Foundations of Behavioral Research

by Kerlinger, Fred N.; Lee, Howard B.

• ISBN13: 9780155078970
• ISBN10: 0155078976
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-09
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This text examines the fundamentals of solving a scientific research problem, focusing on the relationship between the problem and the research design. This edition includes new information about computer statistical software, multivariate statistics, research ethics, and writing research reports in APA style. This book is ideal for graduate students in that it covers statistics, research methodology, and measurement all in one volume. This is a book that graduate students will keep as a reference throughout their careers.

Table of Contents

Part One The Language and Approach of Science	1	(62)
Science and the Scientific Approach	3	(20)
Science and Common Sense	4	(2)
Four Methods of Knowing	6	(2)
Science and Its Functions	8	(3)
The Aims of Science, Scientific Explanation, and Theory	11	(3)
Scientific Research: A Definition	14	(1)
The Scientific Approach	15	(4)
Problem-Obstacle-Idea	15	(1)
Hypothesis	15	(1)
Reasoning-Deduction	15	(2)
Observation-Test-Experiment	17	(2)
Chapter Summary	19	(1)
Study Suggestions	20	(3)
Problems and Hypotheses	23	(18)
Problems	24	(1)
Criteria of Problems and Problem Statements	25	(1)
Hypotheses	26	(1)
The Importance of Problems and Hypotheses	27	(1)
Virtues of Problems and Hypotheses	28	(2)
Problems, Values, and Definitions	30	(1)
Generality and Specificity of Problems and Hypotheses	31	(1)
The Multivariable Nature of Behavioral Research and Problems	32	(1)
Concluding Remarks: The Special Power of Hypotheses	33	(1)
Chapter Summary	34	(1)
Study Suggestions	35	(6)
Constructs, Variables, and Definitions	41	(22)
Concepts and Constructs	42	(1)
Variables	42	(1)
Constitutive and Operational Definitions of Constructs and Variables	43	(5)
Types of Variables	48	(6)
Independent and Dependent Variables	48	(5)
Active and Attribute Variables	53	(1)
Continuous and Categorical Variables	54	(2)
Constructs, Observables, and Latent Variables	56	(1)
Examples of Variations and Operational Definitions	57	(4)
Chapter Summary	61	(1)
Study Suggestions	62	(1)
Part Two Sets, Relations, and Variance	63	(68)
Sets	65	(16)
Subsets	66	(1)
Set Operations	67	(1)
The Universal and Empty Sets; Set Negation	68	(1)
Set Diagrams	69	(1)
Set Operations with More Than Two Sets	70	(1)
Partitions and Cross Partitions	71	(3)
Levels of Discourse	74	(3)
Chapter Summary	77	(1)
Study Suggestions	78	(3)
Relations	81	(22)
Relations as Sets of Ordered Pairs	82	(3)
Determining Relations in Research	85	(2)
Rules of Correspondence and Mapping	87	(1)
Some Ways to Study Relations	88	(10)
Graphs	88	(1)
Tables	88	(4)
Graphs and Correlation	92	(3)
Research Examples	95	(3)
Multivariate Relations and Regression	98	(3)
Some Logic of Multivariate Inquiry	98	(2)
Multiple Relations and Regression	100	(1)
Chapter Summary	101	(1)
Study Suggestions	101	(2)
Variance and Covariance	103	(28)
Calculation of Means and Variances	104	(2)
Kinds of Variance	106	(4)
Population and Sample Variances	106	(1)
Systematic Variance	107	(1)
Between-Groups (Experimental) Variance	107	(3)
Error Variance	110	(7)
An Example of Systematic and Error Variance	111	(3)
A Subtractive Demonstration: Removing Between-Groups Variance from Total Variance	114	(3)
A Recap of Removing Between-Group Variance from Total Variance	117	(1)
Components of Variance	118	(1)
Covariance	119	(9)
The Computer Addendum	122	(6)
Chapter Summary	128	(1)
Study Suggestions	129	(2)
Part Three Probability, Randomness, and Sampling	131	(58)
Probability	133	(30)
Definition of Probability	134	(1)
Sample Space, Sample Points, and Events	135	(3)
Determining Probabilities with Coins	138	(1)
An Experiment with Dice	139	(2)
Some Formal Theory	141	(2)
Compound Events and Their Probabilities	143	(2)
Independence, Mutual Exclusiveness, and Exhaustiveness	145	(5)
Conditional Probability	150	(8)
Definition of Conditional Probability	150	(2)
An Academic Example	152	(3)
Bayes' Theorem: Revising Probabilities	155	(1)
Example	156	(2)
Chapter Summary	158	(1)
Study Suggestions	159	(4)
Sampling and Randomness	163	(26)
Sampling, Random Sampling, and Representativeness	164	(3)
Randomness	167	(2)
An Example of Random Sampling	167	(2)
Randomization	169	(6)
A Senatorial Randomization Demonstration	171	(4)
Sample Size	175	(8)
Kinds of Samples	178	(4)
Some Books on Sampling	182	(1)
Chapter Summary	183	(1)
Study Suggestions	183	(6)
Computer Program Listing to Generate Table 8.2	186	(3)
Part Four Analysis, Interpretation, Statistics, and Inference	189	(116)
Principles of Analysis and Interpretation	191	(30)
Frequencies and Continuous	193	(1)
Rules of Categorization	194	(4)
Kinds of Statistical Analysis	198	(13)
Frequency Distributions	199	(1)
Graphs and Graphing	200	(2)
Measures of Central Tendency and Variability	202	(1)
Measures of Relations	203	(1)
Analysis of Differences	204	(1)
Analysis of Variance and Related Methods	205	(2)
Profile Analysis	207	(1)
Multivariate Analysis	208	(3)
Indices	211	(2)
Social Indicators	213	(1)
The Interpretation of Research Data	214	(5)
Adequacy of Research Design, Methodology, Measurement, and Analysis	215	(1)
Negative and Inconclusive Results	216	(1)
Unhypothesized Relations and Unanticipated Findings	216	(2)
Proof, Probability, and Interpretation	218	(1)
Chapter Summary	219	(1)
Study Suggestions	219	(2)
The Analysis of Frequencies	221	(36)
Data and Variable Terminology	223	(1)
Crosstabs: Definitions and Purpose	224	(1)
Simple Crosstabs and Rules for Crosstab Construction	225	(2)
Calculation of Percentages	227	(2)
Statistical Significance and the X2 Test	229	(3)
Levels of Statistical Significance	232	(4)
Types of Crosstabs and Tables	236	(5)
One-Dimensional Tables	236	(1)
Two-Dimensional Tables	237	(3)
Two-Dimensional Tables, ``True'' Dichotomies, and Continuous Measures	240	(1)
Three- and k-Dimensional Tables	240	(1)
Specification	241	(2)
Crosstabulations, Relations, and Ordered Pairs	243	(10)
The Odds Ratio	246	(1)
Multivariate Analysis of Frequency Data	247	(1)
Computer Addendum	248	(5)
Chapter Summary	253	(1)
Study Suggestions	254	(3)
Statistics: Purpose, Approach, Method	257	(18)
The Basic Approach	257	(1)
Definition and Purpose of Statistics	258	(2)
Binomial Statistics	260	(2)
The Variance	262	(2)
The Law of Large Numbers	264	(1)
The Normal Probability Curve and the Standard Deviation	265	(3)
Interpretation of Data Using the Normal Probability Curve-Frequency Data	268	(1)
Interpretation of Data Using the Normal Probability Curve-Continuous Data	269	(3)
Chapter Summary	272	(1)
Study Suggestions	273	(2)
Testing Hypotheses and the Standard Error	275	(30)
Examples: Differences Between Means	276	(1)
Absolute and Relative Differences	277	(1)
Correlation Coefficients	278	(1)
Hypothesis Testing: Substantive and Null Hypotheses	279	(3)
The General Nature of a Standard Error	282	(1)
A Monte Carlo Demonstration	283	(7)
The Procedure	283	(2)
Generalizations	285	(1)
The Central Limit Theorem	286	(1)
The Standard Error of the Differences between Means	287	(3)
Statistical Inference	290	(5)
Testing Hypotheses and the Two Types of Errors	291	(4)
The Five Steps of Hypothesis Testing	295	(4)
Sample Size Determination	295	(2)
Example	297	(2)
Chapter Summary	299	(1)
Study Suggestions	300	(5)
Part Five Analysis of Variance	305	(130)
Analysis of Variance: Foundations	307	(38)
Variance Breakdown: A Simple Example	308	(4)
The t-Ratio Approach	312	(1)
The Analysis of Variance Approach	313	(2)
An Example of a Statistically Significant Difference	315	(2)
Calculation of One-Way Analysis of Variance	317	(4)
A Research Example	321	(1)
Strength of Relations: Correlation and the Analysis of Variance	322	(5)
Broadening the Structure: Post Hoc Tests and Planned Comparisons	327	(4)
Post Hoc Tests	328	(1)
Planned Comparisons	328	(3)
Computer Addendum	331	(9)
t-Ratio or t-Test on SPSS	331	(5)
One-Way ANOVA on SPSS	336	(4)
Addendum	340	(1)
Chapter Summary	340	(1)
Study Suggestions	341	(4)
Factorial Analysis of Variance	345	(42)
Two Research Examples	346	(4)
The Nature of Factorial Analysis of Variance	350	(2)
The Meaning of Interaction	352	(1)
A Simple Fictitious Example	352	(7)
Interaction: An Example	359	(3)
Kinds of Interaction	362	(3)
Notes of Caution	365	(2)
Interaction and Interpretation	367	(1)
Factorial Analysis of Variance with Three or More Variables	368	(3)
Advantages and Virtues of Factorial Design and Analysis of Variance	371	(1)
Factorial Analysis of Variance: Control	372	(2)
Research Examples	374	(3)
Race, Sex, and College Admissions	374	(1)
The Effect of Gender, Type of Rape, and Information on Perception	375	(1)
Student Essays and Teacher Evaluation	376	(1)
Computer Addendum	377	(7)
Chapter Summary	384	(1)
Study Suggestions	385	(2)
Analysis of Variance: Correlated Groups	387	(26)
Definition of the Problem	388	(1)
A Fictitious Example	389	(8)
An Explanatory Digression	390	(3)
Reexamination of Table 15.2 Data	393	(1)
Further Considerations	394	(3)
Extracting Variances by Subtraction	397	(6)
Removal of Systematic Sources of Variance	398	(2)
Additional Correlated Analysis of Variance Designs	400	(3)
Research Examples	403	(6)
Ironic Effects of Trying to Relax Under Stress	403	(1)
Learning Sets of Isopods	403	(2)
Business: Bidding Behavior	405	(1)
Computer Addendum	406	(3)
Chapter Summary	409	(1)
Study Suggestions	409	(4)
Nonparametric Analysis of Variance and Related Statistics	413	(22)
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics	414	(4)
Assumption of Normality	415	(1)
Homogeneity of Variance	416	(1)
Continuity and Equal Intervals of Measures	416	(1)
Independence of Observations	417	(1)
Nonparametric Analysis of Variance	418	(6)
One-Way Analysis of Variance: The Kruskal-Wallis Test	418	(2)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance: The Friedman Test	420	(3)
The Coefficient of Concordance, W	423	(1)
Properties of Nonparametric Methods	424	(1)
Computer Addendum	425	(6)
The Kruskal-Wallis Test on SPSS	425	(5)
The Friedman Test on SPSS	430	(1)
Chapter Summary	431	(1)
Study Suggestions	431	(4)
Part Six Designs of Research	435	(98)
Ethical Considerations in Conducting Behavioral Science Research	437	(12)
Fiction and Reality	437	(10)
A Beginning?	439	(3)
Some General Guidelines	442	(1)
Guidelines from the American Psychological Association	443	(1)
General Considerations	443	(1)
The Participant at Minimal Risk	443	(1)
Fairness, Responsibility, and Informed Consent	444	(1)
Deception	444	(1)
Debriefing	444	(1)
Freedom from Coercion	445	(1)
Protection of Participants	445	(1)
Confidentiality	445	(1)
Ethics of Animal Research	446	(1)
Chapter Summary	447	(1)
Study Suggestions	448	(1)
Research Design: Purpose and Principles	449	(16)
Purposes of Research Design	450	(5)
An Example	451	(1)
A Stronger Design	452	(3)
Research Designs as Variance Control	455	(4)
A Controversial Example	456	(3)
Maximization of Experimental Variance	459	(1)
Control of Extraneous Variables	460	(2)
Minimization of Error Variance	462	(1)
Chapter Summary	463	(1)
Study Suggestions	464	(1)
Inadequate Designs and Design Criteria	465	(16)
Experimental and Nonexperimental Approaches	466	(1)
Symbolism and Definitions	467	(1)
Faulty Designs	468	(4)
Measurement, History, Maturation	470	(1)
The Regression Effect	470	(2)
Criteria of Research Design	472	(6)
Answer Research Questions?	472	(1)
Control of Extraneous Independent Variables	473	(1)
Generalizability	474	(1)
Internal and External Validity	475	(3)
Chapter Summary	478	(1)
Study Suggestions	479	(2)
General Designs of Research	481	(20)
Conceptual Foundations of Research Design	482	(2)
A Preliminary Note: Experimental Designs and Analysis of Variance	484	(1)
The Designs	485	(8)
The Notion of the Control Group and Extensions of Design 20.1	486	(3)
Matching versus Randomization	489	(1)
Matching by Equating Participants	490	(1)
The Frequency Distribution Matching Method	491	(1)
Matching by Holding Variables Constant	492	(1)
Matching by Incorporating the Nuisance Variable Into the Research Design	492	(1)
Participant as Own Control	493	(1)
Additional Design Extensions: Design 20.3 Using a Pretest	493	(2)
Difference Scores	495	(4)
Chapter Summary	499	(1)
Study Suggestions	500	(1)
Research Design Applications: Randomized Groups and Correlated Groups	501	(32)
Simple Randomized Subjects Design	502	(2)
A Research Example	502	(1)
Fear-then-Relief and Compliance	502	(2)
Dolinski
Nawrat
Factorial Designs	504	(6)
Factorial Designs with More than Two Variables	505	(1)
Research Examples of Factorial Designs	505	(1)
Attractiveness and Crime	506	(1)
Sigall
Ostrove
Examples, Schema and Learning	506	(1)
Quilici
Mayer
Example 1	507	(1)
Example 2	507	(1)
Example 3	507	(1)
Example 4	507	(1)
Teacher Knowledge and Pupil Achievement	508	(2)
Hoyt
Evaluation of Randomized Subjects Designs	510	(1)
Correlated Groups	511	(4)
The General Paradigm	512	(1)
Units	513	(1)
One Group Repeated Trials Design	513	(1)
Two groups, Experimental Group-Control Group Designs	514	(1)
Research Examples of Correlated Group Designs	515	(4)
Learning of Autonomic Functions	516	(2)
Miller
DiCara
Effects of Practice on Selective-Attention	518	(1)
Tipper
Eissenberg
Weaver
Multigroup Correlated Groups Designs	519	(1)
Units Variance	519	(1)
Factorial Correlated Groups	520	(3)
Revolutionary Leaders and Conceptual Complexity	521	(1)
Suedfeld
Rank
Offer of Help and Willingness to Seek Support	522	(1)
Perrine
Lisle
Tucker
Analysis of Covariance	523	(2)
Massive Reinforcement and Reading Achievement	524	(1)
Clark
Walberg
Research Design and Analysis: Concluding Remarks	525	(1)
Computer Addendum	526	(2)
Chapter Summary	528	(1)
Study Suggestions	529	(4)
Part Seven Types of Research	533	(88)
Quasi-Experimental and N = 1 Designs of Research	535	(22)
Compromise Designs a.k.a. Quasi Experimental Designs	536	(14)
Nonequivalent Control Group Design	536	(1)
No-Treatment Control Group Design	537	(6)
Research Examples	543	(1)
Nonequivalent Control Group Design	543	(1)
Nelson
Hall
Walsh-Bowers
Quasi-Experiment	543	(1)
Chapman
McCauley
Time Designs	544	(2)
Multiple Time Series Design	546	(1)
Single Subject Experimental Designs	546	(2)
Some Advantages of Doing Single-Subject Studies	548	(1)
Some Disadvantages of Using Single-Subject Designs	549	(1)
Some Single-Subject Research Paradigms	550	(4)
The Stable Baseline: An Important Goal	550	(1)
Designs that Use the Withdrawal of Treatment	550	(1)
The ABA Design	550	(1)
Repeating Treatments (ABAB Designs)	551	(1)
A Research Example	552	(1)
Example of an ABAB Design	552	(1)
Powell
Nelson
Using Multiple Baselines	553	(1)
Chapter Summary	554	(1)
Study Suggestions	555	(2)
Nonexperimental Research	557	(18)
Definition	558	(1)
Basic Difference Between Experimental and Nonexperimental Research	558	(2)
Self-Selection and Nonexperimental Research	560	(1)
Large-Scale Nonexperimental Research	561	(3)
Determinants of School Achievement	562	(1)
Response Style Differences between East Asian and North American Students	563	(1)
Smaller Scale Nonexperimental Research	564	(2)
Sex, Lies, and HIV	564	(1)
Cochran
Mays
Impaired Reading and Written Language in Attention Deficit Children	565	(1)
Elbert
Testing Alternative Hypotheses	566	(2)
Evaluation of Nonexperimental Research	568	(2)
The Limitations of Nonexperimental Interpretation	568	(1)
The Value of Nonexperimental Research	569	(1)
Conclusions	570	(1)
Chapter Summary	571	(1)
Study Suggestions	571	(4)
Laboratory Experiments, Field Experiments, and Field Studies	575	(24)
A Laboratory Experiment: Miller Studies of the Learning of Visceral Responses	576	(1)
A Field Experiment: Rind and Bordia's Study on the Effects of a Server's ``Thank You'' and Personalization on Restaurant Tipping	577	(16)
A Field Study: Newcomb's Bennington College Study	578	(1)
Characteristics and Criteria of Laboratory Experiments, Field Experiments, and Field Studies	579	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Laboratory Experiments	579	(2)
Purposes of the Laboratory Experiment	581	(1)
The Field Experiment	581	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Field Studies	582	(3)
Field Studies	585	(1)
Types of Field Studies	586	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Field Studies	586	(2)
Qualitative Research	588	(5)
Addendum	593	(2)
The Holistic Experimental Paradigm	593	(2)
Chapter Summary	595	(1)
Study Suggestions	596	(3)
Survey Research	599	(22)
Types of Surveys	601	(3)
Interviews and Schedules	601	(2)
Other Types of Survey Research	603	(1)
The Methodology of Survey Research	604	(7)
Checking Survey Data	607	(1)
Three Studies	608	(1)
Political Participation in America	608	(1)
Verba
Nie
A Survey of Male Cross-Dressers	609	(1)
Doctoer
Prince
Community Health Services for Ethnic Minorities	610	(1)
Sue
Fujino
Hu
Takeuchi
Zane
Applications of Survey Research to Education	611	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research	613	(5)
Meta-Analysis	614	(4)
Chapter Summary	618	(1)
Study Suggestions	619	(2)
Part Eight Measurement	621	(68)
Foundations of Measurement	623	(18)
Definition of Measurement	625	(2)
Measurement and ``Reality'' Isomorphism	627	(2)
Properties, Constructs, and Indicants of Objects	629	(1)
Levels of Measurement and Scaling	630	(5)
Classification and Enumeration	631	(1)
Nominal Measurement	632	(1)
Ordinal Measurement	632	(2)
Interval Measurement (Scales)	634	(1)
Ratio Measurement (Scales)	635	(1)
Comparisons of Scales: Practical Considerations and Statistics	635	(3)
Chapter Summary	638	(1)
Study Suggestions	639	(2)
Reliability	641	(24)
Definitions of Realibility	642	(3)
Theory of Reliability	645	(7)
Two Computational Examples	648	(4)
The Interpretation of the Reliability Coeficient	652	(5)
The Standard Error of the Mean and the Standard Error of Measurement	657	(2)
The Improvement of Realiability	659	(3)
The Value of Reliability	662	(1)
Chapter Summary	663	(1)
Study Suggestions	664	(1)
Validity	665	(24)
Types of Validity	666	(14)
Content Validity and Content Validation	667	(1)
Criterion-Related Validity and Validation	668	(1)
Decision Aspects of Validity	669	(1)
Multiple Predictors and Criteria	670	(1)
Construct Validity and Construct Validation	670	(1)
Convergence and Discriminability	671	(1)
A Hypothetical Example of Construct Validation	672	(2)
The Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix Method	674	(2)
Research Examples of Concurrent Validation	676	(1)
Research Examples of Construct Validation	676	(1)
A Measure of Anti-Semitism	677	(1)
A Measure of Personality	677	(1)
The Measurement of Democracy	678	(1)
Other Methods of Construct Validation	679	(1)
A Variance Definition of Validity: The Variance Relation of Reliability and Validity	680	(5)
Statistical Relation between Reliability and Validity	684	(1)
The Validity and Reliability of Psychological and Educational Measurement Instruments	685	(1)
Chapter Summary	685	(1)
Study Suggestions	686	(3)
Part Nine Methods of Observation and Data Collection	689	(64)
Interviews and Interview Schedules	691	(16)
Interviews and Schedules as Tools of Science	693	(1)
The Interview	693	(1)
The Interview Schedule	694	(5)
Kinds of Schedule Information and Items	694	(1)
Fixed-Alternative Items	695	(1)
Example	695	(1)
Open-Ended Items	695	(1)
Example	696	(1)
Scale Items	696	(1)
Criteria of Question-Writing	697	(2)
The Value of Interviews and Interview Schedules	699	(3)
The Focus Group and Group Interviewing: Another Interviewing Method	700	(1)
Some Examples of Focus Group Research	701	(1)
Chapter Summary	702	(1)
Study Suggestions	703	(4)
Classical Works	703	(1)
More Recent Works	703	(1)
``Normal'' Studies	704	(3)
Objective Tests and Scales	707	(20)
Objectivity and Objective Methods of Observation	708	(1)
Tests and Scales: Definitions	709	(7)
Types of Objective Measures	709	(1)
Intelligence and Aptitude Tests	709	(1)
Achievement Tests	710	(1)
Personality Measures	711	(1)
Attitude Scales	712	(3)
Value Scales	715	(1)
Types of Objective Scales and Items	716	(7)
Examples	716	(1)
Agreement-Disagreement Items	717	(1)
Rank Order Items and Scales	718	(1)
Forced-Choice Items and Scales	719	(2)
Ipsative and Normative Measures	721	(2)
Choice and Construction of Objective Measures	723	(1)
Chapter Summary	724	(1)
Study Suggestions	725	(2)
Observations of Behavior and Sociometry	727	(26)
Problems in Observing Behavior	728	(8)
The Observer	728	(1)
Validity and Reliability	729	(2)
Categories	731	(1)
Units of Behavior	731	(1)
Cooperativeness	732	(1)
Observer Inference	732	(1)
Generality or Applicability	733	(1)
Sampling of Behavior	734	(2)
Rating Scales	736	(3)
Types of Rating Scales	737	(1)
Examples	737	(1)
Weaknesses of Rating Scales	738	(1)
Examples of Observation Systems	739	(2)
Time Sampling of Play Behavior of Hearing-Impaired Children	739	(1)
Observation and Evaluation of College Teaching	740	(1)
Assessment of Behavioral Observation	741	(1)
Sociometry	742	(7)
Sociometry and Sociometric Choice	742	(1)
Example	742	(1)
Example	743	(1)
Methods of Sociometric Analysis	743	(1)
Sociometric Matrices	743	(2)
Sociograms or Directed Graphs	745	(1)
Sociometric Indices	746	(1)
Research Uses of Sociometry	747	(1)
Prejudice in Schools	748	(1)
Sociometry and Stereotypes	748	(1)
Sociometry and Social Status	748	(1)
Race, Belief, and Sociometric Choice	748	(1)
Chapter Summary	749	(2)
Study Suggestions	751	(2)
Part Ten Multivariate Approaches	753	(2)
Multiple Regression Analysis: Foundations	755	(1)
Three Research Examples	755	(2)
Simple Regression Analysis	757	(4)
Multiple Linear Regression	761	(1)
An Example	761	(7)
The Multiple Correlation Coefficient	768	(3)
Tests of Statistical Significance	771	(2)
Significance Tests of Individual Regression Weights	773	(1)
Interpretation of Multiple Regression Statistics	773	(1)
Statistical Significance of the Regression and R2	773	(1)
Relative Contributions to Y of the Xs	774	(3)
Other Analytic and Interpretative Problems	777	(3)
Research Examples	780	(1)
DDT and Bald Eagles	780	(1)
Inflation Bias in Self-Assessment Examinations	781	(1)
Multiple Regression Analysis and Scientific Research	782	(1)
Chapter Summary	783	(1)
Study Suggestions	784	(3)
Multiple Regression, Analysis of Variance, and Other Multivariate Methods	787	(1)
One-Way Analysis of Variance and Multiple Regression Analysis	788	(4)
Coding and Data Analysis	792	(3)
Factorial Analyis of Variance, Analysis of Covariance, and Related Analyses	795	(1)
Analysis of Covariance	796	(3)
Discriminant Analysis, Canonical Correlation, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, and Path Analysis	799	(1)
Discriminant Analysis	799	(1)
Canonical Correlation	800	(2)
Research Examples	802	(1)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance	802	(1)
Path Analysis	803	(2)
Ridge Regression, Logistic Regression, and Long-linear Analysis	805	(1)
Ridge Regression	805	(1)
The Problem with Ordinary-Least-Squares (OLS)	806	(2)
Research Example	808	(1)
Logistic Regression	808	(2)
A Research Example	810	(1)
Multiway Contingency Tables and Log-Linear Analysis	811	(5)
Research Example	816	(1)
Multivariate Analysis and Behavioral Research	817	(1)
Chapter Summary	818	(2)
Study Suggestions	820	(5)
Factor Analysis	825	(1)
Foundations	826	(1)
A Brief History	826	(1)
A Hypothetical Example	827	(2)
Factor Matrices and Factor Loadings	829	(2)
Some Factor Theory	831	(2)
Graphical Representation of Factors and Factor Loadings	833	(1)
Extraction and Rotation of Factors, Factor Scores, and Second-Order Factor Analysis	834	(1)
The Communality and Number of Factors Problems	835	(1)
The Principal Factor Method	836	(3)
Rotation and Simple Structure	839	(5)
Second-Order Factor Analysis	844	(1)
Factor Scores	845	(1)
Research Examples	846	(1)
The Comrey Personality Scales	846	(1)
Thurstone Factorial Study of Intelligence	847	(1)
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence	847	(2)
Confirmatory Factor Analysis	849	(2)
Research Example Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis	851	(3)
Factor Analysis and Scientific Research	854	(3)
Chapter Summary	857	(1)
Study Suggestions	858	(5)
Analysis of Covariance Structures	863	(1)
Covariance Structures, Latent Variables, and Testing Theory	864	(4)
Testing Alternative Factor Hypotheses: Duality Versus Bipolarity of Social Attitudes	868	(8)
Latent Variable Influences: The Full Eqs System	876	(2)
Setting Up the EQS Structure	878	(2)
Research Studies	880	(1)
Political Participation in America	881	(1)
Verba
Nie
Relationship of Marital Quality and Psychosocial Adjustment	882	(2)
Brecht
Dracup
Moser
Riegel
Conclusions---and Reservations	884	(3)
Chapter Summary	887	(1)
Study Suggestions	888
Appendix A	A1
Appendix B	B1
References	R1
Name Index	NI-1
Subject Index	SI-1