From Hellgill to Bridge End Aspects of Economic and Social Change in the Upper Eden Valley Circa 1840–1895

by Shepherd, Margaret E.; Goose, Nigel

• ISBN13: 9781902806327
• ISBN10: 1902806328
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-11-01
• Publisher: University Of Hertfordshire Press

Summary

A comparative study of the effects of local, regional, and national changes on nine parishes in Britain's Upper Eden Valley during the Victorian period, this book reveals demographic trends among the parishes of Appleby, Brough, and Kirkby Stephen and six surrounding parishes over six censuses.

Author Biography

Margaret E. Shepherd is a historical geographer and a research fellow at Wolfson College.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xi
List of Tables	xiii
General Editor's Preface	xv
Acknowledgements	xix
1 Introduction	1	(38)
The transformation of the national economy	1	(8)
Core and periphery relations	9	(2)
Modernisation	11	(2)
Regions	13	(11)
Cumbria: the region	15	(7)
Westmorland	22	(2)
The study area	24	(11)
Historical background	28	(6)
The towns and villages	34	(1)
Sources	35	(4)
The census enumerations	35	(1)
Other sources	36	(1)
Methodology	37	(2)
2 The Economy of north Westmorland	39	(74)
The Cumbrian economy	40	(5)
The local economy	45	(6)
The local occupational structure	51	(14)
The towns: Appleby (with Bongate), Kirkby Stephen and Brough	55	(1)
The towns: agriculture	55	(1)
The towns: trade	55	(4)
The towns: craft occupations	59	(3)
The towns: professional occupations and services	62	(1)
The towns: transport and unskilled occupations	63	(1)
The towns: conclusion	64	(1)
The leadmining villages: Dufton, Hilton and Murton	65	(6)
The agricultural villages: Crosby Garrett, Soulby and Warcop	71	(5)
Dispersed population townships: Stainmore and Mallerstang	76	(4)
Local economy: conclusion	80	(1)
Special topics	81	(29)
Independent, retired, paupers and workhouse inmates	81	(4)
Children in occupations	85	(6)
Female occupations	91	(5)
Females occupations in the local area	96	(10)
Female occupations: conclusion	106	(1)
Dual or multi-occupations	107	(2)
Dual or multi-occupations: conclusion	109	(1)
Indicators of change	109	(1)
Conclusion	110	(3)
3 The Agricultural Economy	113	(61)
Landownership	119	(11)
Customary tenure	120	(2)
Tithe Awards	122	(4)
The Return of Owners of Land & the 1910 Land Tax Valuation books	126	(4)
Farms, farmers and farm workers	130	(25)
Farms and farm sizes	130	(6)
Men and women on the land	136	(18)
Continuity of farm occupancy	154	(1)
Land use	155	(17)
Conclusion	172	(2)
4 Transport and Communications	174	(50)
Regional water transport	175	(5)
Regional road transport	180	(2)
Roads and the Turnpike Trusts	182	(6)
Coach and carrier services	188	(9)
Regional Railways	197	(2)
Railways in the Upper Eden Valley	199	(21)
The workers	211	(7)
The end of the works	218	(2)
Conclusion	220	(4)
5 The changing community: social and cultural life	224	(59)
Literacy, education and schools	227	(15)
Literacy	228	(3)
Schools and schooling	231	(11)
Religion	242	(11)
The religious census of 1851 & religious affiliations in the area	246	(1)
Nonconformity in the Upper Eden Valley	247	(1)
Church and chapel life	248	(5)
Co-operative and Friendly Societies	253	(7)
Freemasonry in the Upper Eden Valley	260	(2)
The Temperance movement	262	(4)
Sociability and entertainment	266	(7)
Sport	270	(3)
Tourism	273	(2)
Traditional and other customs	275	(2)
Administration and control	277	(4)
Conclusion	281	(2)
6 Migration	283	(53)
The regional picture	286	(3)
Regional migration	289	(5)
The nine parishes: lifetime migration	294	(4)
Family migration paths	296	(2)
Birthplaces in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales	298	(4)
Lifetime migration for sample occupations	302	(13)
Agriculture	302	(4)
The extractive industry	306	(1)
Female domestic servants	307	(3)
Trade	310	(1)
Professional occupations	310	(2)
Railway construction workers	312	(2)
Conclusion	314	(1)
Family migration paths	315	(8)
The local population	315	(6)
Family migration paths among the railway builders	321	(2)
Migration 1851-1891 by inter-censal linkage	323	(5)
Results of linkage	324	(2)
Social mobility	326	(2)
Out-migration	328	(6)
Conclusion	334	(2)
7 Conclusion	336	(9)
Appendix	345	(2)
Bibliography	347	(18)
Index	365