Forensic Psychology

by Wrightsman, Lawrence S.

• ISBN13: 9780534526795
• ISBN10: 0534526799
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-08-07
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Univ. of Kansas, Kansas City. Textbook includes a broad focus exposing the reader to a wide array of career opportunities. Includes coverage of clinical forensic psychology with practical information, case studies, and a discussion of the history of the field. For students.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
About the Author	xx
Information on the Internet	xxi
The Challenge of Forensic Psychology	1	(24)
What Is Forensic Psychology?	2	(1)
The Promise and the Problems of Forensic Psychology	3	(1)
The Conflict Between Psychology and the Law	4	(8)
Laws and Values	5	(1)
The Legal System's Reliance on Intuition Over Empiricism	6	(1)
Two Illustrative Court Decisions	7	(5)
The History of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law	12	(5)
The Role of Hugo Munsterberg	12	(3)
Reaction of the Legal Community	15	(1)
A Period of Inactivity	15	(1)
Resurgence in the 1970s	16	(1)
The Present	16	(1)
The Perspectives of Psychology and the Law	17	(5)
What Determines Truth?	17	(3)
The Nature of Reality	20	(1)
The Legal System's Criticisms of Psychology	21	(1)
The Future of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law	22	(1)
Summary	23	(1)
Key Terms	24	(1)
Suggested Readings	24	(1)
Roles and Responsibilities of Forensic Psychologists	25	(25)
The Multitude of Roles	26	(1)
The Temptations of Forensic Psychologists	26	(4)
Promising Too Much	27	(1)
Substituting Advocacy for Scientific Objectivity	27	(1)
Letting Values Overcome Empirically Based Findings	27	(2)
Doing a Cursory Job	29	(1)
Maintaining Dual Relationships and Competing Roles	29	(1)
Specific Roles: The Trial Consultant	30	(2)
Duties	30	(1)
Clientele	31	(1)
Conflicts With the Legal System	31	(1)
Ethical Responsibilities	31	(1)
Specific Roles: The Expert Witness	32	(9)
Duties	32	(2)
Clientele	34	(1)
Conflicts	34	(1)
Ethical Responsibilities	35	(2)
The Impact of the Daubert Decision	37	(4)
Specific Roles: The Preparation of Amicus Briefs	41	(6)
Duties	42	(2)
Differences Between Psychologists	44	(1)
Effectiveness	45	(1)
Ethical Considerations	46	(1)
Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists	47	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Suggested Readings	48	(2)
The Police: Selection, Training, and Evaluation	50	(21)
Psychology's Role in Police Work	51	(1)
Who Are the Clients?	51	(3)
The Public	51	(3)
The Police Department	54	(1)
The Selection of Police	54	(7)
A History of Psychology and Police Selection	55	(1)
Tools for Psychological Selection	55	(6)
The Training of Police	61	(6)
The Psychologist's Activities in a Police Department	62	(1)
The Curriculum of Training Programs	63	(1)
On-the-Job Training	63	(1)
Specialized Training: Responses to Spouse Assault	64	(1)
Negotiating With Terrorists and Hostage Takers	64	(3)
Evaluating Effectiveness of Police Activities	67	(2)
Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations	67	(1)
Community Policing	68	(1)
Summary	69	(1)
Key Terms	69	(1)
Suggested Readings	69	(2)
Criminal Profiling	71	(30)
Criminal Profiling and Forensic Psychology	72	(1)
Why Develop Criminal Profiles?	72	(3)
The Extent of Serial Criminal Behavior	72	(1)
Recurring Mysteries	73	(1)
False Stereotypes and Simplified Assumptions	74	(1)
Current Needs for Profiling	75	(3)
Arsonists	75	(1)
Serial Bombers	76	(2)
What Is Criminal Profiling?	78	(5)
Definitions	78	(1)
Three Approaches to Criminal Profiling	78	(5)
Criminal-Profiling Procedures Used by the Police and the FBI	83	(11)
The ``Mad Bomber''	85	(2)
Procedures	87	(3)
How Effective Is Criminal Profiling?	90	(4)
Psychological Autopsies in Unexpected or Equivocal Deaths	94	(5)
General Guidelines	95	(1)
Specific Cases	96	(3)
Summary	99	(1)
Key Terms	99	(1)
Suggested Readings	100	(1)
Hypnosis and Lie Detection in Criminal Investigation	101	(19)
Forensic Psychology and Police Investigative Techniques	102	(1)
Hypnosis in Criminal Investigations	102	(5)
Advocacy: Martin Reiser's Position	102	(1)
The ``Hillside Strangler'' Case	103	(1)
Hypnosis of Witnesses and Victims	104	(1)
Supportive Research Reviews	104	(1)
When Is Hypnosis Beneficial?	104	(2)
Conclusions	106	(1)
Court Decisions	106	(1)
Guidelines	106	(1)
The Cognitive Interview	107	(1)
The Polygraph Technique	108	(4)
Using the Polygraph to Interrogate Criminal Suspects	108	(1)
A Psychological Analysis of the Polygraph Procedure	109	(2)
The Floyd Fay Case	111	(1)
Research Evaluation	112	(4)
Criticisms of the Polygraph's Claims of Validity	112	(2)
The Current Legal Status	114	(2)
The Role of the Psychologist as a Psychometric Expert	116	(2)
Summary	118	(1)
Key Terms	118	(1)
Suggested Readings	119	(1)
Improving Eyewitness Identification Procedures	120	(20)
Gathering Useful Information From Eyewitnesses	121	(5)
System Variables Versus Estimator Variables	122	(1)
Improper Police Procedures	122	(4)
Questioning Witnesses (Information Generation)	126	(3)
Lack of Training	126	(1)
Interview Content	126	(1)
Failure to Recognize the Dynamics of the Interview	126	(2)
Improving the Accuracy of Witnesses' Information	128	(1)
Lineups and Photo Arrays	129	(4)
Common Errors	131	(1)
Operational Rules	132	(1)
Children as Eyewitnesses	133	(1)
Public Policy Issues	133	(4)
Recent Statute-of-Limitation Laws	133	(1)
Judges' Decisions on the Admissibility of Expert Testimony	134	(2)
Supreme Court Decisions	136	(1)
Summary	137	(1)
Key Terms	138	(1)
Suggested Readings	139	(1)
Police Interrogations and Confessions	140	(26)
The Importance of a Confession	141	(1)
The Paul Ingram Case	141	(2)
The Charges	141	(1)
Interrogation Procedures	142	(1)
Ingram's Response	142	(1)
Evaluating the Accuracy of Ingram's Confession	142	(1)
The Outcome	143	(1)
The Forensic Psychologist and Police Interrogations	143	(1)
The Psychology of False Confessions	143	(4)
Three Types of False Confessions	143	(3)
How Many Confessions Are False?	146	(1)
False Confessions in the Laboratory	147	(1)
The Role of Police Interrogations in Generating Confessions	147	(11)
The Goals of Interrogation	148	(2)
What Police Can and Can't Do	150	(8)
What Can Psychologists Contribute?	158	(5)
The Police as Client	158	(3)
The Courts as Client	161	(2)
Society as Client	163	(1)
Summary	163	(1)
Key Terms	164	(1)
Suggested Readings	164	(2)
Alternative Dispute Resolution and Trial Preparation	166	(24)
Overview	167	(2)
Forensic Psychologists as Trial Consultants	167	(1)
``Trial'' Consultant or ``Litigation'' Consultant?	167	(1)
Mediators: A Different Type of Trial Consultant	167	(1)
Pretrial Activities	168	(1)
Ethical Issues	168	(1)
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)	169	(5)
Examples of Conflict	170	(1)
Conflict Resolution Versus Conflict Settlement	170	(1)
Third-Party Mediators	171	(2)
A Conceptualization of Effective Negotiation	173	(1)
Evaluation of Mediation's Effectiveness	174	(1)
Change of Venue Requests	174	(6)
Origin of Request	174	(1)
The Litigation Consultant's Activities	175	(1)
Effects of Pretrial Publicity	176	(1)
Testifying at a Hearing	177	(1)
A Case Study	177	(2)
Sequestered Voir Dire	179	(1)
Witness Preparation	180	(3)
Two Real-Life Examples	180	(2)
What Is Proper and What Is Not	182	(1)
Organizing the Case	183	(4)
Opening Statements	183	(3)
Presentation of the Evidence	186	(1)
Closing Arguments	187	(1)
Summary	187	(1)
Key Terms	188	(1)
Suggested Readings	188	(2)
Jury Selection	190	(23)
When Lawyers and Litigation Consultants Disagree	191	(2)
Conflicts in Styles and Values	191	(1)
Examples of Attorneys' Stereotypes	192	(1)
What Do Psychologists Do?	193	(1)
Two Approaches to Jury Selection	193	(1)
Broad Attitudes and Traits	193	(1)
Case-Specific Approaches	194	(1)
Measurement of Juror Bias	194	(8)
Criminal Trials	194	(6)
Civil Trials	200	(2)
Case-Specific Approaches	202	(3)
The Harrisburg Seven Trial	203	(1)
The de la Beckwith Retrial	204	(1)
Does Scientific Jury Selection Work?	205	(1)
Is It Ethical for Psychologists to Aid in Jury Selection?	206	(5)
Juror Investigation	207	(1)
Use of Supplemental Juror Questionnaires	208	(1)
Discovery and Attorney Work Product	209	(1)
Fairness in Jury Selection	210	(1)
The Relationship of the Trial Consultant to the Attorney	210	(1)
Summary	211	(1)
Key Terms	211	(1)
Suggested Readings	212	(1)
Insanity and Competency	213	(22)
Overview	214	(1)
Determining Insanity	214	(4)
Why Is Determining Insanity Difficult?	214	(1)
Differences Between Insanity and Psychosis	214	(4)
Psychologists' Roles in Insanity Cases	218	(6)
Assessment of Criminal Responsibility	218	(1)
Testifying as an Expert Witness	219	(1)
The Hinckley Trial	220	(1)
The Dahmer Trial	220	(2)
Ultimate-Issue Testimony	222	(2)
Assessing Competency	224	(6)
Competency to Plead Guilty	225	(1)
Competency to Stand Trial	225	(4)
Competency of Juveniles	229	(1)
Risk Assessment	230	(1)
Predicting Suicide	230	(1)
Predicting Danger to Others	230	(1)
Malingering	231	(2)
Summary	233	(1)
Key Terms	233	(1)
Suggested Readings	234	(1)
Battered Woman Syndrome and Domestic Violence	235	(25)
The Nature of Domestic Violence	236	(2)
What Characterizes an Abuser?	236	(1)
Roles for the Forensic Psychologist	237	(1)
The Extent of Domestic Violence and Spouse Battering	238	(1)
Reports of Incidence Rates	238	(1)
The National Response	238	(1)
Myths About the Battered Woman	239	(5)
Empirical Evaluation of the Myths	241	(1)
Why These Myths?	241	(3)
Battered Woman Syndrome	244	(4)
What Is a Syndrome?	244	(1)
Components of Battered Woman Syndrome	244	(1)
The Relationship of BWS to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	245	(1)
The Role of the Forensic Psychologist in the Assessment of BWS	246	(2)
BWS in Court	248	(3)
Battered Women Who Kill Their Abusers	248	(1)
Possible Defenses for a Woman Who Has Killed Her Batterer	248	(1)
Self-Defense	248	(3)
The Insanity Defense	251	(1)
Cross-Examination of the Battered Woman	251	(1)
Using a Psychologist as an Expert Witness on BWS	252	(2)
Reasons for Using an Expert Witness	252	(2)
Procedural and Ethical Issues Regarding the Use of Expert Witnesses	254	(1)
Admissibility of Expert Testimony	254	(1)
The Stance of the Expert Witness---Objectivity or Advocacy?	255	(1)
Jurors' Reactions to BWS as Defense Evidence	255	(1)
Criticisms of the Use of BWS and the Battered Woman Defense	256	(2)
Defense of Women at Trial	257	(1)
Perpetuating the Battered Woman Stereotype as a Passive, Helpless Woman	257	(1)
The Scientific Validity of BWS	257	(1)
Summary	258	(1)
Key Terms	258	(1)
Suggested Readings	259	(1)
Rape Trauma Syndrome	260	(15)
A Typical Rape Case	261	(1)
Purpose of the Chapter	261	(1)
What Is the Rape Trauma Syndrome?	261	(5)
Phase I: Acute Crisis Phase	262	(2)
Phase II: Long-Term Reactions	264	(1)
The Relationship of Rape Trauma Syndrome to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	265	(1)
What Can a Psychologist Do?	266	(1)
Assessment	266	(1)
Testimony as an Expert Witness	267	(2)
The Issue of Consent	268	(1)
Questions About the Behavior of the Alleged Victim	268	(1)
Supporting a Claim of Damages in a Civil Suit	268	(1)
Testifying as a Defense for Culpable Behavior by a Rape Survivor	268	(1)
The Admissibility of Psychological Testimony	269	(2)
The Scientific Status of Research on RTS	271	(1)
Substituting PTSD for RTS	272	(1)
Summary	273	(1)
Key Terms	273	(1)
Suggested Readings	273	(2)
The Sexual Abuse of Children	275	(17)
The Emergence of Concern About Sexual Child Abuse	276	(1)
The McMartin Preschool Case	276	(1)
The Charges and the Trials	276	(1)
Sexual Child Abuse in Schools and Day Care Centers	277	(1)
Roles for Psychologists	277	(1)
Evaluating the Child	277	(1)
Assessing Competency to Testify	278	(1)
Preparing the Child to Testify	278	(1)
Testifying as an Expert Witness	278	(1)
Assessing Allegations by a Child	278	(6)
Interviewing Techniques	279	(1)
The Criterion-Based Content Analysis Technique	280	(1)
Using Anatomically Detailed Dolls	281	(2)
Suggestions for Improving Procedures	283	(1)
Determining Whether a Child Is Competent to Testify	284	(1)
Children's Rights When Testifying	285	(2)
Psychologists as Expert Witnesses	287	(3)
Testimony for the Prosecution	287	(3)
Testimony for the Defense	290	(1)
Summary	290	(1)
Key Terms	291	(1)
Suggested Readings	291	(1)
Child Custody Decisions	292	(22)
The Intensity of Child Custody Disputes	293	(1)
What Roles Can Psychologists Play?	294	(3)
Marriage Counselor	294	(1)
Mediator	294	(1)
Child Therapist	295	(1)
Court-Appointed Evaluator	296	(1)
Expert Witness	297	(1)
Applied Researcher	297	(1)
Serving the Needs of Three Different Types of Clients	297	(1)
The Children	298	(1)
The Parents	298	(1)
The Judge	298	(1)
The Court-Appointed Evaluator Role	298	(11)
Standards for Resolution of Custody Disputes	298	(2)
Custody Determinations in Mixed-Race Cases or Cases Involving a Homosexual Parent	300	(1)
Ethical Issues and Temptations	301	(2)
Techniques of Custody Evaluation	303	(6)
The Expert Witness Role	309	(1)
Ultimate-Opinion Testimony	309	(1)
Ethical Considerations	309	(1)
The Applied Researcher Role	310	(1)
The Effects of Divorce on Children	310	(1)
The Effects of Type of Custody	310	(1)
Summary	311	(2)
Key Terms	313	(1)
Suggested Readings	313	(1)
Discrimination	314	(20)
What Is Discrimination?	315	(3)
Prejudice and Discrimination	315	(1)
Modern Racism	316	(2)
Who Is Discriminated Against?	318	(1)
Overview of the Chapter	318	(1)
What Can Psychology Contribute?	318	(5)
Conceptual Analysis	318	(1)
Methodology	319	(4)
Court Decisions Regarding Race and Assignment to Special Education Classes	323	(3)
Affirmative Action	326	(4)
The Courts and Affirmative Action	326	(2)
Psychological Contributions	328	(2)
Employment Discrimination	330	(1)
Hate Crimes	331	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
Key Terms	332	(1)
Suggested Readings	332	(2)
Sexual Harassment	334	(14)
Increased Awareness of Sexual Harassment	335	(1)
Origins of the Term	335	(1)
Incidence Rates	335	(1)
Highly Publicized Cases	336	(1)
Conceptualizations of Sexual Harassment	336	(2)
Confusion in the Public	336	(1)
Gruber's Typology of Sexual Harassment	337	(1)
Fitzgerald's Typology	337	(1)
Sexual Harassment Cases in the Courts	338	(5)
Two Types of Sexual Harassment	338	(1)
Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.	339	(4)
How Can Psychology Help?	343	(3)
Analyzing the Causes of Harassment	343	(1)
Distinctions Between Female and Male Victims	344	(1)
Measuring Beliefs	344	(1)
Predicting the Outcome of Complaints	345	(1)
Restructuring the Workplace	345	(1)
Summary	346	(1)
Key Terms	347	(1)
Suggested Readings	347	(1)
Death Penalty Trials and Appeals	348	(23)
Competent to Be Executed?	349	(1)
Why Do Forensic Psychologists Get Involved in Death Penalty Cases?	349	(1)
Roles for Forensic Psychologists	349	(3)
An Outline of the Process and Possible Roles	349	(2)
Is the Psychologist's Role Necessarily That of an Advocate?	351	(1)
Social-Psychological Research and Evaluation Research on the Death Penalty	352	(1)
Convictions and Executions of Innocent Persons	352	(8)
Estimating the Number of Wrong Convictions	353	(2)
The Execution of Innocent People	355	(1)
The Case of Randall Dale Adams	356	(1)
Trial-Related Reasons for Incorrect Convictions	357	(3)
Appellate Courts and the Death Penalty	360	(2)
The U.S. Supreme Court's Reaction to Death Penalty Appeals	362	(1)
Specific Activities of the Forensic Psychologist	363	(6)
Mitigation Assessment	363	(1)
Competency Evaluations	363	(3)
Evaluating Defense Arguments	366	(1)
Research on the Effects of the Death Penalty	367	(2)
Summary	369	(1)
Key Terms	370	(1)
Suggested Readings	370	(1)
Influencing Public Policy	371	(22)
Applying Psychological Knowledge to Legal Policy Decisions	372	(1)
Psychologists and Legislatures	372	(1)
Psychologists and Executive Branch Decisions	373	(1)
Psychologists and the Courts	373	(1)
The Use of Amicus Briefs	373	(5)
History of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Courts	374	(1)
Direct Attempts to Influence the Courts	375	(1)
Ballew v. Georgia: Too Little Too Late?	375	(3)
Involvement by the American Psychological Association	378	(1)
Classifying APA Briefs	378	(1)
The Goals of APA Science-Translation Briefs	379	(1)
The Effectiveness of APA Briefs	379	(2)
How Is Effectiveness Measured?	379	(1)
Is It Better to Be Ignored or Rejected?	380	(1)
APA Amicus Briefs and Supreme Court Decisions	381	(7)
Ake v. Oklahoma: An Example of Less Discernible Input	382	(3)
Lockhart v. McCree: A Rejection of the APA's Brief	385	(3)
What Can Be Learned From Analysis of Individual Cases?	388	(2)
The Potency of Deeply Held Values	388	(1)
Identifying and Representing the Goals of Psychologists Accurately	388	(2)
Summary	390	(1)
Key Terms	391	(1)
Suggested Readings	391	(2)
References	393	(40)
Name Index	433	(12)
Subject Index	445