Form and Forces Designing Efficient, Expressive Structures

by Allen, Edward; Zalewski, Waclaw

• ISBN13: 9780470174654
• ISBN10: 047017465X
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780470640340
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-09-28
• Publisher: Wiley
• More Book Details

Summary

Here, in one volume, is all the architect needs to know to participate in the entire process of designing structures. Emphasizing bestselling author Edward Allen's graphical approach, the book enables you to quickly determine the desired form of a building or other structure and easily design it without the need for complex mathematics. This unique text teaches the whole process of structural design for architects, including selection of suitable materials, finding a suitable configuration, finding forces and size members, designing appropriate connections, and proposing a feasible method of erection. Chapters are centered on the design of a whole structure, from conception through construction planning.

Author Biography

EDWARD ALLEN has taught for more than thirty years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale University, and the University of Oregon. He is the bestselling author of Fundamentals of Building Construction, Fifth Edition.

WACŁAW ZALEWSKI  is Professor Emeritus of Structural Design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Table of Contents

Project Team and Contributors

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Designing a Series of Suspension Footbridges

Basic definitions of statics: Loads, Forces, Tension, Compression, Stress

Free-body diagrams; Vectors and scalars; Static equilibrium of concurrent forces

The force polygon and funicular polygon for funicular structures; Bow's notation

Detailing steel rod elements in tension and anchoring to rock

Lateral stability; stiffening a tensile structure

Construction detailing and planning

Designing a Suspended Roof

Families of funicular forms; Relationship of funicular polygon to finding form and forces

Pole-finding strategies; Learning from the force polygon to find optimum forms

Sag ratio; Length of a hanging cable

Detailing and construction using steel cables, sockets, framing, and masts

Designing a Concrete Cylindrical Shell Roof

Shaping funicular arches and vaults in compression

Form-finding: catenary, parabola, circle

Stiffening compressive structures against buckling and unbalanced loadings

Detailing and constructing a thin single-curvature shell

Master Lesson: Designing Simple Trusses

Structural idea generation in three dimensions; The creative process

Graphical truss analysis; Influence of truss form and depth on member forces

Creative latitude in structural design and positive interactions between architects and engineers

Designing a Building on a Vertical Site

Moments of forces

Equilibrium of nonconcurrent forces

Graphical analysis of nonconcurrent forces

Detailing and construction of a steel frame structure on a very difficult site

Designing with Multipanel Trusses

Various methods of analysis for multipanel trusses

Common truss configurations and their uses

Developing and refining the form of complex trusses based upon forces and connections

Detailing and construction of a building with heavy timber trusses

Designing a Fanlike Roof

Extending graphical truss analysis to design fanlike structures that

are compressive or tensile (cable-stayed

Finding good forms and member forces in cable-stayed, fanlike, and treelike structures

Design and detail issues using steel tube construction

Designing Unreinforced Masonry

Contributing Authors: John A. Ochsendorf and Philippe Block

Understanding, designing, and detailing traditional unreinforced masonry

Stability of masonry with, vaults, ties, engaged and flying buttresses

Load tracing and kerns

Graphical analysis of arches of predetermined shape

Design and formal vocabulary of funicular masonry arches and vaults

Master Lesson: Designing a Concrete Shell Roof for a Grandstand

Equilibrium in three dimensions of a composite structure; combining funicular vaults and trusses

Architectural and engineering interactions in designing forms and construction processes

Detailing practices in reinforced concrete foundations and

exposed architectural reinforced concrete

Working in SI

Designing Efficient Trusses

Reversing the graphical process to synthesize shapes of constant-force trusses and arches

Rapid assessment of truss efficiency by comparing force polygons

Finding form and forces for constant-force structures including arches

Designing Restraints for Funicular Structures

Tensile and compressive strategies of restraint to resist shape alterations

Effects of unbalanced loads on structures

Designing Shell and Membrane Structures

Contributing Author: Michael H. Ramage

Form-finding techniques applied to shell, tent, pneumatic, and membrane structures

Material constraints and opportunities

Detailing lightweight structures

Structural Materials

Behavior of structural materials at microscopic level; Comparisons to macroscopic analogies

Responses of materials to stress and loading; Understanding structural deformation and failure

Properties of materials: cohesion, internal friction, brittleness and ductility

Master Lesson: Designing with the Flow of Forces

Trajectories of principal stresses

Strut-and-tie modeling; truss modeling

Three patterns of force flow; applications of basic patterns to any structural element

Use of graphical truss solutions to find forces in truss models

Designing a Bay of Framing

Configuring building frames in three dimensions; laying out a framing plan

Understanding bays, decking, joists, beams, girders, slabs, columns, and framing materials

Load tracing for gravity and lateral loads

Bracing to resist lateral loads

Criteria influencing design of bays in very tall buildings where lateral loads predominate

Integration with vertical transportation, life safety and egress planning, mechanical systems

Bending Action on Beams

Analysis of external load patterns on structures; Quantifying and simplifying external loadings

V and M diagrams; Relationship to force polygons and funicular polygons

Graphical and semigraphical constructions

Bending Resistance in Rectangular Beams

Resistance mechanisms of beams

Lattice pattern of flow of forces

Deflection calculations

Development of mathematical expressions for bending stresses and web stresses in rectangular beams

Designing bays of wood framing

Bending Resistance in Beams of Any Shape

Properties of complex cross-sectional shapes

Moment of Inertia

Composite action

Designing bays of steel framing

Designing Columns and Loadbearing Walls

Types of columns: short, intermediate, long; Buckling and deflection

Designing column restraints; Designing optimum forms for columns

Loadbearing walls

Portal frames, hinges

Architectural and historical expressions of columns

Designing a Sitecast Concrete Building

Composite action of steel and concrete in concrete beams, slabs, and columns

Selection and design criteria for reinforced concrete framing

Opportunities and constraints for slab openings

Relationship of structural typology to program

Designing bays of reinforced concrete framing

Master Lesson: Designing in Precast Concrete

Multi-disciplinary project design teams

Medium-rise building planning and choice of framing systems

Integration with life safety and egress planning

Integration with mechanical and electrical services

Designing with precast concrete framing elements

Designing an Entrance Canopy

Longitudinal shaping of beams to create parallel force flow

Structural articulation at cantilevers and termination details

Afterword: What is Quality?

Index

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