)
Cognitive Processing	107	(15)
Constructivism	110	(12)
Jesse Delia
Role Category Questionnaire	110	(1)
Personal Constructs as Evidence of Cognitive Complexity	111	(1)
The Three Faces of Cognitive Complexity: Differentiation, Abstraction, and Integration	111	(1)
Sophisticated Communication: Person-Centered Messages...and More	112	(2)
Message Design Logic---The Missing Link Between Complexity and Sophisticated Communication	114	(2)
Expressive Design Logic	114	(1)
Conventional Design Logic	115	(1)
Rhetorical Design Logic	115	(1)
Beneficial Effects of Sophisticated Communication	116	(2)
Socializing a New Generation of Sophisticated Speakers	118	(1)
Critique: Second Thoughts About Cognitive Complexity	119	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	120	(1)
A Second Look	120	(2)
Relationship Development	122	(25)
Social Penetration Theory	126	(10)
Irwin Altman
Dalmas Taylor
Personality Structure: A Multilayered Onion	127	(1)
Closeness Through Self-Disclosure	127	(1)
The Depth and Breadth of Self-Disclosure	128	(2)
Regulating Closeness on the Basis of Rewards and Costs	130	(3)
Outcome: Rewards Minus Costs	131	(1)
Satisfaction---Comparison Level (CL)	132	(1)
Stability---Comparison Level of Alternatives (CLalt)	132	(1)
Critique: Pulling Back from Social Penetration	133	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	134	(1)
A Second Look	135	(1)
Uncertainty Reduction Theory	136	(11)
Charles Berger
Uncertainty Reduction: To Predict and Explain	137	(1)
An Axiomatic Theory: Certainty about Uncertainty	137	(3)
Theorems: The Logical Force of Uncertainty Axioms	140	(1)
Strategies to Cope with Certain Uncertainty	141	(3)
Critique: Nagging Doubts about Uncertainty	144	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	145	(1)
A Second Look	146	(1)
Relationship Maintenance	147	(29)
The Interactional View	151	(12)
Paul Watzlawick
The Family as a System	152	(1)
Axioms of Interpersonal Communications	153	(4)
One Cannot Not Communicate	153	(1)
Communication = Content + Relationship	154	(1)
The Nature of a Relationship Depends on How Both Parties Punctuate the Communication Sequence	155	(1)
All Communication Is Either Symmetrical or Complementary	156	(1)
Trapped in a System with No Place to Go	157	(1)
Reframing: Changing the Game by Changing the Rules	158	(2)
Critique: Adjustments Needed within the System	160	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	161	(1)
A Second Look	162	(1)
Relational Dialectics	163	(13)
Leslie Baxter
Barbara Montgomery
The Push-Me-Pull-You Dialectics of Close Relationships	164	(1)
Three Relational Dialectics: Connectedness-Separateness, Certainty-Uncertainty, Openness-Closedness	165	(4)
Connectedness and Separateness	166	(2)
Certainty and Uncertainty	168	(1)
Openness and Closedness	168	(1)
Parallel Dialectics between Couple and Community: Inclusion-Seclusion, Conventionality-Uniqueness, Revelation-Concealment	169	(2)
Inclusion and Seclusion	169	(1)
Conventionality and Uniqueness	170	(1)
Revelation and Concealment	170	(1)
Dealing with Dialectical Tension: Competence in the Face of Contradiction	171	(2)
Critique: What Do We Do With a Relational Mess?	173	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	174	(1)
A Second Look	174	(2)
Influence	176	(26)
Social Judgment Theory	179	(11)
Muzafer Sherif
Attitudes as Latitudes: Acceptance, Rejection, and Noncommitment	180	(1)
Ego-Involvement---The Certainty of Those Who Care	181	(2)
Judging the Message: Contrast and Assimilation Errors	183	(1)
Discrepancy and Attitude Change	184	(1)
Practical Advice for the Persuader	185	(1)
Evidence That Argues for Acceptance	186	(1)
Critique: How Wide Is Your Theoretical Latitude of Acceptance?	187	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	188	(1)
A Second Look	188	(2)
Elaboration Likelihood Model	190	(12)
Richard Petty
John Cacioppo
The Central Route vs. the Peripheral Route: Alternative Paths to Persuasion	190	(2)
Motivation for Elaboration: Is It Worth the Effort?	192	(1)
Ability for Elaboration: Can They Do It?	193	(1)
Type of Elaboration: Objective vs. Biased Thinking	194	(1)
Elaborated Arguments: Strong, Weak, and Neutral	194	(1)
Peripheral Cues: An Alternative Route of Influence	195	(2)
Pushing the Limits of Peripheral Power	197	(1)
Choosing a Route: Practical Advice for the Persuader	198	(1)
Critique: Elaborating the Model	199	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	200	(1)
A Second Look	200	(2)
Ethical Reflections	202	(5)
Martin Buber's Dialogic Ethics	202	(1)
Thomas Nilsen's Significant Choice	203	(4)
PART THREE GROUP AND PUBLIC COMMUNICATION	207	(1)
Group Decision Making	208	(27)
Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making	211	(12)
Randy Hirokawa
Dennis Gouran
Four Functions for Effective Decision Making	212	(4)
Analysis of the Problem	212	(1)
Goal Setting	213	(1)
Identification of Alternatives	213	(2)
Evaluation of Positive and Negative Characteristics	215	(1)
Prioritizing the Functions	216	(1)
The Role of Communication in Fulfilling the Functions	217	(1)
Test Tube Groups in the Laboratory	218	(1)
Practical Advice for Amateurs and Professionals	219	(1)
Critique: Is Rationality Overrated?	220	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	221	(1)
A Second Look	222	(1)
Adaptive Structuration Theory	223	(12)
Marshall Scott Poole
Phasing Out the Phase Model	223	(1)
Structuration: Production and Reproduction Through Use of Rules and Resources	224	(2)
Opportunity for Participant Observation	226	(1)
Critical Interactions: Decisions with an Eye Toward Morality, Communication, and Power	226	(2)
The Use and Abuse of Rules and Resources	228	(1)
Production and Reproduction---The Reason for Group Change and/or Stability	229	(2)
How Should We Then Live...in a Group?	231	(1)
Critique: Tied to Giddens---For Better or Worse	232	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	233	(1)
A Second Look	233	(2)
Organizational Communication	235	(37)
Information Systems Approach to Organizations	237	(11)
Karl Weick
The Goal of Organizing: Making Sense Out of Equivocal Information	238	(1)
The University as a Loosely Coupled System	239	(2)
The University as a System Open to the Environment	241	(1)
The Three-Stage Process of Social-Cultural Evolution	242	(4)
Enactment: Don't Just Sit There; Do Something	242	(1)
Selection: Retrospective Sensemaking	243	(2)
Retention: Treat Memory as a Pest	245	(1)
Critique: The Pluses and Minuses of Metaphor	246	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	247	(1)
A Second Look	247	(1)
Cultural Approach to Organizations	248	(11)
Clifford Geertz
Michael Pacanowsky
Culture as a Metaphor of Organizational Life	248	(1)
What Culture Is; What Culture Is Not	249	(1)
Thick Description---What Ethnographers Do	250	(1)
Metaphors: Taking Language Seriously	251	(1)
The Symbolic Interpretation of Story	252	(1)
Stories at Dixie	252	(1)
Fiction as a Form of Scholarly Discourse	253	(1)
Ritual: This Is the Way It's Always Been, and Always Will Be	254	(2)
The Manager as Change Agent	256	(1)
Critique: Is the Cultural Approach Useful?	257	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	257	(1)
A Second Look	258	(1)
Critical Theory of Communication Approach to Organizations	259	(13)
Stanley Deetz
Corporate Colonization of Everyday Life	260	(1)
Information versus Communication: A Difference That Makes A Difference	261	(2)
Strategy---Overt Managerial Moves to Extend Control	263	(1)
Consent---Covert Control without Objection	264	(2)
Involvement---Free Expression of Ideas	266	(1)
Participation---Stakeholder Democracy in Action	266	(2)
Saturn Corporation---A Model of Stakeholder Participation	268	(1)
Critique: Is Workplace Democracy Just a Dream?	269	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	270	(1)
A Second Look	270	(2)
Public Rhetoric	272	(33)
The Rhetoric	275	(10)
Aristotle
Rhetoric: Making Persuasion Probable	276	(1)
Rhetorical Proof: Logos, Ethos, Pathos	276	(5)
Case Study: ``I Have a Dream''	277	(1)
Logical Proof: Lines of Argument That Make Sense	277	(2)
Ethical Proof: Perceived Source Credibility	279	(1)
Emotional Proof: Striking a Responsive Chord	280	(1)
The Five Canons of Rhetoric	281	(2)
Critique: Standing the Test of Time	283	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	283	(1)
A Second Look	284	(1)
Dramatism	285	(10)
Kenneth Burke
Identification: Without It, There Is No Persuasion	286	(1)
The Dramatistic Pentad	287	(1)
Guilt-Redemption Cycle: The Root of All Rhetoric	288	(3)
Redemption Through Victimage	289	(2)
A Rhetorical Critique Using Dramatistic Insight	291	(1)
Malcolm X, ``The Ballot or the Bullet''	291	(1)
Critique: Evaluating the Critic's Analysis	292	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	293	(1)
A Second Look	294	(1)
Narrative Paradigm	295	(10)
Walter Fisher
Telling a Compelling Story	296	(1)
Narration and Paradigm: Defining the Terms	297	(1)
Paradigm Shift: From Rational-World Paradigm to Narrative Paradigm	298	(1)
Narrative Rationality: Coherence and Fidelity	299	(3)
Narrative Coherence: Does the Story Hang Together?	300	(1)
Narrative Fidelity: Does the Story Ring True?	300	(2)
Critique: Does Fisher's Story Have Coherence and Fidelity?	302	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	303	(1)
A Second Look	303	(2)
Ethical Reflections	305	(4)
Aristotle's Golden Mean	305	(1)
Cornel West's Prophetic Pragmatism	306	(3)
PART FOUR MASS COMMUNICATION	309	(1)
Media and Culture	310	(38)
Technological Determinism	313	(13)
Marshall McLuhan
Communication Inventions: The Balance Points of History	314	(1)
We Shape Our Tools and They in Turn Shape Us	315	(1)
The Medium Is the Message	316	(1)
Parsing the Past: A Media Analysis of History	317	(2)
The Tribal Age: An Acoustic Place in History	317	(1)
The Age of Literacy: A Visual Point of View	317	(1)
The Print Age: Prototype of the Industrial Revolution	318	(1)
The Electronic Age: The Rise of the Global Village	318	(1)
Television Is a Cool Medium	319	(1)
Living on the Edge of an Era: Some Examples	320	(1)
Politics	320	(1)
Education	320	(1)
Sex and Drugs	321	(1)
The Dawn of a New Era?	321	(1)
Critique: How Could He Be Right? But What if He Is?	322	(2)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	324	(1)
A Second Look	324	(2)
Semiotics	326	(11)
Roland Barthes
Wrestling with Signs	327	(2)
A Sign Is the Combination of Its Signifier and Signified	327	(1)
A Sign Does Not Stand on Its Own: It Is Part of a System	328	(1)
The Yellow Ribbon Transformation: From Forgiveness of Stigma to Pride in Victory	329	(1)
The Making of Myth: Stripping the Sign of History	330	(2)
Unmasking the Myth of a Homogeneous Society	332	(1)
The Semiotics of Mass Communication: ``I'd Like to Be Like Mike''	333	(1)
Critique: Do Mythic Signs Always Reaffirm the Status Quo?	334	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	335	(1)
A Second Look	336	(1)
Cultural Studies	337	(11)
Stuart Hall
The Media Are Ideological	338	(1)
Early Cultural Critics	339	(2)
Making Meaning	341	(1)
Corporate Control of Mass Communication	341	(1)
The Media Role in the Gulf War	342	(2)
The Obstinate Audience	344	(1)
Critique: How Do We Know He's Right?	345	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	346	(1)
A Second Look	346	(2)
Media Effects	348	(38)
Cultivation Theory	350	(10)
George Gerbner
An Index of Violence	351	(1)
Equal Violence, Unequal Risk	352	(1)
Establishing a Viewer Profile	353	(1)
Plowing the Mind: Deep Furrows vs. Once Over Lightly	354	(1)
Mainstreaming	354	(1)
Resonance	355	(1)
Critique: The Link between TV Exposure and Worldview---Significant, Small, Crucial	356	(2)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	358	(1)
A Second Look	358	(2)
Agenda-Setting Theory	360	(13)
Maxwell McCombs
Donald Shaw
The Original Agenda: Not What to Think, But What to Think About	360	(1)
A Theory Whose Time Had Come	361	(1)
Media Agenda and Public Agenda: A Close Match	362	(1)
What Causes What?	363	(1)
Who Are the People Most Affected by the Media Agenda?	364	(1)
Which Issues Are Boosted by Media Attention?	365	(1)
Framing: Transferring the Salience of Attributes	366	(1)
A Revised Headline: Not Just What to Think About, but How to Think about It	367	(1)
Who Sets the Agenda for the Agenda Setters?	368	(1)
Critique: Are the Effects Too Limited, the Scope Too Wide?	369	(2)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	371	(1)
A Second Look	371	(2)
The Media Equation	373	(13)
Byron Reeves
Clifford Nass
The Media Equation: Media = Real Life	373	(2)
Beyond Intuition That Protests: ``Not Me, I Know a Picture Is Not a Person''	375	(1)
Old Brains, New Technologies	375	(1)
Proving the Equation	376	(6)
Interpersonal Distance	377	(1)
Similarity and Attraction	378	(2)
Source Credibility	380	(2)
Adding Up the Evidence	382	(1)
Critique: An Intriguing One-Way Relationship	382	(2)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	384	(1)
A Second Look	384	(2)
Ethical Reflections	386	(3)
Jurgen Habermas' Discourse Ethics	386	(1)
Clifford Christians' Communitarian Ethics	387	(2)
PART FIVE CULTURAL CONTEXT	389	(1)
Intercultural Communication	390	(42)
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory	393	(13)
William Gudykunst
Enter the Stranger	393	(1)
Effective Communication: The Result of Mindfulness	394	(2)
Anxiety and Uncertainty: Twin Offspring of Cultural Variability	396	(2)
Managing Anxiety and Uncertainty When Cultures Clash	398	(4)
Motivation Factors	399	(1)
Knowledge Factors	399	(2)
Skill Factors	401	(1)
Critique: Overwhelmed by Intergroup Variables	402	(2)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	404	(1)
A Second Look	404	(2)
Face-Negotiation Theory	406	(14)
Stella Ting-Toomey
Collectivism vs. Individualism	408	(2)
The Multiple Faces of Face	410	(1)
Face: Linking Culture and Conflict Management	411	(2)
Back to the Drawing Board: Adding Styles and Power	413	(3)
New Conflict Styles	413	(2)
Power Distance	415	(1)
Application: Competent Intercultural Facework	416	(1)
Critique: Confounded by Individual Differences	417	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	418	(1)
A Second Look	419	(1)
Speech Codes Theory (The Ethnography of Communication)	420	(12)
Gerry Philipsen
The Distinctiveness of Speech Codes	422	(1)
The Substance of Speech Codes	422	(3)
Meanings of Speaking	425	(1)
The Site of Speech Codes	426	(1)
The Discursive Force of Speech Codes	427	(1)
Performance Ethnography	428	(1)
Critique: Different Speech Codes in Communication Theory	429	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	430	(1)
A Second Look	430	(2)
Gender and Communication	432	(39)
Genderlect Styles	435	(12)
Deborah Tannen
When Harry Met Sally: The Clash of Two Cultures	436	(2)
Feminine Focus on Connection vs. Masculine Focus on Status	438	(1)
Rapport Talk vs. Report Talk	438	(4)
Public Speaking vs. Private Speaking	439	(1)
Telling a Story	439	(1)
Listening	440	(1)
Asking Questions	440	(1)
Conflict	441	(1)
``Now You're Beginning to Understand''	442	(1)
Critique: Is Tannen Soft on Research and Men?	443	(2)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	445	(1)
A Second Look	445	(2)
Standpoint Theory	447	(12)
Sandra Harding
Julia T. Wood
A Feminist Standpoint Grounded in Philosophy and Literature	448	(2)
Women as a Marginalized Group	450	(2)
Knowledge from Nowhere vs. Situated Science	452	(1)
Strong Objectivity: Less Partial Views from the Standpoint of Women	453	(2)
Theory to Practice: Communication Research from the Standpoint of Women	455	(1)
Critique: Discovering Standpoint(s) on the Edge	456	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	457	(1)
A Second Look	458	(1)
Muted Group Theory	459	(12)
Cheris Kramarae
Muted Groups: Black Holes in Someone Else's Universe	460	(1)
The Masculine Power to Name Experience	461	(1)
Men as the Gatekeepers of Communication	462	(1)
Women's Truth into Men's Talk: The Problem of Translation	463	(2)
Speaking Out in Private: Networking with Women	465	(1)
Speaking Out in Public: A Feminist Dictionary	466	(1)
Sexual Harassment: Coining a Term to Label Experience	466	(2)
Critique: Is a Good Man Hard to Find (and Change)?	468	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	469	(1)
A Second Look	470	(1)
Ethical Reflections	471	(4)
Carol Gilligan's Different Voice	471	(1)
Seyla Benhabib's Interactive Universalism	472	(3)
PART SIX INTEGRATION	475	(1)
Communication Theory	476	(16)
Order Out of Chaos	481	(11)
Plotting Theories on an Objective-Interpretive Scale	482	(2)
``On the One Hand ... on the Other''	484	(1)
Four Options for Objective and Interpretive Scholars: Reject, Respect, Cooperate, Merge	485	(4)
Rejection of Inferior Scholarship	485	(1)
Respect and Celebration of Differences	486	(1)
Cooperation with Needed Colleagues	487	(1)
Legitimizing the Child of a Shotgun Marriage	488	(1)
A Final Note	489	(1)
Questions to Sharpen Your Focus	490	(1)
A Second Look	490	(2)
Appendix A: Glossary	492	(10)
Appendix B: Abstracts of Theories	502	(6)
Appendix C: Academic Journals That Focus on Communication Theory	508	(1)
Appendix D: Feature Films That Illustrate Communication Theory	509	(2)
Endnotes	511	(20)
Credits and Acknowledgments	531	(2)
Index	533