Fluid Power with Applications

by Esposito, Anthony

• ISBN13: 9780130608994
• ISBN10: 0130608998
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover w/CD
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Places emphasis on understanding how fluid power systems operate and on their practical applications. A basic background in the field of fluid power is provided, allowing students to understand the design, analysis, operation, and maintenance of fluid power systems.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Fluid Power	1	(20)
Learning Objectives	1	(1)
What Is Fluid Power?	1	(2)
History of Fluid Power	3	(3)
Advantages of Fluid Power	6	(4)
Applications of Fluid Power	10	(4)
Components of a Fluid Power System	14	(3)
The Fluid Power Industry	17	(4)
Exercises	18	(3)
Physical Properties of Hydraulic Fluids	21	(36)
Learning Objectives	21	(1)
Introduction	21	(2)
Fluids: Liquids and Gases	23	(2)
Specific Weight, Density, and Specific Gravity	25	(5)
Force, Pressure, and Head	30	(7)
The SI Metric System	37	(3)
Bulk Modulus	40	(1)
Viscosity	41	(7)
Viscosity Index	48	(3)
Illustrative Examples Using the SI Metric System	51	(1)
Key Equations	52	(5)
Exercises	53	(4)
Energy and Power in Hydraulic Systems	57	(54)
Learning Objectives	57	(1)
Introduction	57	(2)
Review of Mechanics	59	(6)
Multiplication of Force (Pascal's Law)	65	(4)
Applications of Pascal's Law	69	(7)
Conservation of Energy	76	(1)
The Continuity Equation	77	(2)
Hydraulic Power	79	(5)
Bernoulli's Equation	84	(7)
Torricelli's Theorem	91	(2)
The Siphon	93	(1)
Energy, Power, and Flow Rate in the SI Metric System	94	(2)
Illustrative Examples Using the SI Metric System	96	(3)
Key Equations	99	(12)
Exercises	102	(9)
Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipelines	111	(30)
Learning Objectives	111	(1)
Introduction	111	(2)
Laminar and Turbulent Flow	113	(1)
Reynolds Number	114	(3)
Darcy's Equation	117	(1)
Frictional Losses in Laminar Flow	117	(1)
Frictional Losses in Turbulent Flow	118	(4)
Losses in Valves and Fittings	122	(5)
Equivalent-Length Technique	127	(1)
Hydraulic Circuit Analysis	128	(3)
Circuit Analysis Using the SI Metric System	131	(3)
Key Equations	134	(7)
Exercises	135	(6)
Hydraulic Pumps	141	(54)
Learning Objectives	141	(1)
Introduction	142	(2)
Pumping Theory	144	(1)
Pump Classification	145	(3)
Gear Pumps	148	(8)
Vane Pumps	156	(6)
Piston Pumps	162	(9)
Pump Performance	171	(7)
Pump Noise	178	(6)
Pump Selection	184	(1)
Pump Performance Ratings in Metric Units	185	(3)
Key Equations	188	(7)
Exercises	190	(5)
Hydraulic Cylinders and Cushioning Devices	195	(32)
Learning Objectives	195	(1)
Introduction	195	(2)
Hydraulic Cylinder Operating Features	197	(2)
Cylinder Mountings and Mechanical Linkages	199	(2)
Cylinder Force, Velocity, and Power	201	(3)
Cylinder Loads Due to Moving of Weights	204	(3)
Special Cylinder Designs	207	(1)
Cylinder Loadings through Mechanical Linkages	207	(6)
Hydraulic Cylinder Cushions	213	(3)
Hydraulic Shock Absorbers	216	(4)
Key Equations	220	(7)
Exercises	222	(5)
Hydraulic Motors	227	(33)
Learning Objectives	227	(1)
Introduction	227	(3)
Limited Rotation Hydraulic Motors	230	(2)
Gear Motors	232	(3)
Vane Motors	235	(3)
Piston Motors	238	(2)
Hydraulic Motor Theoretical Torque, Power, and Flow-Rate	240	(4)
Hydraulic Motor Performance	244	(4)
Hydrostatic Transmissions	248	(3)
Hydraulic Motor Performance in Metric Units	251	(2)
Key Equations	253	(7)
Exercises	255	(5)
Hydraulic Valves	260	(48)
Learning Objectives	260	(1)
Introduction	261	(1)
Directional Control Valves	262	(13)
Pressure Control Valves	275	(9)
Flow Control Valves	284	(8)
Servo Valves	292	(3)
Proportional Control Valves	295	(1)
Cartridge Valves	296	(7)
Hydraulic Fuses	303	(1)
Key Equations	304	(4)
Exercises	304	(4)
Hydraulic Circuit Design and Analysis	308	(41)
Learning Objectives	308	(1)
Introduction	308	(1)
Control of a Single-Acting Hydraulic Cylinder	309	(1)
Control of a Double-Acting Hydraulic Cylinder	310	(2)
Regenerative Cylinder Circuit	312	(4)
Pump-Unloading Circuit	316	(1)
Double-Pump Hydraulic System	317	(3)
Counterbalance Valve Application	320	(1)
Hydraulic Cylinder Sequencing Circuits	321	(1)
Automatic Cylinder Reciprocating System	322	(1)
Locked Cylinder Using Pilot Check Valves	322	(1)
Cylinder Synchronizing Circuits	323	(2)
Fail-Safe Circuits	325	(3)
Speed Control of a Hydraulic Cylinder	328	(4)
Speed Control of a Hydraulic Motor	332	(1)
Hydraulic Motor Braking System	332	(1)
Hydrostatic Transmission System	333	(2)
Air-Over-Oil Circuit	335	(1)
Analysis of Hydraulic System with Frictional Losses Considered	335	(4)
Mechanical-Hydraulic Servo System	339	(1)
Key Equations	340	(9)
Exercises	340	(9)
Hydraulic Conductors and Fittings	349	(28)
Learning Objectives	349	(1)
Introduction	349	(1)
Conductor Sizing for Flow Rate Requirements	350	(2)
Pressure Rating of Conductors	352	(4)
Steel Pipes	356	(4)
Steel Tubing	360	(5)
Plastic Tubing	365	(1)
Flexible Hoses	365	(6)
Quick Disconnect Couplings	371	(1)
Metric Steel Tubing	371	(3)
Key Equations	374	(3)
Exercises	374	(3)
Ancillary Hydraulic Devices	377	(43)
Learning Objectives	377	(1)
Introduction	377	(1)
Reservoirs	378	(3)
Accumulators	381	(11)
Pressure Intensifiers	392	(3)
Sealing Devices	395	(11)
Heat Exchangers	406	(4)
Pressure Gages	410	(2)
FlowMeters	412	(4)
Key Equations	416	(4)
Exercises	416	(4)
Maintenance of Hydraulic Systems	420	(30)
Learning Objectives	420	(1)
Introduction	421	(2)
Oxidation and Corrosion of Hydraulic Fluids	423	(1)
Fire-Resistant Fluids	424	(2)
Foam-Resistant Fluids	426	(1)
Fluid Lubricating Ability	426	(1)
Fluid Neutralization Number	427	(1)
Petroleum-Base Versus Fire-Resistant Fluids	427	(1)
Maintaining and Disposing of Fluids	428	(1)
Filters and Strainers	429	(5)
Beta Ratio of Filters	434	(2)
Fluid Cleanliness Levels	436	(2)
Wear of Moving Parts Due to Solid-Particle Contamination of the Fluid	438	(1)
Problems Caused by Gases in Hydraulic Fluids	439	(3)
Troubleshooting Hydraulic Systems	442	(4)
Safety Considerations	446	(1)
Environmental Issues	446	(1)
Key Equations	447	(3)
Exercises	448	(2)
Pneumatics: Air Preparation and Components	450	(54)
Learning Objectives	450	(1)
Introduction	451	(1)
Properties of Air	452	(2)
The Perfect Gas Laws	454	(6)
Compressors	460	(9)
Fluid Conditioners	469	(8)
Analysis of Moisture Removal from Air	477	(3)
Air Flow Rate Control with Orifices	480	(2)
Air Control Valves	482	(8)
Pneumatic Actuators	490	(8)
Key Equations	498	(6)
Exercises	499	(5)
Pneumatics: Circuits and Applications	504	(31)
Learning Objectives	504	(1)
Introduction	504	(3)
Pneumatic Circuit Design Considerations	507	(1)
Air Pressure Losses in Pipelines	508	(2)
Economic Cost of Energy Losses in Pneumatic Systems	510	(2)
Basic Pneumatic Circuits	512	(6)
Pneumatic Vacuum Systems	518	(4)
Sizing of Gas-Loaded Accumulators	522	(3)
Pneumatic Circuit Analysis Using Metric Units	525	(3)
Key Equations	528	(7)
Exercises	528	(7)
Basic Electrical Controls for Fluid Power Circuits	535	(20)
Learning Objectives	535	(1)
Introduction	535	(4)
Electrical Components	539	(3)
Control of a Cylinder Using a Single Limit Switch	542	(1)
Reciprocation of a Cylinder Using Pressure or Limit Switches	543	(1)
Dual-Cylinder Sequence Circuits	544	(1)
Box-Sorting System	545	(3)
Electrical Control of Regenerative Circuit	548	(1)
Counting, Timing, and Reciprocation of Hydraulic Cylinder	549	(6)
Exercises	551	(4)
Fluid Logic Control Systems	555	(25)
Learning Objectives	555	(1)
Introduction	555	(2)
Moving-Part Logic (MPL) Control Systems	557	(4)
MPL Control of Fluid Power Circuits	561	(4)
Introduction to Boolean Algebra	565	(6)
Illustrative Examples Using Boolean Algebra	571	(5)
Key Equations	576	(4)
Exercises	576	(4)
Advanced Electrical Controls for Fluid Power Systems	580	(67)
Learning Objectives	580	(1)
Introduction	580	(5)
Components of an Electrohydraulic Servo System	585	(3)
Analysis of Electrohydraulic Servo Systems	588	(8)
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)	596	(10)
Key Equations	606	(5)
Exercises	607	(4)
APPENDIXES
A Sizes of Steel Pipe (English Units)	611	(2)
B Sizes of Steel Pipe (Metric Units)	613	(2)
C Sizes of Steel Tubing (English Units)	615	(2)
D Sizes of Steel Tubing (Metric Units)	617	(1)
E Unit Conversion Factors	618	(2)
F Nomenclature	620	(3)
G Fluid Power Symbols	623	(3)
H Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Exercises	626	(5)
I Derivation of Key Equations	631	(5)
J Computer Analysis of Fluid Power Systems	636	(8)
K Exercises for Computer Solutions	644	(3)
Index	647

Excerpts

INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of the sixth edition ofFluid Power with Applicationsremains the same as that of the previous editions: to provide the student with in-depth explanation of the vast field of fluid power. As such, this book covers all subjects essential to understanding the design, analysis, operation, maintenance, and application of fluid power systems. It is written for associate and bachelor's degree candidates studying technology at community colleges, technical colleges, and four-year colleges and universities. In keeping with the previous editions, theory is presented where necessary, but the emphasis is on understanding how fluid power systems operate and on practical applications. The student then learns not only the "why" but also the "how" of fluid power systems operation. NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION Based on input from users of the fifth edition and from my colleagues, the following changes have been incorporated into this book. Material on ancillary hydraulic devices (such as reservoirs, accumulators, pressure intensifiers, seals, heat exchangers, pressure gauges, and flowmeters) has been removed from various chapters and combined into a new Chapter 11. As a result the chapters dealing with major components, such as pumps, cylinders, motors, and valves, are more coherent and focused, resulting in enhanced read ability and understanding. Many of the example problems and end-of-chapter exercises have been changed to better reflect current industrial applications. The example problems and exercises encompass a wide range of subject matter and levels of difficulty to allow students to progress in an orderly manner. Section 8.6 has been added to include coverage on proportional control valves.. It has become increasingly more important to discuss the operation and application of these solenoid-operated valves because they provide precise, dependable, variable speed control of cylinders and motors in open-loop fluid power systems. A number of photographs and illustrations have been updated to reflect current fluid power technology. These include programmable logic controllers, microprocessors, and electrohydraulic servo systems. Section 12.11, on fluid cleanliness levels, has been added. The basis for controlling particle contamination of hydraulic fluid is to measure they fluid's cleanliness level. It is important to present this subject, because manufacturers of hydraulic equipment specify the fluid cleanliness levels required for providing the; expected life of their components. Derivations of key equations have been removed from various chapters and combined into a new Appendix I. This change allows students to better concentrate on applications without undue emphasis on mathematical analysis. This is especially valuable in early chapters where understanding the operation off fluid power components can be more difficult because of the simultaneous inclusion of mathematical theory. Appendix I should be used by instructors who want to pay more attention to teaching students how equations are derived.. A new Section 13.6 includes material on the analysis of moisture removal from air. Moisture in the air delivered by a compressor washes away lubricants, causing excessive wear in components such as cylinders, valves, and motors that contain moving parts. Moisture also causes metallic surfaces to rust, thus damaging plumbing components such as conductors and fittings. It is therefore; important to know how to determine and reduce the rate at which moisture enters a pneumatic system. Material on hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors (previously covered in a single chapter) has been rewritten and placed into two separate chapters for better clarity and focus. Chapter 6 is devoted to hydraulic cylinders, and Chapter7 concentrates on hydraulic motors. This change allows readers to obtain a better understanding