Foundations of Athletic Training Prevention, Assessment, and Management

by Anderson, Marcia K.; Hall, Susan J.; Martin, Malissa

• ISBN13: 9780781750011
• ISBN10: 0781750016
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-24
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

Formerly titled Sports Injury Management, this new edition of this solid textbook is geared particularly to athletic trainers and athletic training students. It uses a problem-solving approach to explain the core information an athletic trainer needs to know including prevention, recognition, assessment, management, and disposition of sports-related injuries and diseases. Features to the new edition include a taping chapter; correlation of the content to the NATA Board of Certification (BOC) Role Delineation Study for exam preparation; additional management algorithms and field strategies; a student study CD-ROM with an anatomy reference and a student study tool; and more. Additional resources are available at the Connection Website, http://connection.lww.com/go/anderson3E.

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
Preface	vii
How to Use This Book	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
Reviewers	xvii
SECTION I Foundations of Athletic Training: Prevention, Assessment, and Management	1	(92)
Sports Injury Management and the Athletic Trainer	3	(16)
The Primary Sports Medicine Team	4	(5)
Team Physician	4	(1)
Primary Care Physician	4	(1)
Athletic Trainer	5	(2)
The Coach or Sport Supervisor	7	(1)
Sport Participant	8	(1)
Athletic Training Student	8	(1)
Physical Therapist	8	(1)
Standards of Professional Practice	9	(1)
The ATC© Credential	9	(1)
Continuing Education Requirements	9	(1)
Registration and Licensure	9	(1)
Career Opportunities in Athletic Training	10	(2)
High School and Collegiate Settings	10	(1)
Sports Medicine Clinics	11	(1)
Dual High School/Clinic Athletic Trainer	11	(1)
Industrial Health Care Programs	11	(1)
Professional Sport Teams	11	(1)
Legal Considerations	12	(7)
Standard of Care	12	(1)
Clearance for Participation	12	(1)
Negligence	12	(1)
Legal Liabilities	13	(2)
Legal Defenses	15	(1)
Preventing Litigation	16	(3)
Preparticipation Examinations	19	(24)
Goals of the Preparticipation Examination	20	(1)
Setting up the Examination	20	(3)
Examination Format	20	(1)
Timing of the Examination	21	(1)
Frequency of the Examination	21	(2)
Medical History	23	(2)
The Physical examination	25	(10)
Vital Signs	25	(1)
General Medical Problems	25	(2)
Cardiovascular Examination	27	(1)
Pulmonary Examination	28	(1)
Musculoskeletal Examination	28	(1)
Neurologic Examination	29	(1)
Eye Examination	30	(2)
Dental Examination	32	(1)
Gastrointestinal Examination	32	(1)
Genitourinary Examination	33	(1)
Dermatological Examination	33	(1)
Examination for Heat Disorders	34	(1)
Laboratory Tests	34	(1)
Physical Fitness Profile	35	(3)
Body Composition and Anthropometry	35	(1)
Maturation and Growth	35	(1)
Flexibility	35	(1)
Strength, Power, and Speed	36	(1)
Agility, Balance, and Reaction Time	36	(1)
Cardiovascular Endurance	37	(1)
Clearance for Participation	38	(5)
Protective Equipment	43	(22)
Principles of Protective Equipment	44	(2)
Materials Used	44	(2)
Construction of Custom Pads and Protective Devices	46	(1)
Rules Regarding Protective Pads	46	(1)
Liability and Equipment Standards	46	(1)
Protective Equipment for the Head and Face	47	(6)
Football Helmets	47	(2)
Ice Hockey Helmets	49	(1)
Batting Helmets	49	(1)
Other Helmets	49	(1)
Face Guards	50	(1)
Eye Wear	50	(2)
Ear Wear	52	(1)
Mouthguards	52	(1)
Throat and Neck Protectors	52	(1)
Protective Equipment for the Upper Body	53	(4)
Shoulder Protection	53	(1)
Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand Protection	54	(1)
Thorax, Rib, and Abdominal Protection	54	(1)
Sport Bras	55	(1)
Lumbar/Sacral Protection	56	(1)
Protective Equipment for the Lower Body	57	(8)
Hip and Buttock Protection	57	(1)
Thigh Protection	57	(1)
Knee and Patella Protection	58	(1)
Lower Leg Protection	59	(1)
Ankle and Foot Protection	59	(3)
Foot Orthotics	62	(3)
Protective Taping and Wrapping	65	(28)
Principles of Taping and Wrapping	66	(4)
Types of Tape and Wraps	67	(1)
Application of Tape	67	(1)
Removal of Tape	68	(1)
Application of Wraps	69	(1)
Common Taping and Wrapping Techniques	70	(23)
Taping and Wrapping Techniques of the Lower Extremity	70	(16)
Taping and Wrapping Techniques of the Upper Extremity	86	(7)
SECTION II Injury Assessment and Rehabilitation	93	(128)
Sport Injury Assessment	95	(42)
The Injury Evaluation Process	96	(3)
HOPS Format	96	(1)
SOAP Note Format	97	(2)
History of the Injury	99	(5)
Primary Complaint	101	(1)
Mechanism of Injury	102	(1)
Characteristics of the Symptoms	102	(1)
Disability Resulting From the Injury	103	(1)
Related Medical History	103	(1)
Observation and Inspection	104	(2)
Observation	104	(1)
Inspection of the Injury Site	105	(1)
Palpation	106	(2)
Physical Examination Tests	108	(8)
Functional Testing	108	(5)
Ligamentous and Capsular Testing	113	(1)
Neurologic Testing	114	(2)
Activity-specific Functional Testing	116	(1)
The Emergency Medical Services System	116	(5)
Pre-season Preparation	117	(2)
Responsibilities of Medical Personnel	119	(2)
Emergency Injury Assessment	121	(7)
Equipment considerations	122	(2)
On-Site History	124	(1)
On-Site Observation and Inspection	124	(1)
On-Site Palpation	125	(1)
On-Site Functional Testing	126	(1)
On-Site Stress Testing	126	(1)
On-Site Neurologic Testing	126	(1)
Vital Signs	126	(2)
Disposition	128	(1)
Moving the Injured Participant	128	(1)
Ambulatory Assistance	129	(1)
Manual Conveyance	129	(1)
Transporting by Spine Board	129	(1)
Pool Extrication	129	(1)
Diagnostic Testing	129	(8)
Laboratory Tests	129	(1)
Radiographs	129	(3)
Computerized Tomography (CT Scan)	132	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	132	(1)
Radionuclide Scintigraph (Bone Scan)	133	(1)
Ultrasonic Imaging	134	(1)
Electromyography	134	(3)
Tissue Healing and Wound Care	137	(26)
Injury Mechanisms	138	(3)
Force and Its Effects	138	(2)
Torque and Its Effects	140	(1)
Soft Tissue Injuries	141	(11)
Anatomical Properties of Soft Tissue	141	(2)
Skin Injury Classifications	143	(1)
Other Soft Tissue Injury Classifications	143	(3)
Soft Tissue Healing	146	(3)
Soft Tissue Wound Care	149	(3)
Bone Injuries	152	(5)
Anatomical Properties of Bone	152	(1)
Bone Injury Classifications	153	(2)
Epiphyseal Injury Classifications	155	(1)
Bony Tissue Healing	156	(1)
Bone Injury Management	156	(1)
Nerve Injuries	157	(2)
Anatomical Properties of Nerve	158	(1)
Nerve Injury Classifications	158	(1)
Nerve Healing	158	(1)
Management of Nerve Injuries	159	(1)
Pain	159	(4)
The Neurological Basis of Pain	159	(1)
Factors that Mediate Pain	160	(1)
Referred Pain and Radiating Pain	160	(3)
Therapeutic Modalities	163	(28)
Electromagnetic Spectrum	164	(3)
Ionizing Range	164	(1)
Non-ionizing Range	164	(1)
Transfer of Energy	165	(1)
Factors Affecting Energy Transfer	165	(1)
Energy's Effect on Tissue	166	(1)
Cryotherapy	167	(5)
Ice Massage	168	(1)
Ice Packs and Contoured Cryo Cuffs™	168	(1)
Ice Immersion	169	(1)
Contrast Bath	170	(1)
Commercial Gel and Chemical Packs	170	(1)
Intermittent Compression Units	171	(1)
Vapocoolant Sprays	171	(1)
Thermotherapy	172	(2)
Whirlpool and Immersion Baths	172	(1)
Hot Tubs and Jacuzzis	173	(1)
Moist Hot Packs	173	(1)
Paraffin Baths	174	(1)
Fluidotherapy	174	(1)
Ultrasound	174	(3)
The Ultrasound Wave	175	(1)
Frequency and Attenuation	175	(1)
Types of Waves	175	(1)
Intensity	175	(1)
Clinical Uses of Ultrasound	175	(1)
Application	176	(1)
Phonophoresis	177	(1)
Diathermy	177	(1)
Continuous Shortwave Diathermy	177	(1)
Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy	178	(1)
Electrotherapy	178	(6)
Principles of Electricity	178	(1)
Types of Currents	179	(1)
Current Modifications	179	(2)
Electrical Stimulating Units	181	(3)
Other Treatment Modalities	184	(3)
Massage	184	(1)
Traction	185	(1)
Continuous Passive Motion (CPM)	186	(1)
Medications	187	(4)
Therapeutic Exercise	191	(30)
Psychological Aspects of the Injured Participant	192	(6)
Goal Setting	193	(1)
Psychological Influences	194	(2)
Interventions	196	(1)
The Athletic Trainer's Role	196	(1)
Referral for Psychological Problems	197	(1)
Developing a Therapeutic Exercise Program	198	(2)
Assess the Patient	198	(1)
Interpret the Assessment	198	(1)
Establish Goals	198	(1)
Develop and Supervise the Treatment Plan	199	(1)
Reassess the Progress of the Program	199	(1)
Phase One: Controlling Inflammation	200	(4)
Control of Inflammation	200	(1)
Effects of Immobilization	201	(1)
Effects of Remobilization	202	(1)
Protection After Injury	203	(1)
Phase Two: Restoration of Motion	204	(7)
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)	204	(3)
Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM)	207	(1)
Active Range of Motion (AROM)	208	(1)
Resisted Range of Motion (RROM)	208	(2)
Proprioception	210	(1)
Open vs. Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises	210	(1)
Phase Three: Developing Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power	211	(4)
Muscular Strength	212	(1)
Muscular Endurance	213	(1)
Muscular Power	213	(1)
Functional Application of Exercise	213	(2)
Phase Four: Return to Sport Activity	215	(6)
Coordination	216	(1)
Sport-Specific Skill Conditioning	216	(2)
Cardiovascular Endurance	218	(3)
SECTION III Axial Region	221	(122)
Head and Facial Conditions	223	(38)
Anatomy Review of the Head and Facial Region	224	(4)
Bones of the Skull	224	(1)
The Scalp	224	(1)
The Brain	224	(1)
The Eyes	224	(3)
The Nose	227	(1)
The Ear	227	(1)
Nerves of the Head and Face	227	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Head and Face	228	(1)
Prevention of Head and Facial Injuries	228	(1)
Scalp Injuries	229	(1)
Cranial Injury Mechanisms	229	(1)
Skull Fractures	230	(1)
Focal Cerebral Conditions	231	(2)
Epidural Hematoma	231	(1)
Subdural Hematoma	232	(1)
Cerebral Contusion	232	(1)
Diffuse Cerebral Conditions	233	(4)
Concussions	233	(3)
Post-traumatic Headaches	236	(1)
Postconcussion Syndrome	236	(1)
Second Impact Syndrome	236	(1)
Assessment of Cranial Conditions	237	(6)
Vital Signs	237	(1)
History and Mental Status Testing	237	(1)
Observation and Inspection	238	(1)
Palpation	239	(1)
Neurologic Tests	239	(3)
External Provocative Tests	242	(1)
Determination of Findings	243	(1)
Facial Conditions	243	(4)
Facial Soft Tissue Conditions	244	(1)
Temporomandibular Joint Conditions	244	(1)
Facial Fractures	245	(2)
Nasal Conditions	247	(2)
Epistaxis	247	(1)
Deviated Septum	247	(1)
Nasal Fractures	248	(1)
Oral and Dental Conditions	249	(2)
Periodontal Disease	250	(1)
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)	250	(1)
Mouth Lacerations	250	(1)
Loose Teeth	250	(1)
Fractured Tooth	251	(1)
Dislocated Tooth	251	(1)
Ear Conditions	251	(2)
External Ear Conditions	251	(1)
Internal Ear Conditions	252	(1)
Tympanic Membrane Rupture	253	(1)
Eye Conditions	253	(8)
Periorbital Ecchymosis	253	(1)
Foreign Bodies	254	(1)
Sty	254	(1)
Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)	254	(1)
Corneal Abrasion	254	(1)
Corneal Laceration	254	(1)
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage	255	(1)
Hemorrhage into the Anterior Chamber	255	(1)
Detached Retina	256	(1)
Orbital Blowout Fracture	257	(1)
Displaced Contact Lens	257	(4)
Spinal Conditions	261	(48)
Anatomy Review of the Spine	262	(5)
Spinal Column and Vertebrae	262	(1)
Intervertebral Discs	262	(1)
Ligaments of the Spine	263	(1)
Muscles of the Spine and Trunk	264	(1)
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	264	(3)
Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Spine	267	(1)
Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension	267	(1)
Lateral Flexion and Rotation	268	(1)
Kinetics of the Spine	268	(1)
Effect of Body Position	268	(1)
Effect of Movement Speed and Impact	268	(1)
Anatomical Variations Predisposing Individuals to Spinal Conditions	269	(2)
Kyphosis	269	(1)
Scoliosis	270	(1)
Lordosis	270	(1)
Pars Interarticularis Fractures	270	(1)
Prevention of Spinal Conditions	271	(1)
Protective Equipment	272	(1)
Physical Conditioning	272	(1)
Proper Skill Technique	272	(1)
Cervical Spine Conditions	272	(5)
Cervical Sprains	272	(1)
Cervical Strains	272	(3)
Cervical Spinal Stenosis	275	(1)
Spear Tackler's Spine	276	(1)
Cervical Disc Injuries	276	(1)
Cervical Fractures and Dislocations	276	(1)
Brachial Plexus Conditions	277	(2)
Acute Burners	277	(2)
Chronic Burners	279	(1)
Suprascapular Nerve Injury	279	(1)
Thoracic Spine Conditions	279	(1)
Thoracic Contusions, Strains, and Sprains	279	(1)
Thoracic Spinal Fractures and Apophysitis	279	(1)
Lumbar Spine Conditions	280	(5)
Lumbar Contusions, Strains, and Sprains	281	(1)
Low Back Pain in Runners	281	(1)
Facet Joint Pathology	282	(1)
Sciatica	282	(1)
Lumbar Disc Conditions	283	(1)
Lumbar Fractures and Dislocations	284	(1)
Sacrum and Coccyx Conditions	285	(1)
Sacroiliac Joint Sprain	285	(1)
Coccygeal Conditions	285	(1)
Assessment of Spinal Conditions	286	(1)
History	286	(1)
Observation and Inspection	286	(4)
Posture	288	(1)
Scan Exam	289	(1)
Gait Assessment	290	(1)
Inspection of the Injury Site	290	(1)
Gross Neuromuscular Assessment	290	(1)
Palpation	290	(1)
Anterior Aspect	290	(1)
Posterior Aspect	291	(1)
Physical Examination Tests	291	(12)
Functional Tests	291	(1)
Stress and Functional Tests	292	(8)
Neurologic Tests	300	(2)
Activity-specific Functional Testing	302	(1)
Rehabilitation	303	(6)
Relief of Pain and Muscle Tension	303	(1)
Restoration of Motion	304	(1)
Restoration of Proprioception and Balance	304	(2)
Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power	306	(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness	306	(3)
Thorax and Visceral Conditions	309	(34)
Anatomy Review of the Throat	310	(1)
Pharynx, Larynx, and Esophagus	310	(1)
Trachea	310	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Throat	310	(1)
Anatomy Review of the Thorax	311	(2)
Thoracic Cage and Pleura	311	(1)
Bronchial Tree and Lungs	311	(1)
Heart	311	(1)
Muscles of the Thorax	312	(1)
Anatomy Review of the Visceral Region	313	(3)
Pelvic Girdle and Abdominal Cavity	313	(1)
Visceral Organs	314	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Trunk	315	(1)
Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle	315	(1)
Anatomy of the Genitalia	316	(1)
Female Reproductive System	316	(1)
Male Reproductive System	317	(1)
Prevention of Injuries to the Throat, Thorax, and Viscera	317	(1)
Protective Equipment	317	(1)
Physical Conditioning	318	(1)
Throat Conditions	318	(1)
Thoracic Conditions	319	(3)
Stitch in the Side	319	(1)
Breast Conditions	320	(1)
Gynecomastia	320	(1)
Strain of the Pectoralis Major Muscle	320	(1)
Costochondral Injury	321	(1)
Sternal Fractures	321	(1)
Rib Fractures	321	(1)
Internal Complications	322	(3)
Hyperventilation	323	(1)
Pulmonary Contusion	323	(1)
Pneumothorax	323	(1)
Hemothorax	324	(1)
Tension Pneumothorax	324	(1)
Traumatic Asphyxia	324	(1)
Heart Injuries	324	(1)
Sudden Death in Athletes	325	(1)
Athletic Heart Syndrome	325	(1)
Abdominal Wall Conditions	325	(2)
Skin Wounds and Contusions	325	(1)
Muscle Strains	325	(1)
Solar Plexus Contusion (``Wind Knocked Out'')	326	(1)
Hernias	326	(1)
Intra-abdominal Conditions	327	(4)
Splenic Rupture	327	(1)
Liver Contusion and Rupture	328	(1)
Appendicitis	328	(1)
Renal and Genitourinary Conditions	328	(3)
Injuries and Conditions of the Genitalia	331	(2)
Male Genital Injuries	331	(2)
Female Genital Injuries	333	(1)
Assessment of Throat, Thorax, and Visceral Conditions	333	(1)
History	333	(2)
Observation and Inspection	335	(4)
Inspection	335	(1)
Auscultation and Percussion	336	(3)
Palpation	339	(2)
Physical Examination Tests	341	(2)
Vital Signs	341	(1)
Urinalysis	341	(1)
Neurologic Tests	341	(2)
SECTION IV Upper Extremity	343	(114)
Shoulder Conditions	345	(46)
Anatomy Review of the Shoulder	346	(5)
Sternoclavicular Joint	346	(1)
Acromioclavicular Joint	346	(1)
Coracoclavicular Joint	347	(1)
Glenohumeral Joint	347	(1)
Scapulothoracic Joint	348	(1)
Muscles of the Shoulder	349	(1)
Bursae	349	(1)
Nerves of the Shoulder	350	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Shoulder	350	(1)
Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Shoulder Complex	351	(3)
Throwing	351	(1)
Coordination of Shoulder Movements	352	(1)
Glenohumeral Flexion	352	(1)
Glenohumeral Extension	353	(1)
Glenohumeral Abduction	353	(1)
Glenohumeral Adduction	353	(1)
Lateral and Medial Rotation of the Humerus	353	(1)
Kinetics of the Shoulder	354	(1)
Prevention of Shoulder Conditions	354	(2)
Protective Equipment	354	(1)
Physical Conditioning	354	(1)
Proper Skill Technique	355	(1)
Sprains to the Shoulder Complex	356	(6)
Sternoclavicular Joint Sprain	357	(1)
Acromioclavicular Joint Sprain	358	(2)
Glenohumeral Joint Sprain	360	(1)
Glenohumeral Instability	360	(1)
Glenohumeral Dislocations and Subluxations	361	(1)
Glenoid Labrum Tears	362	(1)
Overuse Conditions	362	(4)
Rotator Cuff/Impingement Injuries	363	(1)
Bursitis	364	(1)
Bicipital Tendinitis	365	(1)
Biceps Tendon Rupture	365	(1)
Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndrome	366	(1)
Fractures	366	(3)
Clavicular Fractures	367	(1)
Scapular Fractures	368	(1)
Epiphyseal and Avulsion Fractures	368	(1)
Humeral Fractures	369	(1)
Assessment of Shoulder Conditions	369	(2)
History	371	(1)
Observation and Inspection	371	(2)
Palpation	373	(1)
Anterior Palpation	373	(1)
Lateral Palpation	373	(1)
Posterior Palpation	373	(1)
Physical Examination Tests	373	(11)
Functional Tests	373	(3)
Stress Tests	376	(6)
Neurologic Tests	382	(2)
Activity-specific Functional Tests	384	(1)
Rehabilitation	384	(7)
Restoration of Motion	385	(1)
Restoration of Proprioception and Balance	385	(1)
Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power	385	(2)
Cardiovascular Fitness	387	(4)
Upper Arm, Elbow, and Forearm Conditions	391	(30)
Anatomy Review of the Elbow	392	(3)
Humeroulnar Joint	393	(1)
Humeroradial Joint	393	(1)
Proximal Radioulnar Joint	393	(1)
Carrying Angle	393	(1)
Ligaments of the Elbow	393	(1)
Bursae of the Elbow	394	(1)
Muscles of the Elbow	394	(1)
Nerves of the Elbow	395	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Elbow	395	(1)
Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Elbow	395	(1)
Flexion and Extension	395	(1)
Pronation and Supination	396	(1)
Kinetics of the Elbow	396	(1)
Prevention of Elbow Conditions	397	(2)
Protective Equipment	397	(1)
Physical Conditioning	397	(2)
Proper Skill Technique	399	(1)
Contusions	399	(1)
Olecranon Bursitis	400	(1)
Acute and Chronic Bursitis	400	(1)
Septic and Non-septic Bursitis	400	(1)
Sprains	400	(2)
Anterior Capsulitis	401	(1)
Dislocations	401	(1)
Strains	402	(2)
Flexor and Extensor Strains	402	(1)
Rupture of the Biceps Brachii	403	(1)
Rupture of the Triceps Brachii	404	(1)
Compartment Syndrome	404	(1)
Overuse Conditions	404	(4)
Medial Epicondylitis	405	(1)
Common Extensor Tendinitis (Lateral Epicondylitis)	405	(1)
Neural Entrapment Injuries	406	(2)
Fractures	408	(3)
Epiphyseal and Avulsion Fractures	408	(1)
Stress Fractures	409	(1)
Osteochondritis Desiccans	409	(1)
Displaced and Undisplaced Fractures	409	(1)
Fracture Management	409	(2)
Assessment of Elbow Conditions	411	(1)
History	412	(1)
Observation and Inspection	412	(1)
Palpation	413	(1)
Anterior Palpation	413	(1)
Lateral Palpation	413	(1)
Posterior Palpation	413	(1)
Medial Palpation	413	(1)
Physical Examination Tests	413	(4)
Functional Tests	414	(1)
Stress Tests	414	(2)
Neurologic Tests	416	(1)
Activity-specific Functional Tests	417	(1)
Rehabilitation	417	(4)
Restoration of Motion	417	(1)
Restoration of Proprioception and Balance	418	(1)
Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power	418	(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness	419	(2)
Wrist and Hand Conditions	421	(36)
Anatomy Review of the Wrist and Hand	422	(5)
Wrist Articulations	422	(1)
Hand Articulations	423	(1)
Muscles of the Wrist and Hand	423	(3)
Nerves of the Wrist and Hand	426	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Wrist and Hand	426	(1)
Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Wrist and Hand	427	(1)
Flexion	427	(1)
Extension and Hyperextension	427	(1)
Radial and Ulnar Deviation	427	(1)
Carpometacarpal Joint Motion	427	(1)
Metacarpophalangeal Joint Motion	427	(1)
Interphalangeal Joint Motion	427	(1)
Kinetics of the Wrist and Hand	428	(1)
Prevention of Wrist and Hand Conditions	428	(1)
Protective Equipment	428	(1)
Physical Conditioning	428	(1)
Proper Skill Technique	429	(1)
Contusions and Abrasions	429	(1)
Sprains	429	(3)
Wrist Sprains	429	(1)
Gamekeeper's Thumb	429	(1)
Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament Sprains	430	(1)
Dislocations	430	(2)
Strains	432	(3)
Jersey Finger (Profundus Tendon Rupture)	432	(1)
Mallet Finger	432	(1)
Boutonniere Deformity	433	(1)
Tendinoplasties	433	(2)
Ganglion Cysts	435	(1)
Fingertip Conditions	435	(2)
Subungual Hematomas	435	(2)
Paronychia	437	(1)
Nerve Entrapment Syndromes	437	(3)
Median Nerve Entrapment	437	(1)
Ulnar Nerve Entrapment	438	(2)
Radial Nerve Entrapment	440	(1)
Fractures to the Wrist and Hand	440	(5)
Distal Radial and Ulnar Fractures	440	(1)
Carpal Fractures	441	(1)
Metacarpal Fractures	442	(3)
Phalangeal Fractures	445	(1)
Assessment of Wrist and Hand Conditions	445	(1)
History	445	(1)
Observation and Inspection	446	(1)
Palpation	447	(1)
Dorsal Aspect	447	(1)
Palmar Aspect	448	(1)
Physical Examination Tests	448	(5)
Functional Tests	448	(1)
Stress Tests	449	(3)
Neurologic Tests	452	(1)
Activity-specific Functional Tests	453	(1)
Rehabilitation	453	(4)
Restoration of Motion	454	(1)
Restoration of Proprioception and Balance	454	(1)
Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power	454	(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness	454	(3)
SECTION V Lower Extremity	457	(142)
Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Conditions	459	(40)
Anatomy Review of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh	460	(5)
The Pelvis	460	(1)
Bony Structure of the Thigh	461	(1)
The Hip Joint	462	(1)
Hip Joint Capsule	462	(1)
Ligaments of the Hip Joint	463	(1)
Femoral Triangle	463	(1)
Bursae	463	(1)
Q-Angle	463	(1)
Muscles of the Hip Joint	464	(1)
Nerves of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh	465	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh	465	(1)
Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Hip	465	(2)
Pelvic Positioning	465	(1)
Flexion	466	(1)
Extension	466	(1)
Abduction	466	(1)
Adduction	466	(1)
Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Femur	467	(1)
Kinetics of the Hip	467	(1)
Forces at the Hip during Standing	467	(1)
Forces at the Hip during Gait	467	(1)
Prevention of Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Conditions	467	(1)
Protective Equipment	468	(1)
Physical Conditioning	468	(1)
Shoe Selection	468	(1)
Contusions	468	(4)
Hip Pointer	468	(2)
Quadriceps Contusion	470	(1)
Myositis Ossificans	470	(1)
Acute Compartment Syndrome	471	(1)
Bursitis	472	(1)
Greater Trochanteric Bursitis	472	(1)
Iliopsoas Bursitis	472	(1)
Ischial Bursitis	472	(1)
Management of Bursitis	473	(1)
Snapping Hip Syndrome	473	(1)
Sprains and Dislocations	473	(1)
Strains	474	(3)
Quadriceps Strain	474	(1)
Hamstrings Strains	475	(1)
Adductor (Groin) Strain	475	(1)
Gluteal Muscles	476	(1)
Piriformis Syndrome	476	(1)
Management of Strains	476	(1)
Vascular and Neural Disorders	477	(1)
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease	477	(1)
Venous Disorders	478	(1)
Toxic Synovitis	478	(1)
Obturator Nerve Entrapment	478	(1)
Hip Fractures	478	(3)
Avulsion Fractures	479	(1)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis	479	(1)
Stress Fractures	480	(1)
Osteitis Pubis	480	(1)
Displaced and Nondisplaced Pelvic Fractures	480	(1)
Sacral and Coccygeal Fractures	481	(1)
Femoral Fractures	481	(1)
Assessment of Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Conditions	481	(1)
History	482	(1)
Observation and Inspection	482	(3)
Palpation	485	(1)
Anterior Palpation	486	(1)
Posterior Palpation	486	(1)
Physical Examination Tests	486	(10)
Functional Tests	486	(2)
Stress Tests	488	(7)
Neurologic Tests	495	(1)
Activity-specific Functional Tests	495	(1)
Rehabilitation	496	(3)
Restoration of Motion	496	(1)
Restoration of Proprioception and Balance	496	(1)
Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power	496	(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness	496	(3)
Knee Conditions	499	(52)
Anatomy Review of the Knee	500	(6)
Bony Structure of the Knee	500	(1)
Tibiofemoral Joint	501	(1)
Menisci	502	(1)
Joint Capsule and Bursae	502	(1)
Ligaments of the Knee	503	(1)
Other Structures Stabilizing the Knee	503	(1)
Patellofemoral Joint	503	(2)
Muscles Crossing the Knee	505	(1)
Nerves of the Knee	505	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Knee	505	(1)
Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Knee	506	(1)
Flexion and Extension	506	(1)
Rotation and Passive Abduction and Adduction	507	(1)
Knee Motion During Gait	507	(1)
Patellofemoral Joint Motion	507	(1)
Kinetics of the Knee	507	(1)
Forces at the Tibiofemoral Joints	507	(1)
Forces at the Patellofemoral Joint	507	(1)
Prevention of Knee Conditions	508	(1)
Physical Conditioning	508	(1)
Rule Changes	508	(1)
Shoe Design	508	(1)
Contusions	508	(3)
Fat Pad Contusion	508	(1)
Peroneal Nerve Contusion	508	(3)
Bursitis	511	(1)
Ligamentous Conditions	512	(7)
Unidirectional Instabilities	512	(4)
Multidirectional Instabilities	516	(1)
Knee Dislocations	517	(1)
Management of Ligament Conditions	517	(2)
Meniscal Conditions	519	(1)
Patellar and Related Conditions	520	(6)
Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome	521	(1)
Chondromalacia Patellae	522	(1)
Patellar Instability and Dislocations	522	(1)
Patella Plica Syndrome	523	(1)
Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper's Knee)	524	(1)
Osgood-Schlatter's Disease	524	(1)
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson's Disease	525	(1)
Extensor Tendon Rupture	525	(1)
Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome	526	(1)
Fractures and Associated Conditions	527	(3)
Avulsion Fractures	527	(1)
Epiphyseal and Apophyseal Fractures	527	(1)
Stress Fractures	528	(1)
Chondral and Osteochondral Fractures	528	(1)
Osteochondritis Dissecans	529	(1)
Patellar Fractures	530	(1)
Assessing Knee Conditions	530	(1)
History	530	(2)
Observation and Inspection	532	(1)
Palpation	533	(3)
Anterior Palpation	534	(1)
Posterior Palpation with Knee Slightly Flexed	535	(1)
Palpation for Swelling	535	(1)
Physical Examination Tests	536	(10)
Functional Tests	536	(1)
Stress Tests	536	(9)
Neurologic Tests	545	(1)
Activity-specific Functional Tests	546	(1)
Rehabilitation	546	(5)
Restoration of Motion	547	(1)
Restoration of Proprioception and Balance	547	(1)
Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power	548	(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness	549	(2)
Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Conditions	551	(48)
Anatomy Review of the Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot	552	(6)
Forefoot	552	(1)
Midfoot	553	(1)
Hindfoot	554	(1)
Tibiofibular Joints	555	(1)
Plantar Arches	555	(2)
Muscles of the Lower Leg and Foot	557	(1)
Nerves of the Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot	558	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot	558	(1)
Kinematics of the Lower leg, Ankle, and Foot	558	(3)
The Gait Cycle	558	(1)
Toe Flexion and Extension	559	(1)
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion	559	(1)
Inversion and Eversion	560	(1)
Pronation and Supination	560	(1)
Kinetics of the Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot	561	(2)
Forces Commonly Sustained by the Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot	563	(1)
Foot Deformation during Gait	563	(1)
Prevention of Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Conditions	563	(2)
Protective Equipment	563	(1)
Physical Conditioning	564	(1)
Footwear	564	(1)
Toe and Foot Conditions	565	(4)
Toe Deformities	565	(2)
Turf Toe	567	(1)
Reverse Turf Toe (Soccer Toe)	567	(1)
Ingrown Toenail	567	(1)
Metatarsalgia	567	(1)
Bunions	567	(1)
Retrocalcaneal Bursitis	568	(1)
Contusions	569	(1)
Foot Contusions	569	(1)
Lower Leg Contusions	569	(1)
Acute Compartment Syndrome	569	(1)
Foot and Ankle Sprains	570	(4)
Toe and Foot Sprains and Dislocations	570	(1)
Mechanisms of Injury for Ankle Sprains	570	(1)
Lateral Ankle Sprains	571	(1)
Medial Ankle Sprains	572	(1)
Syndesmosis Sprain	573	(1)
Subtalar Sprain	574	(1)
Subtalar Dislocation	574	(1)
Strains of the Foot and Lower Leg	574	(3)
Strains and Tendinitis	574	(3)
Achilles Tendon Rupture	577	(1)
Overuse Conditions	577	(3)
Plantar Fasciitis	578	(1)
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS)	578	(1)
Exertional Compartment Syndrome	579	(1)
Vascular and Neural Disorders	580	(2)
Venous Disorders	580	(1)
Neurologic Conditions	580	(2)
Fractures	582	(4)
Freiberg's Disease	582	(1)
Sever's Disease	582	(1)
Stress Fractures	583	(1)
Avulsion Fractures	584	(1)
Osteochondral Fracture of the Talus	584	(1)
Displaced Fracture and Fracture Dislocations	585	(1)
Assessment of Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Conditions	586	(1)
History	586	(2)
Observation and Inspection	588	(1)
Palpation	589	(1)
Anterior and Medial Palpation	590	(1)
Anterior and Lateral Palpation	590	(1)
Posterior Palpation	590	(1)
Physical Examination Tests	590	(5)
Functional Tests	590	(1)
Stress Tests	591	(3)
Neurologic Tests	594	(1)
Activity-specific Functional Tests	594	(1)
Rehabilitation	595	(4)
Restoration of Motion	595	(1)
Restoration of Proprioception and Balance	595	(1)
Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power	596	(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness	596	(3)
SECTION VI Special Considerations	599	(154)
Environmental Conditions	601	(20)
Heat-Related Conditions	602	(10)
Internal Heat Regulation	602	(2)
Measuring the Heat-Stress Index	604	(1)
Factors that Modify Heat Tolerance	605	(3)
Identifying Individuals at Risk	608	(1)
Heat Illnesses	609	(1)
Other Heat Conditions	610	(2)
Cold-Related Conditions	612	(3)
Preventing Cold-Related Injuries	612	(1)
Cold Conditions	613	(2)
Other Environmental Conditions	615	(6)
Altitude Disorders	615	(2)
Air Pollution and Exercise	617	(1)
Exercising in Thunderstorms	618	(3)
Cardiovascular Conditions	621	(20)
Blood and Lymph Disorders	622	(4)
Anemia	622	(2)
Hemophilia	624	(1)
Reye's Syndrome	625	(1)
Lymphangitis	625	(1)
Syncope	626	(1)
Shock	627	(1)
Blood Pressure Disorders	628	(4)
Hypertension	628	(3)
Hypotension	631	(1)
Sudden Cardiac Death	632	(5)
Epidemiology	632	(1)
Cardiac Causes of Sudden Death	632	(3)
Noncardiac Causes of Sudden Death	635	(2)
Cardiovascular Preparticipation Screening	637	(4)
Neurologic Conditions	641	(12)
Headaches	642	(2)
Migraine Headache	642	(1)
Cluster Headache	643	(1)
Tension-type Headache	643	(1)
Analgesic Rebound Headache	643	(1)
Drug-Induced Headache	643	(1)
Exertional Headache	643	(1)
Post-traumatic Headache	643	(1)
Treatment of Headaches	643	(1)
Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy	644	(4)
Causes of Epilepsy	644	(1)
Types of Seizures	644	(2)
Immediate Management of Seizures	646	(1)
Medications and Epilepsy	646	(1)
Physical Activity Guidelines	646	(2)
Other Central Nervous System Disorders	648	(5)
Meningitis	648	(1)
Encephalitis	649	(1)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome	650	(3)
Respiratory Tract Conditions	653	(10)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections	654	(3)
Common Cold	654	(1)
Sinusitis	654	(1)
Pharyngitis (Sore Throat)	655	(1)
Laryngitis	655	(1)
Tonsillitis	656	(1)
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)	656	(1)
General Respiratory Conditions	657	(6)
Bronchitis	657	(1)
Bronchial Asthma	657	(1)
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm	658	(1)
Influenza	659	(1)
Pneumonia	659	(4)
Gastrointestinal Conditions	663	(8)
Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders	664	(1)
Dysphagia	664	(1)
Gastroesophageal Reflux	664	(1)
Dyspepsia (Indigestion)	664	(1)
Gastric (Peptic) Ulcers	664	(1)
Gastritis	665	(1)
Gastroenteritis	665	(1)
Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders	665	(3)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	665	(1)
Crohn's Disease	666	(1)
Ulcerative Colitis	666	(1)
Diarrhea	666	(1)
Constipation	667	(1)
Hemorrhoids (Piles)	667	(1)
Other Gastrointestinal Problems	668	(3)
Anxiety and Stress Reaction	668	(1)
Vomiting	668	(1)
Food Poisoning	668	(3)
Endocrine Conditions	671	(12)
Thyroid Disorders	672	(1)
Hyperthyroidism	672	(1)
Hypothyroidism	673	(1)
Pancreatitis	673	(1)
Acute Pancreatitis	673	(1)
Chronic Pancreatitis	674	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	674	(9)
The Physiological Basis of Diabetes	674	(2)
Types of Diabetes	676	(1)
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus	677	(2)
Nutrition and Exercise Recommendations	679	(4)
Common Infectious Diseases	683	(12)
Common Childhood Diseases	684	(4)
Bacterial Childhood Diseases	684	(1)
Viral Childhood Diseases	685	(3)
Infectious Mononucleosis	688	(1)
Viral Meningitis	688	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	688	(3)
Hepatitis	691	(1)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	692	(3)
Conditions of the Female Athlete, Disabled Athlete, and Senior Athlete	695	(18)
Special Concerns of the Female Athlete	696	(8)
The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle	696	(1)
Gynecological Irregularities	697	(3)
Birth Control and Sport Participation	700	(1)
Pregnancy and Sport Participation	700	(2)
Eating Disorders	702	(1)
Osteoporosis	703	(1)
The Female Triad	704	(1)
The Disabled Athlete	704	(4)
Wheelchair Athletes	705	(2)
Amputee Athletes	707	(1)
Cerebral Palsy	708	(1)
Visual Impairment	708	(1)
The Senior Athlete	708	(5)
Upper Extremity and Spinal Considerations	708	(1)
Lower Extremity Considerations	709	(4)
Pharmacology	713	(22)
Pharmacokinetics	714	(3)
Drug Administration	714	(1)
Drug Absorption	715	(1)
Drug Distribution	716	(1)
Drug Metabolism	717	(1)
Drug Excretion	717	(1)
Factors That Contribute to the Therapeutic Effect of a Drug	717	(2)
Blood Plasma Levels	718	(1)
Therapeutic Range	718	(1)
Dosing Intervals and Plasma Concentrations	718	(1)
Maximal Efficacy	718	(1)
Half-life	718	(1)
Potency	719	(1)
Drug Interactions	719	(1)
Adverse Drug Reactions	719	(1)
Drug Names	720	(1)
Guidelines for the Use of Therapeutic Medications	720	(3)
Using Over-the-counter (OTC) Medications	721	(1)
Poison Control Plan	722	(1)
Traveling with Medications	722	(1)
Storing Medications	722	(1)
Physician Desk Reference	723	(1)
Common Medications Used to Treat Sport-related Injuries	723	(5)
Analgesics and Antipyretics	723	(1)
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)	723	(1)
Corticosteroids	724	(1)
Local Anesthetics	725	(1)
Muscle Relaxants	726	(1)
Topical Antibiotics	727	(1)
Antiseptics and Disinfectants	727	(1)
Antifungal Agents	728	(1)
Performance Enhancing Substances	728	(4)
Caffeine	729	(1)
Tobacco	729	(1)
Alcohol	729	(1)
Marijuana	730	(1)
Diuretics	730	(1)
Anabolic Steroids	730	(1)
Human Growth Hormone	731	(1)
Amphetamines	731	(1)
Ephedrine	731	(1)
Blood Doping and Erythropoietin (EPO)	731	(1)
Creatine	732	(1)
Drug Testing	732	(3)
Dermatology	735	(18)
Types of Skin Lesions	736	(1)
Skin Infections	736	(7)
Bacterial Skin Conditions	737	(2)
Fungal Skin Conditions	739	(3)
Viral Skin Conditions	742	(1)
Other Skin Reactions	743	(10)
Chafing of the Skin	743	(1)
Athlete's Nodules	744	(1)
Acne Mechanica	744	(1)
Striae Distensae	744	(1)
Sunburn	744	(1)
Pernio (Chilblains)	744	(1)
Miliaria	745	(1)
Dry (Xerotic) Skin	745	(1)
Eczema	745	(1)
Psoriasis	746	(1)
Hyperhidrosis	746	(1)
Bites and Stings	747	(3)
Contact Dermatitis	750	(1)
Urticaria	751	(2)
Appendices	753	(12)
A Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms	755	(6)
B Abbreviations and Symbols	761	(4)
Glossary	765	(10)
Index	775