Fluoroelastomers Handbook

by Drobny; Moore

• ISBN13: 9780815515173
• ISBN10: 0815515170
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-31
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Fluoroelastomers Handbook: The Definitive User's Guide and Databook is a comprehensive reference on fluoroelastomer chemistry, processing technology, and applications. This is a must-have reference for materials scientists and engineers in the automotive, aerospace, chemical, chemical process, and power generation industries. Fluoroelastomers meet rigorous performance requirements in harsh environments, enhancing reliability, safety, and environmental friendliness. Fluoroelastomers are growing as products of choice for critical components such as O-rings, hoses, and seals in hostile fluid and temperature conditions. The first part of this book is an overview of fluorocarbon elastomers, including descriptions of the nature of fluoroelastomers, properties of various compositions, developmental history, and major uses. The second part provides more details of fluoroelastomer technology, including monomer properties and synthesis, polymerization and production processes, cure systems, and processing methods. The third and last part covers fluid resistance of various fluoroelastomer families, major applications of fluoroelastomers, and safety and disposal.

Table of Contents

Series Editor's Preface	ix
Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
Part I Fluoroelastomers Overview
Fundamentals	3	(22)
Introduction	3	(1)
Scope: Fluorocarbon Elastomers	4	(1)
Nature of Fluoroelastomers	5	(1)
Fundamental Properties	6	(1)
VDF Copolymers	6	(1)
TFE/Olefin Copolymers	6	(1)
Perfluoroelastomers	6	(1)
Other Compositions	6	(1)
Developmental History: Compositions, Cure Technology	7	(2)
Major Uses of Fluoroelastomers	9	(2)
Producers of Fluoroelastomers	11	(2)
References	12	(1)
Fluoroelastomer Composition and Properties
Major Families of Fluorocarbon Elastomers	13	(2)
VDF/HFP/(TFE) Elastomers	15	(2)
VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers	17	(1)
TFE/PMVE Perfluoroelastomers	17	(2)
TFE/P Elastomers	19	(1)
E/TFE/PMVE Elastomers	20	(5)
References	22	(3)
Part II Fluoroelastomers Technology
Fluoroelastomer Monomers	25	(12)
Introduction	25	(1)
Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF)	25	(1)
VDF Properties	25	(1)
VDF Synthesis	26	(1)
Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)	26	(3)
TFE Properties	27	(1)
TFE Synthesis	27	(2)
Hexafluoropropylene (HFP)	29	(2)
HFP Properties	29	(1)
HFP Synthesis	29	(2)
Perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) (PMVE)	31	(1)
PMVE Properties	31	(1)
PMVE Synthesis	31	(1)
Olefins: Ethylene and Propylene	32	(1)
Cure-site Monomers	32	(1)
Types of Cure-site Monomers	32	(1)
Halogenated Vinyl Monomers	32	(1)
Functional Vinyl Ethers	33	(1)
Safety Aspects of Monomer Handling	33	(4)
Toxicity Considerations	33	(1)
Flammability	34	(1)
Explosivity	34	(1)
References	35	(2)
Production of Fluoroelastomers	37	(40)
Introduction	37	(1)
General Process Description	37	(1)
Free Radical Copolymerization	38	(3)
General Reaction Scheme	38	(1)
Copolymer Composition Relationships	39	(1)
Monomer Reactivity Ratios	40	(1)
Emulsion Polymerization	41	(18)
Emulsion Polymerization Kinetics	42	(7)
Continuous Emulsion Polymerization	49	(4)
Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization	53	(6)
Suspension Polymerization	59	(6)
Polymer Compositions	61	(1)
Polymerization Mechanism and Kinetics	61	(2)
Reactor Design and Operation	63	(1)
Polymerization Control	63	(2)
Process Conditions and Polymer Characteristics	65	(6)
Molecular Weight Distribution	65	(3)
End Groups	68	(1)
Composition and Monomer Sequence Distributions	68	(3)
Monomer Recovery	71	(1)
Isolation	71	(2)
Process Safety	73	(1)
Commercial Process Descriptions	74	(3)
References	75	(2)
Cure Systems for Fluoroelastomers	77	(26)
Introduction	77	(1)
VDF/HFP/(TFE) Copolymers: Diamine, Bisphenol, Peroxide	77	(12)
Diamine Cure	77	(1)
Bisphenol Cure	78	(5)
Peroxide Cure	83	(6)
VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers: Peroxide (Bisphenol)	89	(4)
Perfluoroelastomers---Various Systems	93	(2)
TFE/Propylene Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol	95	(4)
Ethylene/TFE/PMVE Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol	99	(4)
References	101	(2)
Processing of Fluoroelastomers	103	(22)
Introduction	103	(1)
Mixing	103	(3)
Compounding Ingredients	103	(1)
Mill Mixing	103	(2)
Internal Mixers	105	(1)
Extrusion	106	(4)
Molding	110	(7)
General Considerations	110	(1)
Compression Molding	111	(1)
Transfer Molding	112	(1)
Injection Molding	113	(4)
Calendering	117	(2)
Other Processing Methods	119	(6)
Latex	119	(1)
Thermoplastic Elastomers	119	(3)
References	122	(3)
Part III Environmental Resistance and Applications of Fluoroelastomers
Fluid Resistance of VDF-Containing Fluoroelastomers	125	(70)
Introduction	125	(1)
Fluid Resistance Data	125	(1)
Discussion of Results	125	(1)
Fluid Service Recommendations	126	(69)
References	193	(2)
Fluid and Heat Resistance of Perfluoroelastomers	195	(32)
Introduction	195	(1)
Fluid Resistance Data	195	(1)
Heat Resistance Data	195	(1)
Resistance to Special Environments	196	(1)
Major Applications	196	(31)
References	226	(1)
Fluid Resistance of TFE-Olefin Fluoroelastomers	227	(14)
Introduction	227	(1)
Fluid Resistance of TFE/Propylene Elastomers	227	(9)
TFE/P Dipolymer	227	(6)
TFE/P/VDF Terpolymers	233	(1)
TFE/P/TFP Terpolymers	234	(2)
Service Recommendations	236	(1)
Fluid Resistance of Ethylene/TFE/PMVE Elastomer	236	(5)
Fluid Resistance Data	237	(1)
Resistance to Oil Field Environments	237	(1)
Cure System Effects	237	(1)
Service Recommendations	237	(2)
References	239	(2)
Fluoroelastomer Applications	241	(2)
Introduction	241	(1)
Major End Uses	241	(1)
Fabrication Methods	241	(2)
Compounds for O-Rings and Molded Goods	243	(36)
O-Rings	243	(10)
Specifications	243	(1)
Compression Set Measurement	243	(2)
VDF/HFP Dipolymer Compounds	245	(8)
VDF/HFP/TFE Compounds	253	(6)
VDF/PMVE/TFE Compounds	259	(1)
Seal Design Considerations	260	(1)
Additional Fluoroelastomer Molding Compounds	260	(19)
References	277	(2)
Compounds for Auto Fuel Systems	279	(12)
Introduction	279	(1)
Fuel Line Veneer	280	(7)
Fuel Tank Components	287	(1)
Fuel Injector Seals	288	(1)
Development Trends	289	(2)
References	290	(1)
Compounds for Auto Power Train Service	291	(8)
Introduction	291	(1)
Oil Seal Requirements	291	(3)
Compounds for Oil Seals	294	(2)
FKM Elastomers	294	(1)
FEPM Elastomers	295	(1)
Compounds for Transmission Seals	296	(3)
References	298	(1)
Compounds for Power Plant Service	299	(4)
Introduction	299	(1)
Flue Duct Expansion Joints	299	(1)
High-Fluorine Terpolymers	299	(4)
References	302	(1)
Other Fluoroelastomer Applications and Processing	303	(4)
Introduction	303	(1)
Latex and Coatings	303	(1)
Thermoplastic Processing	303	(1)
Fluoroelastomer Caulks	304	(1)
Processing Aids for Hydrocarbon Plastics	304	(3)
References	305	(2)
Fluoroelastomer Safety and Disposal	307	(4)
Introduction	307	(1)
Safety in Production	307	(1)
Safety in Applications	308	(1)
Disposal	308	(3)
References	309	(2)
Appendix: PDL Ratings	311	(2)
Glossary	313	(34)
Trademarks	347	(2)
Index	349