Foundations of American Education

by Webb, L. Dean; Metha, Arlene; Jordan, K. Forbis

• ISBN13: 9780131716704
• ISBN10: 0131716700
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Why is the understanding of the fundamentals of American education important to todayrs"s teachers? Explore this book for answers to this fundamental question and gain an understanding of how the evolution of education impacts todayrs"s teaching and learning. Become a highly qualified teacher by connecting theory and practice, and by examining the philosophical and historical roots of education, its current structures, and the future of the field. This 5th edition invites the reader to reflect on historical issues, consider and respond to current educational issues, and become a professional, highly qualified teacher.

Table of Contents

PART 1 The Teaching Profession
Status of the Profession	2	(28)
The Teacher and Teaching: Definitions	4	(1)
Profile of the Teaching Profession	4	(1)
Why Become a Teacher?	5	(1)
Satisfactions and Dissatisfactions With Teaching	6	(1)
Ask Yourself: Do I Want to Be a Teacher?	7	(1)
Teacher Preparation	8	(2)
Baccalaureate Teacher Education Programs	8	(2)
Historical Note: The Columbian School: The First Formal Teacher Training Institution	10	(3)
Alternative Teacher Preparation Programs	12	(1)
Video Insight: Teacher Shortage: Alternative Certification	13	(1)
Minority Representation in the Teaching Force	13	(1)
Teacher Certification	14	(4)
Assessment for Initial Certification and Licensure	15	(1)
Emergency Certification	15	(1)
Recertification	16	(1)
Interstate Certification	16	(1)
National Certification: The NBPTS	17	(1)
Teacher Supply and Demand	18	(1)
Salary and Other Compensation	19	(3)
Salary Schedules	19	(1)
Performance-based and Competency-based Pay Plans	20	(2)
Controversial Issue: Individual Performance-based Pay	22	(2)
Compensation for Supplemental Activities	22	(1)
Salaries for Administrative and Support Personnel	22	(1)
Indirect Compensation: Employee Benefits and Services	23	(1)
Rating the Schools and Teaching	24	(1)
Professional Reflection	24	(2)
Summary	26	(1)
Key Terms	26	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	26	(4)
Development of the Profession	30	(22)
Teaching as a Profession	32	(1)
Requirements of a Profession	32	(4)
Specialized Knowledge and Preparation	32	(1)
Provision of Essential Services to Society	33	(1)
The Exercise of Discretion	33	(1)
Autonomy and Freedom From Direct Supervision	33	(1)
Code of Professional Standards	33	(1)
Professional Codes of Ethics	34	(2)
The Increased Professionalization of Teaching	36	(5)
Development of Professional Standards	36	(1)
Professional Development	37	(3)
Career Advancement	40	(1)
Controversial Issue: Teacher Tenure	41	(1)
Evaluating Teacher Performance	42	(1)
Teachers' Organizations	42	(2)
National Organizations for Teachers	44	(1)
Historical Note: The Birth of Teachers' Unions	44	(2)
State Organizations for Teachers	45	(1)
Local Organizations for Teachers	45	(1)
Subject-Matter Organizations for Teachers	46	(1)
Teachers' Organizations and Public Policy Issues	46	(1)
Professional Reflection	46	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Key Terms	47	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	47	(5)
PART 2 Philosophy and Its Impact on the Schools
The Major Philosophies	52	(20)
What Is Philosophy?	54	(1)
Branches of Philosophy	54	(2)
Metaphysics: What Is the Nature of Reality?	55	(1)
Epistemology: What Is the Nature of Knowledge?	55	(1)
Axiology: What Is the Nature of Values?	56	(1)
Controversial Issue: Should Moral Education, Character Education, Ethics, or Values Education Be a Responsibility of the School?	56	(1)
Ask Yourself: What Is My Philosophy of Life?	57	(1)
Traditional Philosophies and Their Educational Implications	57	(3)
Idealism	58	(2)
Historical Note: Plato's Academy	60	(3)
Realism	60	(2)
Neo-Thomism	62	(1)
Contemporary Philosophies and Their Educational Implications	63	(4)
Pragmatism	63	(2)
Existentialism	65	(2)
Analytic Philosophy	67	(1)
Professional Reflection	67	(1)
Summary	68	(1)
Key Terms	69	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	69	(3)
The Impact of Educational Theories on Educational Practice	72	(28)
Theories of Education	74	(1)
Perennialism	74	(1)
Purpose of Schooling	74	(1)
Historical Note: St. Thomas Aquinas	75	(2)
Nature of the Learner	75	(1)
Curriculum	75	(1)
Instructional Methods	76	(1)
Classroom Management	76	(1)
Assessment	76	(1)
The Perennialist Teacher	76	(1)
Leading Educational Proponents	76	(1)
Progressivism	77	(4)
Purpose of Schooling	77	(1)
Nature of the Learner	77	(1)
Curriculum	78	(1)
Instructional Methods	79	(1)
Classroom Management	79	(1)
Assessment	79	(1)
The Progressivist Teacher	79	(1)
Leading Educational Proponents	80	(1)
Behaviorism	81	(4)
Purpose of Schooling	82	(1)
Nature of the Learner	82	(1)
Curriculum	82	(1)
Instructional Methods	83	(1)
Classroom Management	83	(1)
Assessment	83	(1)
The Behaviorist Teacher	83	(1)
Leading Educational Proponents	84	(1)
Essentialism	85	(2)
Purpose of Schooling	85	(1)
Nature of the Learner	85	(1)
Curriculum	85	(1)
Instructional Methods	85	(1)
Classroom Management	86	(1)
Assessment	86	(1)
The Essentialist Teacher	86	(1)
Leading Educational Proponents	86	(1)
Social Reconstructionism	87	(4)
Purpose of Schooling	88	(1)
Nature of the Learner	88	(1)
Curriculum	89	(1)
Instructional Methods	89	(1)
Classroom Management	89	(1)
Assessment	89	(1)
The Social Reconstructionist Teacher	90	(1)
Leading Educational Proponents	90	(1)
Postmoderism	91	(2)
Purpose of Schooling	91	(1)
Nature of the Learner	92	(1)
Curriculum	92	(1)
Instructional Methods	92	(1)
Classroom Management	92	(1)
Assessment	93	(1)
The Postmodernist Teacher	93	(1)
Leading Educational Proponents	93	(1)
Identifying Your Philosophy of Education	93	(1)
Professional Reflection	94	(1)
Ask Yourself: What Is My Philosophy of Education?	95	(1)
Summary	95	(1)
Key Terms	95	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	96	(4)
PART 3 Historical Foundations of Education
American Education: European Heritage and Colonial Experience	100	(28)
European Background of American Education	102	(3)
Education in Ancient Societies	102	(3)
Ask Yourself: Does Corporal Punishment Have a Place in the Schools?	105	(3)
Education in the Middle Ages	106	(2)
Historical Note: Life of the Medieval University Student	108	(6)
Education During the Renaissance	108	(1)
Education During the Reformation	109	(2)
Later European Educational Thought	111	(3)
Education in the ``New'' Old World Before Jamestown	114	(2)
Native American Education	116	(1)
Education in Colonial America	116	(7)
Education in the New England Colonies	117	(3)
Education in the Mid-Atlantic Colonies	120	(2)
Education in the Southern Colonies	122	(1)
Professional Reflection	123	(2)
Summary	125	(1)
Key Terms	125	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	125	(3)
American Education: From Revolution to the Twentieth Century	128	(32)
Education in the Early National Period	130	(6)
Northwest Land Ordinances	130	(1)
Nationalism and Education	130	(3)
Educational Innovations	133	(2)
The Growth of the Academy	135	(1)
The Common School Movement	136	(5)
Moving Forces	136	(2)
Leading Proponents of the Common School	138	(2)
Growth of State and Local Support and Supervision	140	(1)
Organization and Curriculum	141	(1)
Secondary School Movement	141	(1)
Slow Beginnings	141	(1)
Controversial Issue: Single-Sex Schools and Classes	142	(3)
The Movement Grows as Industry and the Economy Grow	142	(1)
Tax Support, Compulsory Attendance, and the Decline of Illiteracy	143	(1)
The Committee of Ten	143	(1)
The Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education	144	(1)
The Junior High School	144	(1)
Developments in Higher Education	145	(2)
The Dartmouth College Case	145	(1)
The Morrill Acts and the Establishment of Land-Grant Institutions	145	(1)
Higher Education for Women	146	(1)
The Emergence of the Modern University	147	(1)
Founding of Junior Colleges	147	(1)
Education of Minorities	147	(5)
Education of Native Americans	147	(3)
Education of Hispanic Americans	150	(1)
Education of Asian Americans	150	(1)
Education of Black Americans	151	(1)
Historical Note: Zeal for Learning Among Freedmen, 1868	152	(2)
Teacher Education	154	(2)
Establishment of Normal Schools	154	(1)
Teacher Institutes	155	(1)
Normal School Curriculum and Standards Strengthened	155	(1)
Universities Enter Teacher Training	156	(1)
Professional Reflection	156	(1)
Summary	157	(1)
Key Terms	157	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	157	(3)
Modern American Education: From the Progressive Movement to the Present	160	(32)
The Twentieth Century Unfolds	162	(1)
The People and the Nation Grow	162	(1)
Economic Growth	162	(1)
Politics and Reform	162	(1)
Changes in Education	163	(1)
Progressivism in Education	163	(2)
The Beginnings of Progressive Education	163	(1)
John Dewey	164	(1)
Ella Flagg Young	165	(1)
Historical Note: Ella Flagg Young, Pioneer School Administrator	165	(6)
Progressive Education Association	166	(1)
Influence of the Progressive Movement on Higher Education	166	(1)
The Child Study Movement	167	(1)
The Measurement Movement	167	(1)
Education During the Great Depression	168	(1)
George S. Counts and Social Reconstructionism	169	(1)
William C. Bagley and the Essentialists	169	(1)
The Influence of the Second World War	170	(1)
The Postwar Years	171	(1)
The Critics and the Decline of Progressive Education	171	(1)
The Montessori Movement	172	(1)
From Sputnik to the New Federalism	172	(3)
Curriculum Reforms	172	(1)
Education and the War on Poverty	173	(1)
The Civil Rights Movement	174	(1)
Video Insight: The Reunion	175	(5)
The 1970s: Retreat and Retrenchment	177	(1)
The 1980s: Renewed Conservatism and Reform	178	(2)
The 1990s: National Goals, National Standards, and Choice	180	(3)
School Choice	182	(1)
Controversial Issue: Parental Public School Choice	183	(1)
The End of a Presidency, the End of a Century	184	(1)
A New Century Begins	184	(2)
No Child Left Behind	184	(2)
Changing Roles	186	(1)
Professional Reflection	186	(1)
Summary	187	(1)
Key Terms	187	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	187	(5)
PART 4 Schooling in a Diverse and Multicultural Society
The Social and Cultural Contexts of Schooling: Their Influence and Consequence	192	(28)
The Relationship Between School and Society	194	(1)
Agents of Socialization	194	(1)
The School	194	(1)
The Family	194	(1)
Video Insight: Family Lost, Family Found: Children Raised by Their Grandparents	195	(2)
The Peer Group	196	(1)
Religion	196	(1)
The Mass Media	196	(1)
The Purposes and Expectations of Schooling	197	(2)
Functionalist Perspective	197	(1)
Conflict Theory Perspective	198	(1)
Interactionist Perspective	199	(1)
The Diverse Student Population	199	(1)
Social Class	200	(1)
Historical Note: The Concept of Social Class	200	(2)
Controversial Issue: Standardized Testing	202	(5)
Hispanic Americans	203	(1)
African Americans	204	(1)
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders	205	(1)
Native Americans (American Indians and Alaska Natives)	205	(2)
The Racial and Ethnic Achievement Gap	207	(3)
The Racial and Ethnic Attainment Gap	210	(1)
The Declining Gender Gap	211	(3)
Students With Exceptionalities	214	(1)
Language Diversity	215	(1)
Professional Reflection	216	(1)
Summary	216	(1)
Key Terms	216	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	217	(3)
Responding to Diversity	220	(24)
Diversity and Culture	222	(1)
Cultural Influences on Teaching, Learning, and Behavior	223	(1)
Culturally Relevant Teaching	224	(2)
Strategies for Teaching Culturally Diverse Students	226	(1)
Multicultural Education	226	(2)
Approaches to Multicultural Education	227	(1)
The Multicultural Education Debate	228	(1)
Supporting English Language Learners	228	(2)
Video Insight: Controversy Over Bilingual Education	230	(2)
Services to Immigrant Children and Youth	230	(2)
Historical Note: Tape v. Hurley: The Chinese Struggle for Education	232	(1)
Compensatory Education for Disadvantaged Students	232	(1)
Types of Programs	233	(1)
Creating Equal Educational Opportunities for Students With Disabilities	233	(4)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act	234	(2)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act	236	(1)
The Inclusion Debate	237	(1)
Ask Yourself: Inclusion Checklist	237	(1)
Promoting Gender Equity	238	(1)
Strategies for Achieving Gender Equity	239	(1)
Professional Reflection	239	(1)
Summary	240	(1)
Key Terms	240	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	241	(3)
Students at Risk	244	(28)
At-Risk Children and Youth	246	(2)
Identifying At-Risk Students	246	(1)
Risk, Resiliency, and Protective Factors	246	(2)
Tobacco, Drug, and Alcohol Use and Abuse	248	(2)
The Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse	249	(1)
Identifying Alcohol and Drug Use	249	(1)
Prevention and Intervention Strategies	250	(1)
Suicide	250	(3)
Identifying the Suicidal Child or Adolescent	251	(1)
Prevention and Intervention Strategies	252	(1)
Controversial Issue: The School's Role in Suicide Prevention	253	(1)
Dropping Out of School	253	(1)
Identifying the Potential Dropout	254	(1)
Prevention and Intervention Strategies	254	(1)
Teenage Pregnancy	254	(2)
Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy	255	(1)
Prevention and Intervention Strategies	256	(1)
HIV/AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections	256	(2)
Prevention and Intervention Strategies	257	(1)
Historical Note: Outcasts: Three HIV-Positive Brothers Barred From School	258	(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect	258	(4)
Physical Abuse	259	(1)
Child Neglect	259	(1)
Sexual Abuse	259	(1)
Emotional Abuse	260	(1)
Identifying Child Abuse and Neglect	260	(1)
Prevention and Intervention Strategies	261	(1)
School Violence	262	(3)
Bullying	262	(2)
Prevention and Intervention Strategies	264	(1)
Video Insight: Action, Reaction, and Zero Tolerance: How Far Is Too Far?	265	(1)
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning Youth	265	(2)
Improving the School Climate	266	(1)
Professional Reflection	267	(1)
Summary	267	(1)
Key Terms	268	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	268	(4)
PART 5 Legal and Political Control and Financial Support
Legal Framework for the Public Schools	272	(28)
Federal Constitutional Provisions Affecting Education	274	(3)
General Welfare Clause	275	(1)
Obligation of Contracts Clause	275	(1)
First Amendment	275	(1)
Fourth Amendment	276	(1)
Fifth Amendment	276	(1)
Eighth Amendment	276	(1)
Fourteenth Amendment	277	(1)
State Constitutional Provisions Affecting Education	277	(1)
Statutory Law	277	(1)
Federal Statutes	278	(1)
State Statutes	278	(1)
Case Law	278	(1)
Administrative Law	278	(2)
Powers and Organization of the Courts	280	(3)
The Federal Court System	280	(2)
The State Court Systems	282	(1)
Historical Note: Thurgood Marshall: Breaking the Color Barrier on the U.S. Supreme Court	283	(1)
Religion and Education	283	(8)
Religious Activities in the Public Schools	285	(5)
Challenges to the Curriculum	290	(1)
Video Insight: Religion Versus Science	291	(3)
Public Aid to Private Schools	292	(1)
Compulsory Attendance	293	(1)
Private and Homeschooling	294	(1)
Controversial Issue: Homeschooling	294	(1)
Professional Reflection	295	(1)
Summary	296	(1)
Key Terms	296	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	296	(4)
Teachers, Students, and the Law	300	(32)
Teacher Rights and Responsibilities	302	(3)
Terms and Conditions of Employment	302	(3)
Historical Note: Duties of a Colonial Schoolmaster	305	(1)
Teacher Dismissal	305	(1)
Video Insight: Transgender Teacher	306	(13)
Constitutional Rights of Teachers	308	(5)
Teacher Rights: Freedom From Employment Discrimination and Sexual Harassment	313	(1)
Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action	314	(1)
Legal Responsibilities of Teachers	315	(2)
Tort Liability of School District Employees	317	(2)
Student Rights and Responsibilities	319	(2)
Student Discipline	319	(2)
Controversial Issue: Service Learning	321	(7)
Search and Seizure	323	(1)
Freedom of Expression	324	(3)
Sexual Harassment of Students	327	(1)
Student Records and Privacy	328	(1)
Professional Reflection	328	(1)
Summary	329	(1)
Key Terms	329	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	330	(2)
Governance and Financing of Elementary and Secondary Schools	332	(31)
The Context of the Public Schools	334	(1)
Organization for Education	334	(7)
Education at the Local Level	335	(6)
Controversial Issue: Charter Schools	341	(3)
Education at the State Level	341	(2)
The Federal Government and Public Education	343	(1)
Financing of Education	344	(5)
Public Policy Goals in State School Finance	344	(1)
State School Finance Programs	345	(3)
Sources of Revenue for Schools	348	(1)
Historical Note: The Lotteries and Education	349	(4)
The Courts and School Finance	351	(1)
Federal Aid for Elementary and Secondary Schools	351	(2)
Private Education	353	(1)
Video Insight: Vouchers	354	(1)
Private School Enrollments	354	(1)
Current Issues in the Governance and Financing of Education	354	(2)
The New Federal Role	355	(1)
Expanded State and Local Responsibilities	355	(1)
Accountability	355	(1)
Founding an Adequate Education	356	(1)
Enrollment Increases	356	(1)
Professional Reflection	356	(1)
Summary	357	(1)
Key Terms	357	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	357	(6)
PART 6 Curriculum and Instruction
The School Curriculum: Development and Design	363	(21)
Forces Influencing the Curriculum	364	(2)
National Curriculum Standards	365	(1)
Textbooks	365	(1)
Mandated Assessments	366	(1)
Video Insight: Cheating 101: Pressures to Boost Standardized Test Scores	366	(3)
State Governments	367	(1)
Teachers	367	(1)
Local School Boards	368	(1)
Parent and Community Groups	368	(1)
The Federal Government	369	(1)
Curriculum Development	369	(4)
Prescriptive Perspective	369	(1)
Deliberative Perspective	370	(1)
Critical Perspective	371	(1)
Perspectives Compared	372	(1)
Curriculum Mapping	373	(1)
Patterns of Curriculum Design	373	(2)
The Subject-Area Curriculum Design	374	(1)
Historical Note: Phillips Exeter Academy Curriculum, 1818	375	(3)
The Integrated Curriculum Design	376	(1)
The Core Curriculum Design	376	(1)
The Student-Centered Curriculum Design	377	(1)
The Constructivism Curriculum Design	377	(1)
The Social Justice Curriculum Design	378	(1)
Curriculum Contrasts	378	(1)
The Hidden and Null Curricula	378	(1)
Controversial Issue: The Subject-Centered and Student-Centered Curricula	379	(1)
The Curriculum Cycle	380	(1)
Professional Reflection	380	(1)
Summary	381	(1)
Key Terms	381	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	381	(3)
Instructional Practices in Effective Schools	384	(26)
Instructional Goals and Objectives	386	(1)
Educational Goals	386	(1)
Educational Objectives	386	(1)
Taxonomies of Educational Objectives	387	(1)
Models of Instruction	387	(8)
The Information Processing Family of Models	389	(2)
The Social Family of Models	391	(3)
The Personal Family of Models	394	(1)
The Behavioral Systems Family of Models	394	(1)
Relationship Between Teaching and Learning	395	(2)
Controversial Issue: Whole-School Reform Programs	397	(1)
Historical Note: Polingaysi Qoyawayma	398	(1)
Whole-School Reform Models	398	(7)
Professional Reflection	405	(1)
Summary	406	(1)
Key Terms	406	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	406	(4)
PART 7 Projections for the Future
Trends in Education	410	(17)
Historical Note: Nostradamus---Astrologer, Physician, and Futurist	412	(1)
Changing Demographics	413	(2)
Educational Implications of Changing Demographics	414	(1)
Changing Governmental Roles	415	(1)
Controversial Issue: Federally Mandated Assessments	416	(1)
Educational Implications of Changing Governmental Roles	417	(1)
Choice	417	(2)
Educational Implications of Choice	418	(1)
Increased Reliance on Technology	419	(2)
Educational Implications of the Increased Reliance on Technology	420	(1)
Globalization	421	(2)
Educational Implications of Globalization	421	(2)
Coping With the Future	423	(1)
Professional Reflection	423	(1)
Summary	424	(1)
Key Terms	424	(1)
Professional Development Workshop	425	(2)
Glossary	427	(10)
References	437	(16)
Author Index	453	(4)
Subject Index	457