Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology

by Moyle, Peter B.; Cech, Joseph J., Jr.

• ISBN13: 9780131008472
• ISBN10: 0131008471
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-30
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book provides a comprehensive and current source of information on fishesincluding systematics, zoogeography, behavior, and conservation of fishesthat is often needed by professionals as background for writing accurate reports.This book covers the structure and physiology, evolution and taxonomy, zoogeography, and ecology and conservation of fishes.For fisheries biologists, conservation biologists, and aquatic ecologists that need an up-to-date reference on Ichthyology.

Author Biography

Laurence A. Moran
After earning his PhD from Princeton University in 1974, Professor Moran spent four years at the Université dè Geneve in Switzerland. He has been a member of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto since 1978, specializing in molecular biology and molecular evolution. His research findings on heat-shock genes have been published in many scholarly journals.

H. Robert Horton
Dr. Horton, who received his PhD from the University of Missouri in 1962, is William Neal Reynolds Professor Emeritus and Alumni Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biochemistry at North Carolina State University, where he served on the faculty for over 30 years. Most of Professor Horton's research was in protein and enzyme mechanisms.

K. Gray Scrimgeour
Professor Scrimgeour received his doctorate from the University of Washington in 1961 and has been a faculty member at the University of Toronto since 1967. He is the author of The Chemistry and Control of Enzymatic Reactions (1977, Academic Press), and his work on enzymatic systems has been published in more than 50 professional journal articles during the past 40 years. From 1984-1992, he was editor of the journal Biochemistry and Cell Biology.

Marc D. Perry
After earning his PhD from the University of Toronto in 1988, Dr. Perry trained at the University of Colorado, where he studied sex determination in the nematode C. elegans. In 1994 he returned to the University of Toronto as a faculty member in the department of Molecular and Medical Genetics. His research has focused on developmental genetics, meiosis and bioinformatics. In 2004 he joined the Heart & Stroke / Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research in the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
PART I: INTRODUCTION	1	(10)
Introduction	1	(10)
Modern Fishes	1	(4)
History of Ichthyology	5	(4)
Fish Classification	9	(1)
Introductory Lessons	10
Box 1.1 Pursuing Ichthyological Knowledge	8	(2)
Supplemental Readings	10	(1)
Web Connections	10	(1)
PART II: STRUCTURE AND FORM	11	(198)
Form and Movement	11	(26)
External Anatomy	11	(1)
Body Shape	11	(4)
Scales	15	(2)
Fins	17	(2)
Other Structures	19	(1)
Skeletal System	20	(3)
Muscular System	23	(3)
Locomotion	26	(5)
Energetics of Swimming	31	(3)
Lessons from Form and Movement	34
Box 2.1 Hormones ``Remodel'' Salmon Swimming Muscle	25	(9)
Box 2.2 Exercise Is Good for Fish Too!	34	(1)
Supplemental Readings	35	(1)
Web Connections	35	(2)
Respiration	37	(14)
Gills	39	(5)
Air-Breathing Fishes	44	(2)
Fish Oxygen Requirements	46	(3)
Lessons from Respiration	49
Box 3.1 Living Without Oxygen	46	(3)
Supplemental Readings	49	(1)
Web Connections	49	(2)
Blood and Its Circulation	51	(26)
Blood	51	(1)
Erythrocytes	52	(2)
Leukocytes	54	(3)
Hemoglobin	57	(8)
Circulation	65	(1)
Heart Structure	65	(3)
Myocardial Electrical Activity	68	(1)
Cardiac Flow	69	(3)
Cardiovascular Control	72	(2)
Secondary Circulation	74	(1)
Lessons from Blood and Circulation	75
Box 4.1 What Are the Cardiac Performance Limits of Fishes?	71	(4)
Supplemental Readings	75	(1)
Web Connections	75	(2)
Buoyancy and Thermal Regulation	77	(12)
Buoyancy	77	(6)
Thermal Regulation	83	(4)
Lessons from Buoyancy and Thermal Regulation	87
Box 5.1 How Do Fish Inflate Their Swimbladder for the First Time?	79	(8)
Supplemental Readings	87	(1)
Web Connections	87	(2)
Hydromineral Balance	89	(22)
Osmoregulation	89	(3)
Ionic Regulation	92	(7)
Stress Responses and Effects	99	(5)
Freezing Resistance	104	(2)
Acid-Base Balance	106	(3)
Lessons from Hydromineral Balance	109
Box 6.1 Fish in ``Hot Water'': Warm Temperature-Related Losses of Smolt Characteristics	98	(3)
Box 6.2 Responses to Heat Shock (and Other) Stresses: Expression of Molecular Chaperones	101	(1)
Box 6.3 Stressful Rides: Fish Responses to Transport and Handling	102	(7)
Supplemental Readings	109	(1)
Web Connections	109	(2)
Feeding, Nutrition, Digestion, and Excretion	111	(16)
Feeding	111	(6)
Nutrition	117	(5)
Digestion and Absorption	122	(2)
Excretion	124	(1)
Lessons from Feeding, Nutrition, Digestion, and Excretion	125
Box 7.1 Brain Peptides Help Regulate Appetite in Fishes	114	(1)
Box 7.2 Fish Use Polarized Light to Locate Prey	114	(5)
Box 7.3 Adrenaline Regulates Fish Blood Sugar	119	(7)
Supplemental Readings	126	(1)
Web Connections	126	(1)
Growth	127	(14)
Factors Affecting Growth	127	(6)
Growth Regulation	133	(1)
Growth Rate Measurements and Models	134	(5)
Lessons from Growth	139
Box 8.1 Ear Stone Analyses Reveal Life History	138	(1)
Supplemental Readings	139	(1)
Web Connections	139	(2)
Reproduction	141	(26)
Reproductive Anatomy	141	(2)
Breeding Behavior	143	(5)
Development	148	(3)
Physiological Adaptations	151	(3)
Bioenergetics	154	(6)
Mating Systems	160	(1)
Alternative Reproductive Strategies	161	(3)
Sex Change in Fish	164	(1)
Lessons from Fish Reproduction	165
Box 9.1 High and ``Dry'': Beach Spawning in the Grunion	145	(8)
Box 9.2 Feminization of Male Fish by Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals	153	(7)
Box 9.3 American Shad: Why Some Die, and Why Some Do Not	160	(3)
Box 9.4 The Mystery of An All-Male ``Species''	163	(2)
Supplemental Readings	165	(1)
Web Connections	165	(2)
Sensory Perception	167	(20)
Chemoreception	167	(1)
Olfaction	167	(2)
Taste	169	(1)
Acousticolateralis System	170	(1)
Hearing	171	(2)
Equilibrium and Balance	173	(2)
Lateral Line	175	(2)
Electroreception/Magnetoreception	177	(3)
Vision/Photoreception	180	(5)
Lessons from Sensory Perception	185
Box 10.1 Finding the Way Back Using Familiar Odors	169	(10)
Box 10.2 Do Large Brains Make Smarter Fish?	179	(6)
Supplemental Readings	185	(1)
Web Connections	185	(2)
Behavior and Communication	187	(22)
Migratory Behavior	187	(5)
Shoaling Behavior	192	(4)
Feeding Behavior	196	(1)
Aggressive Behavior	197	(1)
Communication	198	(8)
Lessons from Fish Behavior and Communication	206
Box 11.1 The Complex Movements of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna	190	(8)
Box 11.2 Do Fish Sleep?	198	(9)
Supplemental Readings	207	(1)
Web Connections	207	(2)
PART III: THE FISHES	209	(204)
Systematics, Genetics, and Speciation	209	(12)
Taxonomic Methods	210	(3)
Genetic Variability	213	(1)
Speciation	214	(3)
Hybridization	217	(1)
Nomenclature	218	(2)
Lessons from Fish Systematics, Genetics, and Speciation	220
Box 12.1 The Nature of Species: Arctic Charr	216	(3)
Box 12.2 The Complex History of Rainbow Trout	219	(1)
Supplemental Readings	220	(1)
Web Connections	220	(1)
Evolution	221	(24)
The Earliest Vertebrates	221	(3)
Ostracoderms	224	(1)
Placoderms	225	(1)
Chondrichthyes	226	(3)
Acanthodii	229	(1)
Osteichthyes	230	(1)
Sarcopterygii	231	(4)
Actinopterygii	235	(3)
Structural Changes in Actinopterygians	238	(2)
Evolutionary Trends Within the Teleosts	240	(2)
Lessons from Fish Evolution	242
Box 13.1 The Origin of Jaws	227	(5)
Box 13.2 Picturing Ancient Fishes	232	(11)
Supplemental Readings	243	(1)
Web Connections	243	(2)
Hagfishes and Lampreys	245	(10)
Hagfishes	245	(3)
Lampreys	248	(4)
Lessons from Hagfishes and Lampreys	252
Box 14.1 Hagfish Leather	248	(4)
Box 14.2 The Great Sea Lamprey Invasion	252	(1)
Supplemental Readings	253	(1)
Web Connections	253	(2)
Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras	255	(20)
Characteristics	257	(1)
Adaptations	258	(4)
Reproduction	262	(3)
Diversity	265	(1)
Elasmobranchii	265	(7)
Holocephali	272	(1)
Lessons from the Chondrichthyes	272
Box 15.1 What Is the Hammer Head for?	261	(7)
Box 15.2 World's Largest Fish	268	(1)
Box 15.3 The Cookie-Cutter Shark, Ambush Predator	269	(4)
Supplemental Readings	273	(1)
Web Connections	273	(2)
Relict Bony Fishes	275	(10)
Sarcopterygii	276	(1)
Dipnomorpha (Dipnoi)	276	(1)
Actinistia: Coelacanths	277	(2)
Actinopterygii	279	(1)
Polypteriformes	279	(1)
Acipenseriformes	280	(2)
Lepisosteiformes	282	(1)
Amiiformes	283	(1)
Lessons from Relict Bony Fishes	284
Box 16.1 The Second Coelacanth	278	(6)
Supplemental Readings	284	(1)
Web Connections	284	(1)
Bonytongues, Eels, and Herrings	285	(14)
Teleostei	285	(1)
Osteoglossomorpha	286	(4)
Elopomorpha	290	(1)
Elopiformes	290	(1)
Albuliformes	291	(1)
Anguilliformes	292	(2)
Saccopharyngiformes	294	(1)
Clupeomorpha	295	(3)
Lessons from Bonytongues, Eels, and Herrings	298
Box 17.1 Are All Anguillid Eels Catadromous?	293	(3)
Box 17.2 Freshwater Herrings	296	(2)
Supplemental Readings	298	(1)
Web Connections	298	(1)
Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes	299	(20)
Gonorynchiformes	300	(2)
Otophysi	302	(1)
Cypriniformes	303	(4)
Characiformes	307	(1)
Siluriformes	308	(7)
Gymnotiformes	315	(1)
Lessons from Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes	316
Box 18.1 Common Carp: Super Fish	306	(7)
Box 18.2 The Remarkable Pangasiid Catfishes of the Mekong River	313	(3)
Box 18.3 Electric Eels: Shocking Predators	316	(1)
Supplemental Readings	317	(1)
Web Connections	317	(2)
Smelt, Salmon, and Pike	319	(12)
Argentiniformes	320	(1)
Salmoniformes	321	(1)
Osmeroidei	321	(3)
Salmonoidei	324	(4)
Esociformes	328	(1)
Lessons from Smelt, Salmon, and Pike	329
Box 19.1 Galaxiids: Small Fish in Remote Places	323	(3)
Box 19.2 Special Names for Special Fishes	326	(3)
Supplemental Readings	329	(1)
Web Connections	329	(2)
Anglerfish, Barracudinas, Cods, and Dragonfishes	331	(18)
Stenopterygii	332	(3)
Cyclosquamata	335	(2)
Scopelomorpha	337	(1)
Lampridiomorpha	338	(1)
Polymixiomorpha	338	(1)
Paracanthopterygii	339	(1)
Percopsiformes	340	(1)
Ophidiiformes	340	(2)
Gadiformes	342	(2)
Batrachoidiformes	344	(1)
Lophiiformes	345	(1)
Lessons from Odds and Cods	345
Box 20.1 Fish as Parasites: The Pearlfishes	342	(5)
Supplemental Readings	347	(1)
Web Connections	347	(2)
Mullets, Silversides, Flying Fish, and Killifish	349	(12)
Mugilomorpha	350	(1)
Atherinomorpha	351	(1)
Atheriniformes	351	(2)
Beloniformes	353	(2)
Cyprinodontiformes	355	(4)
Lessons from the Atherinomorpha	359
Box 21.1 Do Flying Fishes Really Fly?	355	(2)
Box 21.2 Devils Hole: Smallest Range of Any Species	357	(3)
Supplemental Readings	360	(1)
Web Connections	360	(1)
Opahs, Squirrelfish, Dories, Pipefish, and Sculpins	361	(16)
Percomorpha	362	(2)
Stephanoberyciformes and Beryciformes	364	(1)
Zeiformes	365	(1)
Gasterosteiformes	365	(4)
Synbranchiformes	369	(2)
Dactylopteriformes	371	(1)
Scorpaeniformes	371	(4)
Lessons from Percomorphs	375
Box 22.1 Pregnant Males	369	(3)
Box 22.2 World's Longest-Lived Fish?	372	(4)
Supplemental Readings	376	(1)
Web Connections	376	(1)
Perciformes: Snooks to Snakeheads	377	(28)
Percoidei	379	(5)
Elassomatoidei	384	(2)
Labroidei	386	(3)
Zoarcoidei	389	(1)
Notothenioidei	390	(1)
Trachinoidei	391	(1)
Blennioidei	391	(2)
Icosteoidei	393	(1)
Gobiesocoidei	393	(1)
Callionymoidei	393	(1)
Gobioidei	394	(2)
Kurtoidei	396	(1)
Acanthuroidei	396	(1)
Scombroidei	396	(4)
Stromateoidei	400	(1)
Anabantoidei	401	(1)
Channoidei	402	(1)
More Lessons from the Percomorpha	402
Box 23.1 Nature's Grand Experiment in Evolution	386	(3)
Box 23.2 Color and Sex Change in Parrotfishes and Wrasses	389	(6)
Box 28.3 World's Smallest Fishes	395	(8)
Supplemental Readings	403	(1)
Web Connections	403	(2)
Flounders, Puffers, and Molas	405	(8)
Pleuronectiformes	405	(4)
Tetraodontiformes	409	(2)
Lessons from Flatfish and Puffers	411
Box 24.1 Floundering for Names	408	(2)
Box 24.2 Fugu Fame	410	(2)
Supplemental Readings	412	(1)
Web Connections	412	(1)
PART IV: ZOOGEOGRAPHY	413	(42)
Zoogeography of Freshwater Fishes	413	(24)
Zoogeographic Types	413	(2)
Zoogeographic Regions	415	(1)
African Region	416	(2)
Neotropical Region	418	(2)
Oriental Region	420	(2)
Palaearctic Region	422	(1)
North American Region	422	(9)
Australian Region	431	(1)
Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Freshwater Fishes	432	(2)
Pleistocene Glaciation	434	(1)
Lessons from Freshwater Zoogeography	435
Box 25.1 Madagascar: A Refuge for Relict Fishes	417	(6)
Box 25.2 Lake Baikal: Center of Speciation	423	(3)
Box 25.3 Mississippi River as a Refuge for Fishes	426	(10)
Supplemental Readings	436	(1)
Web Connections	436	(1)
Zoogeography of Marine Fishes	437	(18)
Continental Shelves	438	(1)
Tropical Regions	438	(4)
North Temperate Regions	442	(4)
Arctic Region	446	(1)
South Temperate Regions	446	(2)
Antarctic Region	448	(1)
Pelagic Regions	448	(2)
Deepsea Regions	450	(1)
Antitropical Distribution Patterns	451	(1)
Lessons from Marine Zoogeography	452
Box 26.1 The Suez Canal: An Experiment in Zoogeography	440	(2)
Box 26.2 St. Helena: Evidence of Long-Distance Dispersal in Fishes?	442	(11)
Supplemental Readings	453	(1)
Web Connections	453	(2)
PART V: ECOLOGY	455	(182)
Introduction to Ecology	455	(14)
Filters	455	(3)
Predation	458	(2)
Competition	460	(3)
Symbiosis	463	(2)
Parasites and Pathogens	465	(2)
Lessons from Fish Ecology	467
Box 27.1 Cannibalism: A Special Kind of Predation	458	(4)
Box 27.2 Intraspecific Competition: An Important Regulatory Mechanism in Fishes	462	(6)
Supplemental Readings	468	(1)
Web Connections	468	(1)
Temperate Streams	469	(16)
Physical Factors	469	(4)
Chemical Factors	473	(1)
Biological Factors	473	(5)
Zoogeographic Factors	478	(1)
Zonation	479	(2)
Fish Assemblages	481	(1)
The Role of Fish in Stream Ecosystems	482	(1)
Lessons from Stream Fishes	483
Box 28.1 The Stoneroller: Mover and Shaker in Streams of the Eastern United States	474	(9)
Box 28.2 Shigeru Nakano's Legacy of Stream Studies	483	(1)
Supplemental Readings	484	(1)
Web Connections	484	(1)
Temperate Lakes and Reservoirs	485	(18)
Physical Factors	485	(3)
Chemical Factors	488	(2)
Temporal Factors	490	(2)
Biological Factors	492	(4)
Zoogeographic Factors	496	(1)
Fish Zones	496	(2)
Reservoirs	498	(3)
Lessons from Lake Fishes	501
Box 29.1 Fish Integrate Benthic and Pelagic Foodwebs in Lakes	493	(2)
Box 29.2 Lake Ecosystem Changes Lead to Road-Killed Bald Eagles	495	(6)
Supplemental Readings	501	(1)
Web Connections	502	(1)
Tropical Freshwater Lakes and Streams	503	(18)
Physical Factors	504	(2)
Chemical Factors	506	(1)
Biological Factors	507	(3)
Fish Communities	510	(6)
Fish as Major Players in Tropical Ecosystems	516	(1)
Speciation in African Cichlids	517	(3)
Lessons from Tropical Fishes	520
Box 30.1 Symbiotic Interactions Among Fishes in African Lakes	510	(10)
Supplemental Readings	520	(1)
Web Connections	520	(1)
Estuaries	521	(12)
Characteristics of Estuaries	521	(1)
Estuarine Fishes	522	(2)
Factors That Affect Distribution	524	(4)
Food Webs	528	(1)
Fish Communities	529	(1)
Lessons from Estuarine Fishes	530
Box 31.1 Life on the Edge: Fish in a Newfoundland Estuary	527	(2)
Box 31.2 Long-Term Changes in a Portuguese Estuary	529	(2)
Supplemental Readings	531	(1)
Web Connections	531	(2)
Coastal Habitats	533	(22)
Rocky Intertidal Areas	533	(3)
Exposed Beaches	536	(1)
Mudflats	537	(1)
Salt Marshes	538	(2)
Mangrove Swamps	540	(1)
Sea Grass Flats	541	(1)
Kelp Beds	542	(2)
Near-Shore Rocky Bottoms	544	(2)
Near-Shore Soft Bottoms	546	(5)
Hypersaline Lagoons and Salt Ponds	551	(1)
Lessons from Coastal Fishes	552
Box 32.1 How Offshore Fisheries Affect Kelp Bed Fishes	545	(8)
Supplemental Readings	553	(1)
Web Connections	553	(2)
Tropical Reefs	555	(16)
The Reef Environment	556	(1)
Types of Reef Fishes	557	(4)
Species Interactions	561	(3)
Activity Patterns	564	(1)
Reproduction	565	(1)
Early Life History	566	(1)
Community Structure	567	(2)
Lessons from Tropical Reef Fishes	569
Box 33.1 Peaceful Coexistence Among Anemonefishes	563	(4)
Box 33.2 Stay-at-Home Cleaner Gobies	567	(3)
Supplemental Readings	570	(1)
Web Connections	570	(1)
Epipelagic Zone	571	(14)
Adaptations for Pelagic Life	571	(1)
Ecological Types	572	(1)
Physical Factors	573	(3)
Chemical Factors	576	(1)
Biological Factors	576	(2)
Migrations and Movements	578	(1)
Pacific Sardine	579	(3)
Lessons from Epipelagic Fishes	582
Box 34.1 Ocean Conditions and the Decline of Wild Atlantic Salmon	573	(2)
Box 34.2 Tuna FADs	575	(8)
Supplemental Readings	583	(1)
Web Connections	583	(2)
Deep Sea Habitats	585	(12)
Diversity	585	(1)
Adaptations	586	(3)
Reproductive Strategies	589	(1)
Ecology	590	(5)
Lessons from Deep Sea Fishes	595
Box 35.1 Lilliputian Fishes of the Southern Atlantic	592	(1)
Box 35.2 How Do Anglerfishes Coexist?	593	(3)
Supplemental Readings	596	(1)
Web Connections	596	(1)
Polar Regions	597	(10)
Arctic Fishes	597	(2)
Antarctic Fishes	599	(1)
Adaptations	599	(2)
Factors Affecting Distribution	601	(1)
Fish Communities	602	(2)
Evolution of a Species Flock	604	(1)
Lessons from Polar Fishes	605
Box 36.1 Contaminants in an Arctic Shark	598	(5)
Box 36.2 Learning About the Behavior of Fish Under Ice	603	(3)
Supplemental Readings	606	(1)
Web Connections	606	(1)
Conservation	607	(30)
Status of Fish Faunas	607	(4)
Causes of Declines in Fish Diversity and Abundance	611	(7)
Aquaculture	618	(1)
Fisheries Management	619	(2)
Reserves	621	(1)
Economic Values of Fish	622	(4)
Non-Economic Values of Fish	626	(2)
Fish Conservation in the Real World	628	(6)
Conclusions	634	(1)
The Final Lesson	635
Box 37.1 Biotic Homogenization: A World Trend	614	(3)
Box 37.2 Loss of Fish Diversity Causes Loss of Mussel Diversity	617	(8)
Box 37.3 Fish in the Bank	625	(11)
Supplemental Readings	636	(1)
Web Connections	636	(1)
Bibliography	637	(74)
Index	711

Excerpts

Ichthyology has traditionally emphasized the systematics, anatomy, and distribution of fishes. In the past, most prominent names associated with the field made their major contributions in these areas. Today, however, people who study fish have more far-reaching interests. They study fish to find ways to improve fisheries or aquaculture, to determine the effects of human activities on aquatic environments, and to test ideas in rapidly developing fields, such as ecology, physiology, behavior, and evolution. Growing numbers of sophisticated amateur ichthyologists desire to increase their understanding of fish they keep in aquaria or of those they pursue with hook and line. Regardless of why fish are studied, those studying them still need the basic vocabulary and understanding of fish biology that traditional areas of emphasis provide and that are found in this book, integrated with recent developments in other areas. Our goal is to provide some feeling for the excitement engendered by recent research on fishes. We also want to promote a sense of urgency for the need to protect fishes and aquatic ecosystems. It is critical that a high diversity of fishes continue to be around to fascinate future generations. In large part, this book is designed to serve as a text in classes on fish biology. The large number of chapters and the cross-references within chapters provide instructors of such courses with flexibility when assigning readings in the text. The students we had in mind while writing were junior- and senior-level university students. Our goal, however, is also to provide a useful and palatable summary of recent developments in ichthyology for individuals who have been away from the college classroom for some time and for anyone else who wants an introduction to the most numerous, diverse, and fascinating of all vertebrate groups. This book would not have been possible without the encouragement and help of many people. Initial stimulation and support in fish biology was provided by John B. Moyle, Evelyn W. Moyle, and James C. Underhill (to PB.M.) and by Donald E. Wohlschlag (to J.J.C.). Gary D. Grossman, Donald M. Baltz, and Robert A. Daniels were especially helpful in developing the first versions of many chapters. Numerous graduate and undergraduate students contributed valuable comments on various chapters and/or helped to keep our research programs going while we devoted time to writing. We benefited from discussions with Jeff Graham, Fred White, Tony Farrell, Alan Heath, Carl Schreck, Monica Choi, Stephanie Chun, Hiram Li, Ken Gobalet, Dave Randall, Mikko Nikinmaa, George V Lauder, Laurie Sanderson, Chris Myrick, Cincin Young, Tina Swanson, Carlos Crocker, Shana Katzman, Ann Houck, Ryan Mayfield, Marianne Brick, Keith Marine, Michael Karogosian, Peter Wainwright, and Serge Doroshov. The expert editorial assistance of Chris Myrick and Julie Roessig was especially appreciated during preparation of the fourth and fifth editions, respectively. Ms. Roessig also contributed several original figures to the fifth edition. Trilia Chen also contributed an original figure and editorial assistance to the fifth edition. The reviews of selected chapters in previous editions by Eugene Balon, Michael Bell, David Ehrenfeld, Dale Lott, John Radovich, Arnold Sillman, Randolph Smith, and Paul Webb are appreciated, as are comments by Brooks Burr, Barbara Block, Alfred Ebeling, Kurt Fausch, Malcolm Gordon, Bruce Herbold, Mark Hixon, Paul James, Douglas Markle, John McEachran, Lawrence Page, Theodore Pietsch, Howard Reisman, Frank J. Schwartz, Jerry J. Smith, Timothy Tricas, Linda A. Ward, and Ronald M. Yoshiyama. Theodore Pietsch, Joseph Eastman, Leonard J. Compagno, and Tim M. Berra kindly shared with us their photographs and illustrations of curious fishes. Marjorie Kirkman-Iverson and the staff of our department assisted us in many ways--but especially by keeping the departmental office running efficiently, making it much easier to accomplish our regular duties while the book was in progress. Finally, we are exceedingly grateful to our wives, Marilyn Moyle and Mary Cech, for permitting our marriages to survive and even grow stronger during the many hours over the years we have worked on fish, and to our now-grown children, Petrea and Noah Moyle and Scott and Gregor Cech, for continuing to accept us despite our sometimes obsessive interest in fish. The following reviewers were generous in providing comments and criticism of various editions of the book: Gary J. Atchison, Iowa State University; Dan Beckman, Southwest Missouri State University; Giacomo Bernardi, University of California, Santa Cruz; William Falls, Hillsborough Community College; Ronald A. Fritzsche, Humboldt State University; Kurt D. Fausch, Colorado State University; Malcolm S. Gordon, University of California, Los Angeles; Paul Grecay, Salisbury University; David W Greenfield, University of Hawaii, Honolulu; Ralph J. Larson, San Francisco State University; Douglas E. Markle, Oregon State University; Andrew Martin, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; John D. McEachran, Texas A & M University; Karina Mrakovcich, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Jay Nelson, Towson University; Douglas B. Noltie, University of Missouri, Columbia; Steven M. Norris, Miami University of Ohio; J. Michael Parrish, Northern Illinois University; Anne Phelps, Morehead State University; Theodore W. Pietsch, University of Washington; Howard M. Reisman, Southampton College; Charles G. Scalet, South Dakota State University; Andrew L. Sheldon, University of Montana; Jerry J Smith, San Jose State University; Ronald L. Smith, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; and Timothy C. Tricas, Florida Institute of Technology.