Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering

by Smith, William F.

• ISBN13: 9780072921946
• ISBN10: 0072921943
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-25
• Publisher: MCG (Manual)

Summary

Smith's Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 3/e provides an eminently readable and understandable overview of engineering materials for undergraduate students. The author has carefully updated each chapter to reflect new technologies and materials types being used in industry. Through concise explanations, numerous worked-out examples, a wealth of illustrations & photos, and a brand new set of online resources, the new edition of Smith provides the most student-friendly introduction to the science & engineering of materials.The third edition features expanded chapter problem sets which now include new Design-Oriented Problems involving materials selection factors. Chapter Openers, also new to this edition, immediately engage students in each chapter's content through a highlighted, real-world application.The new Online Learning Center website will contain extensive student and instructor resources.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering	1	(18)
1.1 Materials and Engineering	2	(3)
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering	5	(1)
1.3 Types of Materials	6	(5)
1.3.1 Metallic Materials	6	(2)
1.3.2 Polymeric (Plastic) Materials	8	(1)
1.3.3 Ceramic Materials	8	(1)
1.3.4 Composite Materials	9	(1)
1.3.5 Electronic Materials	10	(1)
1.4 Competition Among Materials	11	(2)
1.5 Future Trends in Materials Usage	13	(6)
1.5.1 Metallic Materials	13	(1)
1.5.2 Polymeric (Plastic) Materials	13	(1)
1.5.3 Ceramic Materials	14	(1)
1.5.4 Composite Materials	15	(1)
1.5.5 Electronic Materials	15	(4)
CHAPTER 2 Atomic Structure and Bonding	19	(48)
2.1 The Structure of Atoms	20	(1)
2.2 Atomic Numbers and Atomic Masses	20	(4)
2.2.1 Atomic Numbers	20	(2)
2.2.2 Atomic Masses	22	(2)
2.3 The Electronic Structure of Atoms	24	(12)
2.3.1 The Hydrogen Atom	24	(4)
2.3.2 Quantum Numbers of Electrons of Atoms	28	(1)
2.3.3 Electronic Structure of Multielectron Atoms	29	(3)
2.3.4 Electronic Structure and Chemical Reactivity	32	(4)
2.4 Types of Atomic and Molecular Bonds	36	(1)
2.4.1 Primary Atomic Bonds	37	(1)
2.4.2 Secondary Atomic and Molecular Bonds	37	(1)
2.5 Ionic Bonding	37	(7)
2.5.1 Ionic Bonding in General	37	(1)
2.5.2 Interionic Forces for an Ion Pair	38	(3)
2.5.3 Interionic Energies for an Ion Pair	41	(1)
2.5.4 Ion Arrangements in Ionic Solids	42	(1)
2.5.5 Bonding Energies of Ionic Solids	43	(1)
2.6 Covalent Bonding	44	(6)
2.6.1 Covalent Bonding in the Hydrogen Molecule	44	(1)
2.6.2 Covalent Bonding in Other Diatomic Molecules	45	(1)
2.6.3 Covalent Bonding by Carbon	46	(2)
2.6.4 Covalent Bonding in Carbon-Containing Molecules	48	(1)
2.6.5 Benzene	48	(2)
2.7 Metallic Bonding	50	(4)
2.8 Secondary Bonding	54	(3)
2.8.1 Fluctuating Dipoles	55	(1)
2.8.2 Permanent Dipoles	56	(1)
2.9 Mixed Bonding	57	(10)
2.9.1 Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding	57	(1)
2.9.2 Metallic-Covalent Mixed Bonding	58	(1)
2.9.3 Metallic-Ionic Mixed Bonding	59	(8)
CHAPTER 3 Crystal Structures and Crystal Geometry	67	(50)
3.1 The Space Lattice and Unit Cells	68	(1)
3.2 Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices	69	(2)
3.3 Principal Metallic Crystal Structures	71	(7)
3.3.1 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)Crystal Structure	72	(3)
3.3.2 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal Structure	75	(1)
3.3.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure	76	(2)
3.4 Atom Positions in Cubic Unit Cells	78	(1)
3.5 Directions in Cubic Unit Cells	78	(4)
3.6 Miller Indices for Crystallographic PLanes in Cubic Unit Cells	82	(5)
3.7 Crystallographic Planes and Directions in Hexagonal Unit Cells	87	(3)
3.7.1 Indices for Crystal Planes in HCP Unit Cells	87	(1)
3.7.2 Direction Indices in HCP Unit Cells	88	(2)
3.8 Comparison of FCC, HCP, and BCC Crystal Structures	90	(2)
3.8.1 Face-Centered Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal Structures	90	(2)
3.8.2 Body-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure	92	(1)
3.9 Volume, Planar, and Linear Density Unit-Cell Calculations	92	(4)
3.9.1 Volume Density	92	(1)
3.9.2 Planar Atomic Density	93	(2)
3.9.3 Linear Atomic Density	95	(1)
3.10 Polymorphism or Allotropy	96	(1)
3.11 Crystal Structure Analysis	97	(20)
3.11.1 X-ray Sources	98	(1)
3.11.2 X-ray Diffraction	99	(2)
3.11.3 X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystal Structures	101	(16)
CHAPTER 4 Solidification, Crystallin Imperfections, and Diffusion in Solids	117	(64)
4.1 Solidification of Metals	118	(10)
4.1.1 The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Metals	118	(7)
4.1.2 Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and Formation of a Grain Structure	125	(1)
4.1.3 Grain Structure of Industrial Castings	125	(3)
4.2 Solidification of Single Crystals	128	(3)
4.3 Metallic Solid Solutions	131	(5)
4.3.1 Substitutional Solid Solutions	131	(3)
4.3.2 Interstitial Solid Solutions	134	(2)
4.4 Crystalline Imperfections	136	(13)
4.4.1 Point Defects	136	(2)
4.4.2 Line Defects (Dislocations)	138	(3)
4.4.3 Grain Boundaries (Planar Defects)	141	(3)
4.4.4 Grain Size	144	(3)
4.4.5 The Scanning Electron Microscope	147	(2)
4.5 Rate Processes in Solids	149	(5)
4.6 Atomic Diffusion in Solids	154	(7)
4.6.1 Diffusion in Solids in General	154	(1)
4.6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms	154	(3)
4.6.3 Steady-State Diffusion	157	(2)
4.6.4 Non-Steady-State Diffusion	159	(2)
4.7 Industrial Applications of Diffusion Processes	161	(7)
4.7.1 Case Hardening of Steel by Gas Carburizing	161	(5)
4.7.2 Impurity Diffusion into Silicon Wafers for Integrated Circuits	166	(2)
4.8 Effect of Temperature on Diffusion in Solids	168	(13)
CHAPTER 5 Mechanical Properties of Metals 1	181	(56)
5.1 The Processing of Metals and Alloys	182	(11)
5.1.1 The Casting of Metals and Alloys	182	(2)
5.1.2 Hot and Cold Rolling of Metals and Alloys	184	(4)
5.1.3 Extrusion of Metals and Alloys	188	(2)
5.1.4 Forging	190	(1)
5.1.5 Other Metal-Forming Processes	191	(2)
5.2 Stress and Strain in Metals	193	(5)
5.2.1 Elastic and Plastic Deformation	193	(1)
5.2.2 Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain	194	(3)
5.2.3 Poisson's Ratio	197	(1)
5.2.4 Shear Stress and Shear Strain	197	(1)
5.3 The Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram	198	(10)
5.3.1 Mechanical Property Data Obtained from the Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram	201	(5)
5.3.2 Comparison of Engineering Stress-Strain Curves for Selected Alloys	206	(1)
5.3.3 True Stress, True Strain	206	(2)
5.4 Hardness and Hardness Testing	208	(2)
5.5 Plastic Deformation of Metal Single Crystals	210	(13)
5.5.1 Slipbands and Slip Lines on the Surface of Metal Crystals	210	(3)
5.5.2 Plastic Deformation in Metal Crystals by the Slip Mechanism	213	(2)
5.5.3 Slip Systems	215	(1)
5.5.4 Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Metal Single Crystals	216	(2)
5.5.5 Schmid's Law	218	(3)
5.5.6 Twinning	221	(2)
5.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals	223	(4)
5.6.1 Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Strength of Metals	223	(1)
5.6.2 Effect of Plastic Deformation on Grain Shape and Dislocation Arrangements	224	(2)
5.6.3 Effect of Cold Plastic Deformation on Increasing the Strength of Metals	226	(1)
5.7 Solid-Solution Strengthening of Metals	227	(10)
CHAPTER 6 Mechanical Properties of Metals II	237	(42)
6.1 Recovery and Recrystallization of Plastically Deformed Metals	238	(8)
6.1.1 Structure of a Heavily Cold-Worked Metal before Reheating	238	(1)
6.1.2 Recovery	239	(1)
6.1.3 Recrystallization	240	(6)
6.2 Fracture of Metals	246	(8)
6.2.1 Ductile Fracture	246	(1)
6.2.2 Brittle Fracture	247	(1)
6.2.3 Toughness and Impact Testing	248	(3)
6.2.4 Fracture Toughness	251	(3)
6.3 Fatigue of Metals	254	(6)
6.3.1 Cyclic Stresses	256	(2)
6.3.2 Basic Structural Changes that Occur in a Ductile Metal in the Fatigue Process	258	(2)
6.3.3 Some Major Factors that Affect the Fatigue Strength of a Metal	260	(1)
6.4 Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate	260	(6)
6.4.1 Correlation of Fatigue Crack Propagation with Stress and Crack Length 261
6.4.2 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate versus Stress Intensity Factor Range Plots	263	(1)
6.4.3 Fatigue Life Calculations	264	(2)
6.5 Creep and Stress Rupture of Metals	266	(4)
6.5.1 Creep of Metals	266	(2)
6.5.2 The Creep Test	268	(2)
6.5.3 Creep-Rupture Test	270	(1)
6.6 Graphical Representation of Creep- and Stress-Rupture Time-Temperature Data Using the Larsen-Miller Parameter	270	(9)
CHAPTER 7 Polymeric Materials	279	(100)
7.1 Introduction	280	(2)
7.2 Polymerization Reactions	282	(12)
7.2.1 Covalent Bonding Structure an Ethylene Molecule	282	(1)
7.2.2 Covalent Bonding Structure of an Activated Ethylene Molecule	282	(1)
7.2.3 General Reaction for the Polymerization Polyethylene and the Degree of Polymerization	282	(2)
7.2.4 Chain Ploymerization Steps	284	(2)
7.2.5 Average Molecular Weight for Theroplastics	286	(1)
7.2.6 Functionality of a Monomer	287	(1)
7.2.7 Structure of Noncrystalline Linear Polymers	287	(1)
7.2.8 Vinyl and Vinylidene Polymers	288	(2)
7.2.9 Homopolymers and Copolymers	290	(3)
7.2.10 Other Methods of Polymerization	293	(1)
7.3 Industrial Polymerization Methods	294	(3)
7.4 Crystallinity and Stereoisomerism in some Thermoplastics	297	(5)
7.4.1 Solidification of Noncrystalline Thermoplastics	297	(2)
7.4.2 Solidification of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics	299	(1)
7.4.3 Structure of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastic Materials	299	(1)
7.4.4 Stereoisomerism in Thermoplastics	300	(1)
7.4.5 Ziegler and Natta Catalysts	301	(1)
7.5 Processing of Plastic Materials	302	(7)
7.5.1 Processes Used for Thermoplastic Materials	303	(3)
7.5.2 Processes Used for Thermosetting Materials	306	(3)
7.6. General-purpose Thermoplastics	309	(13)
7.6.1 Polyethylene	311	(3)
7.6.2 Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers	314	(2)
7.6.3 Polypropylene	316	(1)
7.6.4 Polystyrene	316	(1)
7.6.5 Polyacrylonitrile	317	(1)
7.6.6 Stryrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN)	318	(1)
7.6.7 ABS	318	(2)
7.6.8 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)	320	(1)
7.6.9 Fluoroplastics	321	(1)
7.7 Engineering Thermoplastics	322	(11)
7.7.1 Polyamides (Nylons)	324	(3)
7.7.2 Polycarbonate	327	(1)
7.7.3 Phenylene Oxide-Based Resins	328	(1)
7.7.4 Acetals	328	(1)
7.7.5 Thermoplastic Polyesters	329	(2)
7.7.6 Polyphenylene Sulfide	331	(1)
7.7.7 Polyetherimide	332	(1)
7.7.8 Polymer Alloys	333	(1)
7.8 Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets)	333	(10)
7.8.1 Phenolics	335	(2)
7.8.2 Epoxy Resins	337	(2)
7.8.3 Unsaturated Polyesters	339	(2)
7.8.4 Amino Resins (Ureas and Melamines)	341	(2)
7.9 Elastomers (Rubbers)	343	(8)
7.9.1 Natural Rubber	343	(3)
7.9.2 Synthetic Rubbers	346	(2)
7.9.3 Properties of Polychloroprene Elastomers	348	(1)
7.9.4 Vulcanization of Polychloroprene Elastomers	348	(3)
7.10 Deformation and Strengthening of Plastic Materials	351	(7)
7.10.1 Deformation Mechanisms for Thermoplastics	351	(1)
7.10.2 Strengthening of Thermoplastics	352	(5)
7.10.3 Strengthening of Thermosetting Plastics	357	(1)
7.10.4 Effect of Temperature on the Strength of Plastic Materials	357	(1)
7.11 Creep and Fracture of Polymeric Materials	358	(21)
7.11.1 Creep of Polymeric Materials	358	(2)
7.11.2 Stress Relaxation of Polymeric Materials	360	(2)
7.11.3 Fracture of Polymeric Materials	362	(17)
CHAPTER 8 Phase Diagrams	379	(48)
8.1 Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances	380	(2)
8.2 Gibbs Phase Rule	382	(1)
8.3 Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems	383	(3)
8.4 The Lever Rule	386	(4)
8.5 Nonequilibrium Solidification of Alloys	390	(4)
8.6 Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems	394	(7)
8.7 Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems	401	(5)
8.8 Binary Monotectic Systems	406	(1)
8.9 Invariant Reactions	407	(2)
8.10 Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases and Compounds	409	(4)
8.10.1 Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases	409	(3)
8.10.2 Intermediate Compounds	412	(1)
8.11 Ternary Phase Diagrams	413	(14)
CHAPTER 9 Engineering Alloys	427	(96)
9.1 Production of Iron and Steel	428	(3)
9.1.1 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast Furnace	428	(1)
9.1.2 Steelmaking and Processing of Major Steel Product Forms	428	(3)
9.2 The Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram	431	(11)
9.2.1 The Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram	431	(1)
9.2.2 Solid Phases in the Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram	432	(2)
9.2.3 Invariant Reactions in the Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram	434	(1)
9.2.4 Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels	435	(7)
9.3 Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon Steels	442	(19)
9.3.1 Martensite	442	(5)
9.3.2 Isothermal Decomposition of Austenite	447	(5)
9.3.3 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagram for a Eutectoid Plain-Carbon Steel	452	(3)
9.3.4 Annealing and Normalizing of Plain-Carbon Steels	455	(1)
9.3.5 Tempering of Plain-Carbon Steels	456	(4)
9.3.6 Classification of Plain-Carbon Steels and Typical Mechanical Properties	460	(1)
9.4 Low-Alloy Steels	461	(9)
9.4.1 Classification of Alloy Steels	461	(2)
9.4.2 Distribution of Alloying Elements in Alloy Steels	463	(1)
9.4.3 Effects of Alloying Elements on the Eutectoid Temperature of Steels	464	(1)
9.4.4 Hardenability	465	(5)
9.4.5 Typical Mechanical Properties and Applications for Low-Alloy Steels	470	(1)
9.5 Aluminum Alloys	470	(18)
9.5.1 Precipitation Strengthening (Hardening)	472	(7)
9.5.2 General Properties of Aluminum and Its Production	479	(2)
9.5.3 Wrought Aluminum Alloys	481	(4)
9.5.4 Aluminum Casting Alloys	485	(3)
9.6 Copper Alloys	488	(6)
9.6.1 General Properties of Copper	488	(1)
9.6.2 Production of Copper	488	(1)
9.6.3 Classification of Copper Alloys	488	(1)
9.6.4 Wrought Copper Alloys	489	(5)
9.7 Stainless Steels	494	(4)
9.7.1 Ferritic Stainless Steels	494	(1)
9.7.2 Martensitic Stainless Steels	495	(1)
9.7.3 Austenitic Stainless Steels	495	(3)
9.8 Cast Irons	498	(8)
9.8.1 General Properties	498	(1)
9.8.2 Types of Cast Irons	499	(1)
9.8.3 White Cast Iron	499	(1)
9.8.4 Gray Cast Iron	499	(2)
9.8.5 Ductile Cast Irons	501	(2)
9.8.6 Malleable Cast Irons	503	(3)
9.9 Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel Alloys	506	(17)
9.9.1 Magnesium Alloys	506	(2)
9.9.2 Titanium Alloys	508	(2)
9.9.3 Nickel Alloys	510	(13)
CHAPTER 10 Ceramics	523	(80)
10.1 Introduction	524	(2)
10.2 Simple Ceramic Crystal Structures	526	(17)
10.2.1 Ionic and Covalent Bonding in Simple Ceramic Compounds	526	(1)
10.2.2 Simple Ionic Arrangements Found in Ionically Bonded Solids	527	(3)
10.2.3 Cesium Chloride (CsC1) Crystal Structure	530	(1)
10.2.4 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Crystal Structure	531	(4)
10.2.5 Interstitial Sites in FCC and HCP Crystal Lattices	535	(2)
10.2.6 Zinc Blend (ZnS) Crystal Structure	537	(2)
10.2.7 Calcium Fluorite (CaF2) Crystal Structure	539	(2)
10.2.8 Antifluorite Crystal Structure	541	(1)
10.2.9 Corundum (Al2o3) Crystal Structure	541	(1)
10.2.10 Spinel (MgA1204) Crystal Structure	541	(1)
10.2.11 Perovskite (CaTiO3) Crystal Structure	541	(1)
10.2.12 Graphite	542	(1)
10.3 Silicate Structures	543	(3)
10.3.1 Basic Structural Unit of the Silicate Silicates	543	(1)
10.3.2 Island, Chain, and Ring Structures of Silicates	543	(1)
10.3.3 Sheet Structures of Silicates	544	(1)
10.3.4 Silicate Networks	545	(1)
10.4 Processing of Ceramics	546	(8)
10.4.1 Materials Preparation	547	(1)
10.4.2 Forming	547	(5)
10.4.3 Thermal Treatments	552	(2)
10.5 Traditional and Engineering Ceramics	554	(5)
10.5.1 Traditional Ceramics	554	(2)
10.5.2 Engineering Ceramics	556	(3)
10.6 Electrical Properties of Ceramics	559	(11)
10.6.1 Basic Properties of Dielectrics	559	(3)
10.6.2 Ceramic Insulator Materials	562	(2)
10.6.3 Ceramic Materials for Capacitors	564	(1)
10.6.4 Ceramic Semiconductors	565	(1)
10.6.5 Ferroelectric Ceramics	566	(4)
10.7 Mechanical Properties of Ceramics	570	(7)
10.7.1 General	570	(1)
10.7.2 Mechanisms for the Deformation of Ceramic Materials	570	(2)
10.7.3 Factors Affecting the Strength of Ceramic Materials	572	(1)
10.7.4 Toughness of Ceramic Materials	572	(2)
10.7.5 Transformation Toughening of Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ)	574	(2)
10.7.6 Fatigue Failure of Ceramics	576	(1)
10.7.7 Ceramic Abrasive Materials	577	(1)
10.8 Thermal Properties of Ceramics	577	(3)
10.8.1 Ceramic Refractory Materials	577	(2)
10.8.2 Acidic Refractories	579	(1)
10.8.3 Basic Refractories	579	(1)
10.8.4 Ceramic Tile Insulation for the Space Shuttle Orbiter	580	(1)
10.9 Glasses	580	(23)
10.9.1 Definition of a Glass	581	(1)
10.9.2 Glass Transition Temperature	581	(1)
10.9.3 Structure of Glasses	582	(2)
10.9.4 Compositions of Glasses	584	(2)
10.9.5 Viscous Deformation of Glasses	586	(2)
10.9.6 Forming Methods for Glasses	588	(1)
10.9.7 Tempered Glass	588	(3)
10.9.8 Chemically Strengthened Glass	591	(12)
CHAPTER 11 Composite Materials	603	(66)
11.1 Introduction	604	(1)
11.2 Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials	604	(8)
11.2.1 Glass Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins	606	(1)
11.2.2 Carbon Fibers for Reinforced Plastics	606	(4)
11.2.3 Aramid Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins	610	(1)
11.2.4 Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Carbon, Aramid, and Glass Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials	610	(2)
11.3 Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials	612	(10)
11.3.1 Matrix Materials for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials	612	(1)
11.3.2 Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials	613	(4)
11.3.3 Equations for Plastic Modulus of a Lamellar Continuous-Fiber-Plastic Matrix Composite for Isostrain and Isostress Conditions	617	(5)
11.4 Open-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials	622	(5)
11.4.1 Hand Lay-Up Process	622	(1)
11.4.2 Spray-Up Process	622	(1)
11.4.3 Vacuum Bag Autoclave Process	623	(2)
11.4.4 Filament-Winding Process	625	(2)
11.5 Closed-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials	627	(2)
11.5.1 Compression and Injection Molding	627	(1)
11.5.2 The Sheet-Molding Compound (SMC) Process	627	(2)
11.5.3 Continuous-Pultrusion Process	629	(1)
11.6 Concrete	629	(10)
11.6.1 Portland Cement	630	(4)
11.6.2 Mixing Water for Concrete	634	(1)
11.6.3 Aggregates for Concrete	634	(1)
11.6.4 Air Entrainment	634	(1)
11.6.5 Compressive Strength of Concrete	634	(1)
11.6.6 Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures	635	(2)
11.6.7 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete	637	(1)
11.6.8 Prestressed Concrete	638	(1)
11.7 Asphalt and Asphalt Mixes	639	(1)
11.8 Wood	640	(10)
11.8.1 Macrostructure of Wood	640	(2)
11.8.2 Microstructure of Softwoods	642	(2)
11.8.3 Microstructure of Hardwoods	644	(1)
11.8.4 Cell-Wall Ultrastructure	644	(2)
11.8.5 Properties of Wood	646	(4)
11.9 Sandwich Structures	650	(2)
11.9.1 Honeycomb Sandwich Structure	651	(1)
11.9.2 Cladded Metal Structures	651	(1)
11.10 Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix Composites	652	(17)
11.10.1 Metal-Matrix Composites (MMCs)	652	(4)
11.10.2 Ceramic-Matrix Composites (CMGs)	656	(13)
CHAPTER 12 Corrosion	669	(60)
12.1 General	670	(1)
12.2 Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals	671	(3)
12.2.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	671	(1)
12.2.2 Standard Electrode Half Cell Potentials for Metals	672	(2)
12.3 Galvanic Cells	674	(12)
12.3.1 Macroscopic Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are One Molar	674	(3)
12.3.2 Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are Not One Molar	677	(1)
12.3.3 Galvanic Cells with Acid or Alkaline Electrolytes with No Metal Ions Present	678	(1)
12.3.4 Microscopic Galvanic Cell Corrosion of Single Electrodes	679	(2)
12.3.5 Concentration Galvanic Cells	681	(2)
12.3.6 Galvanic Cells Created by Differences in Composition, Structure, and Stress	683	(3)
12.4 Corrosion Rates (Dinetics)	686	(10)
12.4.1 Rate of Uniform Corrosion or Electroplanting of a Metal in an Aqueous Solution	687	(3)
12.4.2 Corrosion Reactions and Polarization	690	(3)
12.4.3 Passivation	693	(1)
12.4.4 The Galvanic Series	694	(2)
12.5 Types of Corrosion	696	(13)
12.5.1 Uniform or General Attack Corrosion	696	(1)
12.5.2 Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion	696	(1)
12.5.3 Pitting Corrosion	697	(3)
12.5.4 Crevice Corrosion	700	(2)
12.5.5 Intergranular Corrosion	702	(2)
12.5.6 Stress Corrosion	704	(3)
12.5.7 Erosion Corrsion	707	(1)
12.5.8 Cavitation Damage	707	(1)
12.5.9 Fretting Corrosion	708	(1)
12.5.10 Selective Leaching	708	(1)
12.6 Oxidation of Metals	709	(5)
12.6.1 Protective Oxide Films	709	(2)
12.6.2 Mechanisms of Oxidation	711	(1)
12.6.3 Oxidation Rates (Kinetics)	711	(3)
12.7 Corrosion Control	714	(15)
12.7.1 Materials Selection	714	(2)
12.7.2 Coatings	716	(1)
12.7.3 Design	717	(1)
12.7.4 Alteration of Environment	718	(1)
12.7.5 Cathodic and Anodic Protection	718	(11)
CHAPTER 13 Electrical Properties of Materials	729	(14)
13.1 Electrical Conduction in Metals	730	(11)
13.1.1 The Classic Model for Electrical Conduction in Metals	730	(2)
13.1.2 Ohm's Law	732	(4)
13.1.3 Drift Velocity of Electrons in a Conducting Metal	736	(1)
13.1.4 Electrical Resistivity of Metals	737	(4)
13.2 Energy-Band Model for Electrical Conduction	741	(2)
13.2.1 Energy-Band Model for Metals 741
13.2.2 Energy-Band Model for Insulators	743	(48)
13.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors	744	(7)
13.3.1 The Mechanism of Electrical Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors	744	(1)
13.3.2 Electrical Charge Transport in the Crystal Lattice of Pure Silicon	745	(1)
13.3.3 Energy-Band Diagram for Intrinsic Elemental Semiconductors	746	(1)
13.3.4 Quantitative Relationships for Electrical Conduction in Elemental Intrinsic Semiconductors	746	(3)
13.3.5 Effect of Temperature on Intrinsic Semiconductivity	749	(2)
13.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors	751	(10)
13.4.1 n-Type (Negative-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors	751	(1)
13.4.2 p-Type (Positive-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors	752	(2)
13.4.3 Doping of Extrinsic Silicon Semiconductor Material	754	(1)
13.4.4 Effect of Doping on Carrier Concentrations in Extrinsic Semiconductors	755	(3)
13.4.5 Effect of Total Ionized Impurity Concentration on the Mobility of Charge Carriers in Silicon at Room Temperature	758	(1)
13.4.6 Effect of Temperature on the Electrical Conductivity of Extrinsic Semiconductors	759	(2)
13.5 Semiconductor Devices	761	(8)
13.5.1 The pn Junction	762	(3)
13.5.2 Some Applications for pn Junction Diodes	765
13.5.3 The Bipolar Junction Transistor	717	(52)
13.6 Microelectronics	769	(12)
13.6.1 Microelectronic Planar Bipolar Transistors	769	(1)
13.6.2 Microelectronic Planar Field-Effect Transistors	770	(3)
13.6.3 Fabrication of Microelectronic Integrated Circuits	773	(8)
13.7 Compound Semiconductors	781	(10)
CHAPTER 14 Optical Properties and Superconductive Materials	791	(36)
14.1 Introduction	792	(1)
14.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum	792	(2)
14.3 Refraction of Light	794	(3)
14.3.1 Index of Refraction	794	(2)
14.3.2 Snell's Law of Light Refraction	796	(1)
14.4 Absorption, Transmission, and Reflection of Light	797	(5)
14.4.1 Metals	797	(1)
14.4.2 Silicate Glasses	798	(2)
14.4.3 Plastics	800	(1)
14.4.4 Semiconductors	801	(1)
14.5 Luminescence	802	(2)
14.5.1 Photoluminescence	802	(1)
14.5.2 Cathodoluminescence	803	(1)
14.6 Stimulated Emission of Radiation and Lasers	804	(5)
14.6.1 Types of Lasers	806	(3)
14.7 Optical Fibers	809	(5)
14.7.1 Light Loss in Optical Fibers	809	(1)
14.7.2 Single-Mode and Multimode Optical Fibers	810	(1)
14.7.3 Fabrication of Optical Fibers	810	(3)
14.7.4 Modern Optical-Fiber Communication Systems	813	(1)
14.8 Superconducting Materials	814	(13)
14.8.1 The Superconducting State	814	(1)
14.8.2 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors	815	(2)
14.8.3 Current Flow and Magnetic Fields in Superconductors	817	(1)
14.8.4 High-Current, High-Field Superconductors	818	(2)
14.8.5 High Critical Temperature (Te) Superconducting Oxides	820	(7)
CHAPTER 15 Magnetic Properties	827	(50)
15.1 Magnetic Fields and Quantities	829	(4)
15.1.1 Magnetic Fields	829	(1)
15.1.2 Magnetic Induction	830	(1)
15.1.3 Magnetic Permeability	831	(2)
15.1.4 Magnetic Susceptibility	833	(1)
15.2 Types of Magnetism	833	(5)
15.2.1 Diamagnetism	833	(1)
15.2.2 Paramagnetism	834	(1)
15.2.3 Ferromagnetism	834	(1)
15.2.4 Magnetic Moment of a Single Unpaired Atomic Electron	835	(2)
15.2.5 Antiferromagnetism	837	(1)
15.2.6 Ferrimagnetism	838	(1)
15.3 Effect of Temperature on Ferromagnetism	838	(1)
15.4 Ferromagnetic Domains	839	(1)
15.5 Types of Energies that Determine the Structure of Ferromagnetic Domains	840	(6)
15.5.1 Exchange Energy	841	(1)
15.5.2 Magnetostatic Energy	841	(1)
15.5.3 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Energy	842	(1)
15.5.4 Domain Wall Energy	843	(1)
15.5.5 Magnetostrictive Energy	844	(2)
15.6 The Magnetization and Demagnetization of a Ferromagnetic Metal	846	(1)
15.7 Soft Magnetic Materials	847	(6)
15.7.1 Desirable Properties for Soft Magnetic Materials	847	(1)
15.7.2 Energy Losses for Soft Magnetic Materials	847	(2)
15.7.3 Iron-Silicon Alloys	849	(1)
15.7.4 Metallic Glasses	849	(2)
15.7.5 Nickel-Iron Alloys	851	(2)
15.8 Hard Magnetic Materials	853	(10)
15.8.1 Properties of Hard Magnetic Materials	853	(4)
15.8.2 Alnico Alloys	857	(1)
15.8.3 Rare Earth Alloys	858	(1)
15.8.4 Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnetic Alloys	859	(1)
15.8.5 Iron-Chromium-Cobalt Magnetic Alloys	860	(3)
15.9 Ferrites	863	(14)
15.9.1 Magnetically Soft Ferrites	864	(3)
15.9.2 Magnetically Hard Ferrites	867	(10)
APPENDIX I Some Properties of Selected Elements	877	(2)
APPENDIX II Ionic Radii of the Elements	879	(2)
APPENDIX III Selected Physical Quantities and Their Units	881	(2)
References for Further Study by Chapter	883	(4)
Index	887