Fossils, Phylogeny, and Form

Phylogenetic analysis and morphometrics have been developed by biologists into rigorous analytic tools for testing hypotheses about the relationships between groups of species. This book applies these tools to paleontological data. The fossil record is our one true chronicle of the history of life, preserving a set of macroevolutionary patterns; thus various hypotheses about evolutionary processes can be tested in the fossil record using phylogentic analysis and morphometrics. The first book of its type, Fossils, Phylogeny, and Form will be useful in evolutionary biology, paleontology, systematics, evolutionary development, theoretical biology, biogeography, and zoology. It will also provide a practical, researcher-friendly gateway into computer-based phylogenetics and morphometrics.

Paleobiology: An Empirical Historical Science

Jonathan M. Adrain

Gregory D. Edgecombe

Bruce S. Lieberman

A Historical Perspective

1

(2)

Phylogeny and Form

3

(3)

References

6

(1)

Phylogenetic Systematics: Five Steps to Enlightenment

Deborah A. McLennan

Daniel R. Brooks

Introduction

7

(2)

The Terminology

9

(6)

The Method

15

(11)

Summary

26

(1)

Acknowledgments

27

(1)

References

27

(2)

Morphometry and Phylogeny in the Resolution of Paleobiological Problems--Unlocking the Evolutionary Significance of an Assemblage of Silurian Trilobites

Nigel C. Hughes

Ralph E. Chapman

Introduction

29

(1)

Paleontology's Contribution to Understanding Evolution

30

(1)

Research Questions

31

(2)

Locality

33

(1)

Study Sample

34

(1)

Analysis

34

(12)

Discussion

46

(6)

Summary

52

(1)

Acknowledgments

52

(1)

References

53

(2)

Morphological Disparity: A Primer

Matthew A. Wills

Introduction

55

(4)

Cladistic Concepts

59

(1)

Phenetic Concepts

60

(28)

Phenetic Indices of Disparity

88

(8)

Disparity and Major Body Plans

96

(1)

Other Factors Variously Related to Disparity

97

(3)

The Continuity of Morphospace Occupation

100

(8)

Patterns of Disparity Through Time

108

(4)

Morphological Constraints

112

(11)

Disparity and Extant Biodiversity

123

(1)

Conclusions

124

(3)

Acknowledgments

127

(1)

References

127

(18)

Homology, Characters, and Morphometric Data

Miriam Leah Zelditch

Donald L. Swiderski

William L. Fink

Introduction

145

(2)

Homology

147

(27)

Homology and Classes of Morphometric Variables

174

(19)

Conclusions

193

(1)

Acknowledgments

194

(1)

References

194

(3)

Landmarks, Localization, and the Use of Morphometrics in Phylogenetic Analysis

Norman MacLeod

Introduction

197

(2)

The Geometric Basis of Morphometric Observations

199

(2)

The Biological Basis of Morphometric Observations

201

(2)

Materials and Methods

203

(3)

Results

206

(17)

Discussion

223

(5)

Summary

228

(2)

Acknowledgments

230

(1)

References

231

(4)

Cladistic Biogeography: Component-Based Methods and Paleontological Application

Malte C. Ebach

Gregory D. Edgecombe

Introduction

235

(1)

Geographic Congruence

236

(2)

The Role of Fossils

238

(3)

Optimality

241

(3)

Area Definition

244

(2)

Taxon-Area Cladograms, Areagrams and General Areagrams

246

(1)

Analytical Problems and Assumptions

247

(6)

Current Component-Based Approaches

253

(22)

Sources of Ambiguity

275

(2)

Node Interpretation

277

(2)

Cladograms and Trees Revisited

279

(1)

Acknowledgments

280

(1)

Notes

280

(1)

Glossary of Terms

281

(1)

References

282

(5)

Appendix

287

(4)

Stratigraphy, Phylogeny, and Species Sampling in Time and Space

Jonathan M. Adrain

Stephen R. Westrop

Introduction

291

(1)

Reconstructing Phylogeny With and Without Temporal ``Data''

292

(3)

Time as ``Data''

295

(2)

Utility of Strato-Phylogenies

297

(1)

Strato-Methods and Sampling

298

(1)

Trilobite Species Sampling in the Laurentian Sunwaptan

299

(6)

Phylogeny of the Euptychaspidinae and Macronodinae

305

(6)

Phylogeny Versus Sampling

311

(2)

Conclusions

313

(1)

Acknowledgments

313

(1)

References

314

(6)

Character List for Analysis of Euptychaspidinae and Macronodinae

320

(3)

Analyzing Speciation Rates in Macroevolutionary Studies

Bruce S. Lieberman

Introduction

323

(1)

The Rates of Evolution Most Relevant to Paleontological Studies of Macroevolution

324

(1)

Approaches to Analyzing Rates of Speciation

325

(11)

Conclusions

336

(1)

Acknowledgments

337

(1)

References

337

(4)

The Nature and Origin of Supraspecific Taxa Revisited-With Special Reference to Trilobita

Niles Eldredge

Introduction

341

(3)

The Sloshing Bucket

344

(13)

Trilobites: How Do the Predictions of the Sloshing Bucket Fare?

357

(11)

Acknowledgments

368

(1)

Notes

369

(3)

References

372

(5)

The Role and Design of Databases in Paleontology

Roger L. Kaesler

Jill W. Krebs

Douglas L. Miller

Introduction

377

(1)

Databases Today

378

(2)

Kinds of Databases

380

(2)

Security, Access, and the Value of Information

382

(2)

The Electronic Relational Database

384

(4)

Databases in Paleontology

388

(2)

The Future of Databases in Paleontology

390

(2)

Conclusions

392

(1)

Acknowledgments

392

(1)

References

393

(4)

Index

397

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