Force and Statecraft Diplomatic Problems of Our Time

by Craig, Gordon A.; George, Alexander L.

• ISBN13: 9780195057300
• ISBN10: 0195057309
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1990-02-08
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

A leading historian of international affairs and a distinguished political scientist bring the rich experience of the past to bear upon the perplexities that confront today's statesman. They survey the evolution of the international system from the emergence of the modern state in the seventeenth century to the present, paying particular attention to the nineteenth century's balance-of-power system, principles of which still determine many of the usages of modern diplomacy. The author show, however, that this classical system has been profoundly altered by a twentieth-century diplomatic revolution: a complex of political, economic, military, and ideological factors that has destroyed the homogeneity of the international community and confronted diplomats with new problems and the need to find new expedients to deal with them. The effects of this revolution on the abortive experiment in system-making between the two world wars are described in detail, and the authors show how the modalities of the Cold War and the principles of the Nixon-Kissinger détente strategy were attempts to overcome them. The revised Second Edition includes an entirely new chapter on U.S.-Soviet cooperation and expanded coverage of the Reagan years, as well as a new analysis of the current international system.

Table of Contents

Introduction

The Emergence of Diplomacy and the Great Powers

The Early Techniques, Instruments, and Ideas of Diplomacy

States and Raison d'etat in the Seventeenth Century

War and Ceompetition in the Eighteenth Century

The Classical System of Diplomacy, 1815-1914

Building a System with a Balance of Power and a Concert

Change and an Experiment with a Defensive Alliance System

Further Change and an Experiment with Bipolar Alignment

Characteristics of the System

The Diplomatic Revolution Begins, 1919-1939

Attempts at Peacemaking and System Building

Public Opinion and Foreign Policy

Economics and Foreign Policy

Totalitarian and Democratic Diplomacy and the Contrast of Norms

A Postwar System of Security: Great Power Directorate or United Nations?

Plans for a Postwar System of Security

Force and Statecraft as Envisioned by the United Nations Charter

Changing World Conditions and Readjustments

The Cold War

The Origins and Escalation of the Cold War

Seeking Restraints Through Deterrence, Diplomacy, and Detente

Persistent Problems and the Final Demise of the Cold War

The Evolving International System

""A World in a Rapid State of Transition""

Challenges to Nation-States and National Sovereighnty

Terrorists and the ""War Against Terrorism""

Partners or Rivals?

Lessons of History and Knowledge for Statecraft

Classical Writers on the Importance of Historical Lessons

The Historical Habit of Mind

The Challenges of Learning and Applying Lessons of History

Structured, Focused Comparisons

Negotiation

Principles of Negotiation

The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1972-1975

Negotiations Over Nuclear Weapons in North Korea, N993-2005

Analysis

Deterrence

Principles of Deterrence

Collective Security for the Post-1815 Settlement

British and French Attempts to Deter Hitler's Attack on Poland, 1939

Contemporary American Deterrence Over Taiwan

Analysis

Coercive Diplomacy

Principles of Coercive Diplomacy

American ""Gunboat Diplomacy,"" 1852-1941

U.S. Policy Toward Japan, 1938-1941

The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

Analysis

Crisis Management

Principles of Crisis Management

Bismarck as an ""Honest Broker"" in the Crisis of 1878

The ""Guns of August,"" 1914

Managing the 1973 Arab-Israeli War

Analysis

Ethics and Other Restraints on Force and Statecraft

Practical, Structural, and Political Restraints

Ethics and International Politics

Ethical Restraints for Foreign Policy

Ethical Restraints for Armed Force

Epilogue: Some Reflections on History, Theory, the Diplomatic Revolution, and Challenges Ahead

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