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Telling the African American story within the larger context of US history, Freedom on My Mind takes you through significant points in time from the slave trade to the present, encouraging you to carefully analyze source material.
Achieve Read & Practice is now available in dedicated version for this title. Students get the complete accessible, mobile e-book combined with the acclaimed LearningCurve adaptive quizzing—all for just $30 net to the bookstore.Achieve Read & Practice can also be packaged with any bound version of these titles for the price of the book alone—no additional cost.
ContentsPrefaceVersions and SupplementsMaps and FiguresIntroduction for Students
Chapter 1. From Africa to America, 1441-1808Opening Vignette: Prince Henry's African CaptivesAfrican OriginsThe History of West Africa Slavery in West Africa The Rise of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Europe in the Age of the Slave Trade The Enslavement of Indigenous Peoples The First Africans in the Americas The Business of Slave Trading The Long Middle Passage Capture and Confinement On the Slave Coast Inside the Slave Ship Hardship and Misery On Board Conclusion: The Slave Trade’s Diaspora Chapter Review Document Project: Firsthand Accounts of the Slave Trade Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, 1789 - Belinda, The Petition of Belinda - James Barbot Jr., General Observations on the Management of Slaves, 1700 • A Slave in Revolt Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, 1788 - The Brig Sally's LogNotesSuggested References
Chapter 2. African Slavery in North America, 1619-1739Opening Vignette: "20 and Odd Negroes:" The Story of Virginia's First African AmericansSlavery and Freedom in Early English North America Settlers, Servants, and Slaves in the Chesapeake The Expansion of Slavery in the Chesapeake The Creation of the Carolinas Africans in New England Slavery in the Middle Atlantic Colonies Slavery and Half-Freedom in New Netherland Slavery in England’s Middle Colonies Frontiers and Forced Labor Slavery in French Louisiana Black Society in Spanish Florida Slavery and Servitude in Early Georgia The Stono Rebellion Conclusion: Regional Variations of Early American Slavery Chapter Review Document Project: Making Slaves The Codification of Slavery and Race in Seventeenth-Century Virginia, 1630–1680 • The Massachusetts Body of Liberties – An Act for Regulating of Slaves in New Jersey, 1713–1714 • The South Carolina Slave Code, 1740 - Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph (1700) - The Code NoirNotesSuggested References
Chapter 3. African Americans in the Age of Revolution, 1740-1783Opening Vignette: The New York Slave Plot of 1741African American Life in Eighteenth-Century North America Slaves and Free Blacks across the Colonies Shaping an African American Culture The Slaves’ Great Awakening The African American Revolution The Road to Independence Black Patriots Black Loyalists Slaves, Soldiers, and the Outcome of the Revolution American Victory, British Defeat The Fate of Black Loyalists Closer to Freedom Conclusion: The American Revolution’s Mixed Results for Blacks Chapter ReviewDocument Project: Black Freedom FightersPhillis Wheatley, A Poem to the Earl of Dartmouth, 1772 • Phillis Wheatley, Letter to the Reverend Samson Occom, 1774 • Lemuel Haynes, Liberty Further Extended, 1776 • Jean Baptiste Antoine de Verge, "American Soldiers" • Boston King, Memoirs of a Black Loyalist, 1798 • The Death of Major PeirsonNotesSuggested References
Chapter 4. Slavery and Freedom in the New Republic, 1783-1829Opening Vignette: Benjamin Banneker and the Limits to Freedom in the New NationThe Limits of Democracy The Status of Slavery in the New Nation Slavery’s Cotton Frontiers Slavery and Empire Slavery and Freedom outside the Plantation South Urban Slavery and Southern Free Blacks Gabriel’s Rebellion Achieving Emancipation in the North Free Black Life in the New Republic Free Black Organizations Free Black Education and Employment White Hostility The Colonization Debate Conclusion: African American Freedom in Black and WhiteChapter ReviewDOCUMENT Project: Free Black ActivismAbsalom Jones and Others, Petition to Congress on the Fugitive Slave Act, 1799 • Letters From a Man of Color • Sentiments of the People of Color, 1817 • Freedom’s Journal • Kidnapping of an African-American Mother and Child • Bobalition Broadside, 1825NotesSuggested References
Chapter 5. Black Life in the Slave South, 1820-1860Opening Vignette: William Wells Brown and Growing Up in the Slave SouthThe Expansion and Consolidation of Slavery 212Slavery, Cotton, and American Industrialization 213The Missouri Compromise Crisis 215Slavery Expands into Indian Territory 216The Domestic Slave Trade 218Black Challenges to Slavery 220Denmark Vesey’s Plot 221David Walker’s Exile 222Nat Turner’s Rebellion, the Amistad Case, and the Creole Insurrection 225Everyday Resistance to Slavery 227Disobedience and Defiance 227Runaways Who Escaped from Slavery 229Survival, Community, and Culture 232Slave Religion 233Gender, Age, and Work 235Marriage and Family 237Conclusion: Surviving SlaveryChapter ReviewDocument Project: Slave TestimonyJames Curry, Narrative of James Curry, A Fugitive Slave • Lewis Clarke, Questions and Answers about Slavery (1845) • Mary Reynolds, The Days of Slavery, 1937NotesSuggested References
Chapter 6. The Northern Black Freedom Struggle and the Coming of the Civil War, 1830-1860Opening Vignette: Mary Ann Shadd and the Black Liberation Struggle Before the Civil WarThe Boundaries of Freedom Racial Discrimination in the Era of the Common ManThe Growth of Free Black Communities in the NorthBlack Self-Help in an Era of Moral ReformForging a Black Freedom Struggle Building a National Black Community: The Black Convention Movement and the Black PressGrowing Black Activism in Literature, Politics, and the Justice SystemAbolitionism: Moral Suasion, Political Action, Race, and GenderSlavery and the Coming of the Civil WarWestward Expansion and Slavery in the Territories The Fugitive Slave Crisis and Civil DisobedienceConfrontations in "Bleeding Kansas" and the Courts Emigration and John Brown's Raid at Harper's FerryConclusion: Whose Country Is It? Chapter Review DOCUMENT Project: Forging an African American Nation --Slave and Free; North and SouthSarah Mapps Douglass, To Make the Slaves’ Cause Our Own, 1832 • Henry Highland Garnet, An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America, 1843- Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?, 1852 - Escaping Slavery via the Underground Railroad - Dred and Harriet Scott - "Jim Crow"NotesSuggested References
Chapter 7. Freedom Rising: The Civil War, 1861-1865Opening Vignette: Robert Smalls and the African American Freedom Movement during the Civil WarThe Coming of War and the Seizing of Freedom, 1861–1862 War Aims and Battlefield Realities Union Policy on Black Soldiers and Black Freedom Refugee Slaves and Freedpeople Turning Points, 1862–1863 The Emancipation Proclamation The U.S. Colored Troops African Americans in the Major Battles of 1863 Home Fronts and War’s End, 1863–1865 Riots and Restoration of the Union Black Civilians at Work for the War Union Victory, Slave Emancipation, and the Renewed Strugglefor Equality Conclusion: Emancipation and EqualityChapter ReviewDocument Project: Wartime and EmancipationAlfred M. Green, Let Us . . . Take Up the Sword, 1861 • Isaiah C. Wears, TheEvil Injustice of Colonization, 1862 • Susie King Taylor, Reminiscences of My Life in Camp, 1902NotesSuggested References
Chapter 8. Reconstruction: The Making and Unmaking of a Revolution, 1865-1885Opening Vignette: Jourdan and Mandy Anderson Find Security in Freedom after SlaveryA Social Revolution 378Freedom and Family 378Church and Community 381Land and Labor 384The Hope of Education 386A Short-Lived Political Revolution 390The Political Contest over Reconstruction 390Black Reconstruction 393The Defeat of Reconstruction 397Opportunities and Limits outside the South 400Autonomy in the West 400The Right to Work for Fair Wages 403The Struggle for Equal Rights 405Conclusion: Revolutions and ReversalsChapter ReviewDocument Project: The VoteSojourner Truth, Equal Voting Rights, 1867 • Proceedings of the American EqualRights Association, A Debate: Negro Male Suffrage vs. Woman Suffrage, 1869 • Mary Ann Shadd Cary, Woman’s Right to Vote, early 1870sNotesSuggested References
Chapter 9. Black Life and Culture During the Nadir, 1880-1915Opening Vignette: Ida B. Wells: Creating Hope and Community Amidst Extreme RepressionRacism and Black Challenges Racial Segregation Ideologies of White Supremacy Disfranchisement and Political Activism Lynching and the Campaign against It Freedom’s First Generation Black Women and Men in the Era of Jim Crow Black Communities in the Cities of the New South New Cultural Expressions Migration, Accommodation, and Protest Migration Hopes and Disappointments The Age of Booker T. Washington The Emergence of W. E. B. Du Bois Conclusion: Racial Uplift in the NadirChapter ReviewDocument Project: Agency and ConstraintA Georgia Negro Peon, The New Slavery in the South, 1904 • W. E. B. Du Bois,Along the Color Line, 1910 • Letter to the Editor, From the South, 1911NotesSuggested References
Chapter 10. The New Negro Comes of Age, 1915-1940Opening Vignette: Zora Neale Hurston and the Advancement of the Black Freedom StruggleThe Great Migration and the Great War Origins and Patterns of Migration Black Communities in the Metropolises of the North African Americans and the Great War The New Negro Arrives Institutional Bases for Social Science and Historical Studies The Universal Negro Improvement Association The Harlem Renaissance The Great Depression and the New Deal Economic Crisis and the Roosevelt Presidency African American Politics Black Culture in Hard Times Conclusion: Mass Movements and Mass Culture Chapter ReviewDocument Project: Communist Radicalism and Everyday RealitiesW. E. B. Du Bois, Negro Editors on Communism: A Symposium of the American Negro Press, 1932 • Carl Murphy, Baltimore Afro-American • W. P. Dabney, Cincinnati Union • Angelo Herndon, You Cannot Kill the Working Class, 1934 • Richard Wright, 12 Million Black Voices, 1941NotesSuggested References
Chapter 11. Fighting for a Double Victory in the World War II Era, 1939-1948Opening Vignette: James Tillman and Evelyn Bates Mobilize for WarThe Crisis of World War II America Enters the War and States its GoalsAfrican Americans Respond to the WarRacial Violence and Discrimination in the MilitaryAfrican Americans on the Home Front New Jobs, Wartime Migration, and Race Riots Organizing for Economic Opportunity The Struggle for Citizenship Rights Fighting and Dying for the Right to Vote New Beginnings in Political and Cultural Life Desegregating the Army and the GI Bill Conclusion: A Partial Victory Chapter Review Document Project: African Americans and the Tuskegee Experiments Interview with a Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participant, 1972 • Nurse Rivers•Tuskegee Study Participants - Alexander Jefferson, Interview with a TuskegeeAirman, 2006 • Tuskegee Airmen -- William H. Hastie and George E.Stratemeyer, Resignation Memo and Response, 1943NotesSuggested References
Chapter 12. The Early Civil Rights Movement, 1947-1963Opening Vignette: Paul Robeson: A Cold War Civil Rights WarriorAnticommunism and the Postwar Black Freedom Struggle African Americans and Truman’s Loyalty Program Loyalty Programs Force New Strategies The Transformation of the Southern Civil Rights Movement Triumphs and Tragedies in the Early Years, 1951–1956 New Leadership for a New Movement The Watershed Years of the Southern Movement Frustrations Mount Civil Rights: A National Movement Civil Rights in the North and West Fighting Back The March on Washington and the Aftermath Conclusion: The Evolution of the Black Freedom Struggle Chapter ReviewDocument Project: We Are Not AfraidAnne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi, 1968 • Cleveland Sellers, The River ofNo Return, 1973 • Elizabeth Eckford, The First Day: Little Rock, 1957 • Images ofResistance Protest and TerrorNotesSuggested References
Chapter 13. Multiple Meanings of Freedom: The Movement Broadens, 1963-1975Opening Vignette: Stokely Carmichael and the Meaning of Black PowerThe Emergence of Black Power 665Expanding the Struggle Beyond Civil Rights 665Early Black Power Organizations 666Malcolm X 668The Struggle Transforms 671Black Power and Mississippi Politics 672Bloody Encounters 674Black Power Ascends 676Economic Justice and Affirmative Action 681Politics and the Fight for Jobs 681Urban Dilemmas: Deindustrialization, Globalization, and White Flight 682Tackling Economic Injustice 684War, Radicalism, and Turbulence 686The Vietnam War and Black Opposition 687Urban Radicalism 690Conclusion: Progress, Challenges, and Change 693Chapter ReviewDocument Project: Black Power: Expression and RepressionHuey Newton and Bobby Seale, October 1966 Black Panther Party Platform andProgram • COINTELPRO Targets Black Organizations, 1967 • FBI Uses FakeLetters to Divide the Chicago Black Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers, 1969 •“Special Payment” Request and Floor Plan of Fred Hampton’s Apartment, 1969 •Tangible Results, 1969 • Church Committee Report, 1976NotesSuggested References
Chapter 14. The Challenge of Conservatism in an Era of Change, 1968-2000Opening Vignette: Shirley Chisholm: The First of Many FirstsOpposition to the Black Freedom Movement 723Emergence of the New Right 723Law and Order, the Southern Strategy, and Anti–Affirmative Action 724The Reagan Era 726The Persistence of the Black Freedom Struggle 729The Transformation of the Black Panthers 729The Emergence of Black Women 731The Fight for Education 734Black Political Gains 736The Expansion of the Black Middle Class 737The Different Faces of Black America 739The Class Divide 739Hip-Hop, Violence, and the Emergence of a New Generation 742Gender and Sexuality 744All Africa’s Children 746Conclusion: Black Americans on the Eve of the New Millennium 749Chapter ReviewDocument Project: Redefining CommunityCombahee River Collective, The Combahee River Collective Statement, 1977 • Cleo Manago, Speech for the Million Man March, 1995 • Douglas S. Massey, Margarita Mooney, Kimberly C. Torres, and Camille Z. Charles, Black Immigrants and Black Natives Attending Selective Colleges and Universities in the United States, 2007 • A Graffiti Artist in Long Island City, Queens, New York, 2009 • Run-DMC, 1987 • Salt-N-Pepa, 1994NotesSuggested References
Chapter 15. African Americans and the New Century, 2000-PresentOpening Vignette: Barack Hussein Obama, America's 44th PresidentDiversity and Racial Belonging New Categories of Difference Solidarity, Culture, and the Meaning of Blackness Diversity in Politics and Religion Trying Times The Carceral State, or “the New Jim Crow” 9/11 and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq Hurricane Katrina Change Comes to America Obama’s Forerunners, Campaign, and Victory The Obama Administration Obama and Race in America The 2012 Election Conclusion: The Promise or Illusion of the New Century Chapter ReviewDocument Project: Black Lives MatterA Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement • Protesting the Killing of Unarmed Black Men • Ferguson Citizen, Police Confrontation • “We Can’t Breathe” Headline • Phoenix Law Enforcement Association, “Recent Phoenix Police Officer Involved Shooting,” news release, December 15, 2014 • Thomas J. Nee to President Barack Obama and Attorney General Eric Holder, December 29, 2014 • Letter From Sybrina FultonNotesSuggested References
Appendix: DocumentsAppendix: Tables and ChartsGlossary of Key TermsIndex
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