Forensic Examination of Fibres, Second Edition

by Robertson; James R.

• ISBN13: 9780748408160
• ISBN10: 0748408169
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-06-10
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This book is the definitive text for forensic scientists, police and lawyers who may be involved with the use of textile fibres to provide evidence in criminal cases. While covering the subject in detail from recovery of the evidence, through the different stages of laboratory examination, to evaulating the meaning of findings, it is written in such a way that it should be interesting and understandable to the beginner and to the layman, as well as to the expert.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Notes on Contributors	xiii
Classification of Textile Fibres: Production, Structure, and Properties	1	(32)
Shantha K. David
Michael T. Pailthorpe
Introduction	1	(1)
Fibre-forming Polymers	2	(1)
Natural Fibres	3	(12)
Man-made Fibres	15	(16)
Acknowledgements	31	(1)
Additional Reading	31	(2)
The Structure of Textiles: an Introduction to the Basics	33	(22)
Franz-Peter Adolf
Introduction	33	(1)
Manufacture of Textiles	34	(1)
Categories of Textiles	35	(1)
The Textile Market	36	(2)
Textile Threads	38	(4)
Textile Fabrics	42	(8)
Clothing	50	(1)
Carpeting	51	(1)
Conclusions	52	(1)
Acknowledgements	52	(1)
Additional Reading and Resources	52	(3)
Ropes and Cordage	55	(10)
Kenneth G. Wiggins
Introduction	55	(1)
Terminology	55	(2)
Structure of Rope	57	(1)
Sample Handling and Identification	57	(5)
Conclusion	62	(1)
References	63	(2)
Examination of Damage to Textiles	65	(24)
Jane M. Taupin
Franz-Peter Adolf
James Robertson
Introduction	65	(1)
Value	66	(4)
Types of Damage	70	(7)
Types of Material	77	(3)
Examination Protocol	80	(3)
Interpretation and Limitations	83	(1)
Conclusions	83	(1)
Acknowledgements	84	(1)
Glossary	84	(1)
References	85	(4)
Appendix	86	(3)
From the Crime Scene to the Laboratory	89	(46)
Transfer, Persistence and Recovery of Fibres	89	(12)
James Robertson
Claude Roux
Transfer	89	(3)
Persistence	92	(2)
Conclusions: Transfer and Persistence	94	(1)
Recovery of Fibres	95	(2)
Contamination	97	(1)
References	98	(3)
Collection of Fibre Evidence from Crime Scenes	101	(15)
Faye Springer
Introduction	101	(1)
Crime Scene Processing	101	(1)
Evidence Collection Techniques	102	(3)
Known Samples	105	(1)
Contamination Issues	105	(2)
Assessment of the Crime Scene	107	(1)
Body Processing	108	(1)
Utility of Fibre Evidence	109	(1)
Serial Murder Cases	110	(3)
Conclusion	113	(2)
References	115	(1)
Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial Preparation	116	(19)
James Robertson
Introduction	116	(1)
Trace Fibre Evidence	116	(8)
Natural Fibres	124	(9)
References	133	(2)
Fibre Finder Systems	135	(18)
Thomas W. Biermann
Introduction	135	(1)
Traditional Search for Fibre Traces	135	(1)
Automated Search for Fibre Traces	136	(5)
Applications	141	(1)
Fibre Finder Systems Currently Available	141	(8)
Fibre Finder Systems -- the Future	149	(2)
Contact Addresses	151	(1)
References	151	(2)
Microscopical Examination of Fibres	153	(26)
Samuel J. Palenik
Introduction	153	(1)
The Tasks of Forensic Fibre Microscopy	153	(2)
Instruments for Forensic Fibre Microscopy	155	(1)
Bright-field Microscopy and Morphological Features	156	(7)
Polarized Light Microscopy and the Optical Properties of Man-made Fibres	163	(8)
Thermal Microscopy	171	(1)
Observing Colour on Fibres through the Microscope	172	(3)
Conclusion	175	(1)
Acknowledgements	176	(1)
References	176	(3)
Infrared Microspectroscopy of Fibres	179	(44)
Kenneth Paul Kirkbride
Mary Widmark Tungol
Introduction	179	(1)
Infrared Microspectroscopy	179	(4)
Spectral Accuracy	183	(16)
Recommended Techniques	199	(10)
Spectrum Interpretation	209	(6)
Raman Microspectroscopy	215	(2)
Strengths and Limitations	217	(4)
References	221	(2)
Instrumental Methods Used in Fibre Examination	223	(28)
Fibre Identification by Pyrolysis Techniques	223	(16)
John M. Challinor
Outline	223	(1)
Introduction	223	(1)
Pyrolyzer Types	224	(1)
Gas Chromatography Considerations	224	(1)
Pyrolysis--Mass Spectrometry (Py-MS)	225	(1)
Laser Pyrolysis	226	(1)
Applications	226	(9)
Pyrolysis Mechanisms	235	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages	236	(1)
Future Developments	236	(1)
References	237	(2)
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis	239	(12)
Claude Roux
Introduction	239	(1)
Scanning Electro Microscopy as an Imaging Tool	239	(4)
Elemental Analysis of Fibres	243	(5)
Conclusions	248	(1)
Acknowledgements	248	(1)
References	248	(3)
Microspectrophotometry/Colour Measurement	251	(40)
Franz-Peter Adolf
James Dunlop
Introduction	251	(1)
History	252	(2)
Physical and Chemical Fundamentals	254	(5)
Colour and Psychophysiological Fundamentals	259	(3)
Numerical Colour Coding -- Colorimetry	262	(6)
Instrumentation	268	(4)
Spectral Measurement	272	(6)
Evaluation of the Technique	278	(8)
Conclusions	286	(1)
Acknowledgement	287	(1)
References	287	(4)
Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis for Fibre Dyes	291	(20)
Kenneth G. Wiggins
Introduction	291	(1)
Basic Theory of Colour and Colourants	291	(1)
Classification of Fibre Dyes	292	(3)
Fibre/Dye Combinations	295	(1)
Dye Classification and Extraction	296	(5)
Dye Analysis by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)	301	(7)
Conclusions	308	(1)
Acknowledgement	308	(1)
References	309	(2)
Other Methods of Colour Analysis	311	(32)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography	311	(17)
Ruth Griffin
James Speers
Introduction	311	(1)
Column Choice	312	(1)
Column Dimensions	313	(1)
Detection Systems	313	(2)
HPLC Analysis of Fibre Dyes	315	(8)
Sensitivity of HPLC Analysis	323	(1)
Conclusions	323	(2)
References	325	(3)
Capillary Electrophoresis	328	(9)
James Robertson
Background	328	(1)
Introduction	328	(2)
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE)	330	(1)
Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MEKC)	331	(1)
Comparison of CE with Other Separation Techniques	332	(1)
Applications for Dye Analysis	333	(2)
Acknowledgement	335	(1)
References	336	(1)
Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Spectroscopy	337	(6)
Peter White
Introduction	337	(1)
Raman Spectroscopy	338	(1)
In Situ Analysis of Fibre Dyes	339	(1)
Conclusions	340	(1)
Acknowledgements	341	(1)
References	342	(1)
Interpretation of Fibres Evidence	343	(56)
Influential Factors, Quality Assurance, Report Writing and Case Examples	343	(21)
Michael Grieve
Introduction	343	(2)
The Influence of Case Circumstances	345	(1)
Fibre Frequency	346	(2)
Target Fibres and Case Strategy	348	(1)
The Influence of Discrimination within a Generic Type	349	(4)
The Number of Matching Fibres Recovered	353	(1)
Quality Assurance	354	(2)
Report Writing	356	(1)
Examples of Casework Findings	357	(4)
Conclusions	361	(1)
References	361	(3)
Aids to Interpretation	364	(15)
Martin Webb-Salter
Kenneth G. Wiggins
Introduction	364	(1)
Fibre Reference Collections	364	(1)
Data Collections on Fibre Frequency	365	(2)
Target Fibre Studies	367	(1)
Population Studies	367	(3)
Industrial Enquiries	370	(1)
Methods of Tracing Manufacturers	371	(1)
Examples of Industrial Enquiries	372	(3)
Conclusions	375	(1)
Acknowledgement	376	(1)
References	376	(3)
The Bayesian Approach	379	(20)
Christophe Champod
Franco Taroni
Introduction	379	(1)
Interpretation of Evidence	380	(1)
Likelihood Ratios for the Evaluation of Transferred Trace Evidence	381	(2)
Estimation of Likelihood Ratios in Various Scenarios	383	(12)
Conclusions	395	(1)
Acknowledgements	396	(1)
References	396	(3)
New Fibre Types	399	(22)
Michael Grieve
Introduction	399	(1)
Fibres from Natural Polymers	400	(3)
Fibres from Synthetic Polymers	403	(5)
Bicomponent Fibres and Microfibres	408	(7)
Industrial Fibres	415	(1)
References	416	(5)
The Future for Fibre Examinations	421	(10)
Michael Grieve
James Robertson
Introduction	421	(1)
Improving Analytical Capability	422	(2)
Interpretation	424	(1)
Case Management	425	(1)
International Cooperation	426	(1)
Conclusion	426	(1)
Acknowledgements	427	(1)
References	427	(4)
Glossary of Terms Associated with Fibre Examinations	431	(2)
Index	433