Forensic and Environmental Detection of Explosives

by Yinon, Jehuda

• ISBN13: 9780471983712
• ISBN10: 0471983713
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-09
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Forensic and Environmental Detection of Explosives is the first comprehensive book on the detection of explosives. It combines the two main fields of application: * Forensic detection of explosives - the detection of hidden explosives in airfreight, luggage, vehicles, and on suspects. * Environmental detection of explosives - detecting on-site explosives in soil and water of contaminated areas and the detection of landmines. Dr Jehuda Yinon is a world renowned expert on the analysis of explosives and has served as consulting expert during the Oklahoma bombing trial, where his previous book Modern Methods and Applications in Analysis of Explosives was quoted by both the prosecution and defense experts. This new book complements the author's previous book on the analysis of explosives. It includes the following features: * Classifications of explosives * Explanations of the basic terms related to the detection of explosives * Vapor detection methods * Probing radiation methods * Tagging of explosives * Systems integration and performance testing * Detection of explosives in contaminated areas * Detection of landmines. This book is an ideal reference book for those working in forensic and law enforcement agencies concerned with the detection of hidden explosives, as well as for environmental scientists dealing with explosives decontamination. The book is also recommended as a text book for graduate students in analytical, environmental and forensic science.

Author Biography

Jehuda Yinon, Israeli chemist, researcher. Member Israel Society Mass Spectrometry, American Society for Mass Spectrometry, American Academy Forensic Science. Yinon, Jehuda was born on March 27, 1935 in Berlin, Germany. Bachelor of Science, Israel Institute Technology, Haifa, 1960. Master of Science, Israel Institute Technology, Haifa, 1962. Doctor of Philosophy, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 1969. Member Israel Society Mass Spectrometry, American Society for Mass Spectrometry, American Academy Forensic Science.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Abbreviations	xiii
Classification of Explosives and basic terms	1	(28)
Properties of basic explosives	1	(17)
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)	1	(2)
1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX)	3	(2)
1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX)	5	(1)
Tetryl	5	(2)
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)	7	(1)
Nitroglycerin (NG)	8	(2)
Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN)	10	(1)
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP)	10	(1)
Ammonium nitrate (AN)	11	(2)
Various explosives	13	(5)
Classification of explosives	18	(4)
Military explosives	18	(1)
Nitroglycerin-based dynamites	18	(1)
Ammonium nitrate-based explosives	19	(1)
Slurry and emulsion explosives	19	(1)
Low-order explosives (propellants)	20	(1)
Special purpose explosives (detonating cords, blasting caps, and primers)	21	(1)
Basic terms	22	(7)
Vapor detection methods (sniffers)	29	(59)
Introduction	29	(1)
Trained animals	30	(1)
Sampling and preconcentration	31	(2)
Gas chromatography (GC)	33	(7)
Electron-capture detector (ECD)	34	(1)
Chemiluminescence detector	34	(3)
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) detector	37	(3)
Mass spectrometry	40	(20)
Introduction	40	(8)
Detection of explosives by mass spectrometry	48	(12)
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)	60	(6)
Principles of operation	60	(3)
IMS detection of explosives	63	(3)
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy methods	66	(4)
Introduction	66	(1)
Infrared absorption of explosive vapors	66	(1)
Infrared detection of explosives	67	(3)
Bioluminescence	70	(3)
Basic principles	70	(1)
Bioluminescence detection of explosives	71	(2)
Laser optoacoustic spectroscopy	73	(2)
Physical principles of operation	73	(2)
Laser optoacoustic detection of explosives	75	(1)
Personnel screening booths (portals)	75	(4)
Walk-in/walk-out booth	76	(1)
Walk-through booth	76	(3)
Explosive vapor generators	79	(9)
Continuous vapor generators	80	(4)
Transient vapor generator	84	(1)
Pulsed vapor generators	84	(2)
Canine olfaction vapor delivery system (olfactometer)	86	(2)
Probing radiation methods (bulk detection)	88	(69)
Introduction	88	(1)
Properties of explosives	88	(1)
Electromagnetic radiation	89	(45)
X-Rays	89	(15)
Gamma (γ) rays	104	(4)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy	108	(7)
Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy	115	(3)
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy	118	(5)
Microwave spectroscopy	123	(1)
Millimeter-wave imaging	124	(2)
Dielectric sensor method	126	(1)
Raman spectroscopy	127	(7)
Neutron techniques	134	(23)
Thermal neutron activation (TNA)	136	(3)
Fast neutron activation (FNA)	139	(1)
Pulsed fast-thermal neutron analysis	140	(1)
Pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA)	141	(4)
Fast neutron transmission spectroscopy (FNTS)	145	(4)
Ratio of gamma to fast neutron attenuation	149	(2)
Neutron elastic scatter	151	(2)
Associated particle imaging (API)	153	(1)
Neutron production by accelerators	154	(3)
Systems integration and performance testing	157	(10)
Systems integration	157	(5)
Performance testing and evaluation	162	(5)
Testing of detection systems for bulk explosives	163	(1)
Evaluation of particle and vapor detectors	164	(3)
Tagging of explosives	167	(19)
Introduction	167	(1)
Identification taggants	167	(3)
Detection taggants	170	(7)
Vapor detection of tagged explosives	177	(9)
Environmental detection of explosives	186	(34)
Introduction	186	(1)
Degradation of explosives	187	(6)
Degradation products of TNT	188	(1)
Degradation products of tetryl	189	(1)
Degradation products of RDX	189	(3)
Degradation products of nitrate ester explosives	192	(1)
Chemical color screening tests	193	(4)
Immunochemical detection methods	197	(12)
Introduction	197	(1)
Immunoassay methods for the detection of explosives	198	(11)
Electrochemical detection methods	209	(7)
Properties of amperometric gas sensors	209	(1)
Amperometric gas sensor for the detection of thermal decomposition products of TNT	210	(4)
Cyclic voltammetry sensor for the detection of TNT in water and soil	214	(2)
Laser detection methods	216	(4)
Detection of landmines	220	(37)
Introduction	220	(1)
Classification of mines	221	(5)
Mine detection techniques	226	(31)
Anomaly detectors	226	(15)
Chemical sensing of explosives	241	(13)
Neutralization of landmines	254	(1)
Performance evaluation of mine detection techniques	255	(2)
References	257	(18)
Index	275