From Prejudice to Persecution : A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism

by Pauley, Bruce F.

• ISBN13: 9780807847138
• ISBN10: 0807847135
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-03-01
• Publisher: Univ of North Carolina Pr

Summary

According to Simon Wiesenthal, nearly half of the crimes associated with the Holocaust were committed by Austrians, who comprised just 8.5 percent of the population of Hitler's Greater German Reich. Bruce Pauley's book explains this phenomenon by providing a history of Austrian anti-Semitism and Jewish responses to it from the Middle Ages to the present, with a particular focus on the period from 1914 to 1938. In contrast to works that view anti-Semitism as an inherent national characteristic, his account identifies many sources and varieties of the anti-Semitic sentiment that pervaded Austrian society on the eve of the Holocaust.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv	(6)
Acknowledgments	xxi	(4)
Abbreviations	xxv	(2)
A Note on Terminology	xxvii
Chapter 1. The Eternal Scapegoat	1	(10)
Allegations Traditional and Modern	2	(5)
The Myth of Jewish World Domination	7	(4)
PART I. ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE	11	(62)
Chapter 2. The Historical Roots	13	(14)
Austrian Jews from the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century	13	(4)
Reform and Reaction: Austrian Jews from Joseph II to 1848	17	(3)
The Revolutions of 1848-1849	20	(2)
Franz Joseph and the Jews	22	(1)
Jewish Demography, 1848-1914	23	(2)
The Outlook in 1880	25	(2)
Chapter 3. Anti-Semitism in Fin-de-Siecle Austria	27	(18)
The Origins of Racism and Political Anti-Semitism in Germany	28	(2)
Academic Anti-Semitism in Austria before the First World War	30	(5)
Georg von Schonerer and Racial Anti-Semitism	35	(3)
The Origins of Catholic Political Anti-Semitism	38	(7)
Chapter 4. Austria's Jews on the Eve of the Great War	45	(16)
The Apparent Decline in Austrian Anti-Semitism, 1897-1914	45	(4)
The Beginnings of Jewish Self-Defense	49	(4)
The Rise of Jewish Nationalism and Zionism in Austria	53	(4)
Conversions, Intermarriage, and the Declining Sense of Jewish Identity	57	(2)
The Outlook in 1914	59	(2)
Chapter 5. A World Collapses	61	(12)
Jewish Support for the War	61	(1)
Jewish Soldiers in the First World War	62	(3)
The Flight of the Galician Jews	65	(4)
Jewish Refugees, Wartime Shortages, and Profiteering, Real and Imagined	69	(4)
PART II. ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE DEMOCRATIC ERA	73	(58)
Chapter 6. Revolution and Retribution	75	(14)
The Jewish Identity Crisis and Left-Wing Politics	75	(4)
Postwar Political and Economic Crises	79	(2)
Anti-Semitic Demonstrations and Counterdemonstrations, 1918-1923	81	(2)
Demands for Expulsion or Internment of Galician Refugees	83	(3)
The Option Question	86	(3)
Chapter 7. Academic Anti-Semitism in the Early Postwar Years	89	(13)
Jewish Entrollment at Austrian Universities and Middle Schools	89	(3)
The Deutsche Studentenschaft and Demands for a Numerus Clausus	92	(4)
Anti-Semitic Violence at Austrian Universities	96	(3)
The Influence of Austrian Academic Anti-Semitism on Germany	99	(1)
The Decline of Anti-Semitism in 1924	100	(2)
Chapter 8. Assassination and Intimidation	102	(15)
The Assassination of Hugo Bettauer	102	(4)
Zionism and the Austrian Anti-Semites	106	(2)
The XIVth World Zionist Congress	108	(2)
Anti-Zionist Demonstrations	110	(7)
Chapter 9. Segregation and Renewed Violence	117	(14)
Private Clubs	117	(4)
The Continuation of Academic Anti-Semitism, 1925-1932	121	(4)
The Creation of Student "Nations"	125	(2)
An End to Academic Violence?: Jewish and American Protests	127	(4)
PART III. THE VARIETIES OF AUSTRIAN ANTI-SEMITISM	131	(74)
Chapter 10. The Marxists	133	(17)
Marx, Engels, and the "Jewish Question"	133	(5)
The Appeal of Socialism for Austrian Jews	138	(2)
Marxist Attacks on "Jewish Capitalism"	140	(5)
Anti-Semites and the Social Democratic Party	145	(5)
Chapter 11. The Roman Catholics	150	(24)
Traditional Catholic Anti-Judaism	151	(5)
The Postwar Christian Social Party	156	(2)
Leopold Kunschak and the Extreme Catholic Anti-Semites	158	(5)
The Moderate Anti-Semite: Ignaz Seipel	163	(1)
Emmerich Czermak and the Pro-Zionists	164	(4)
Roman Catholics and Nazi Anti-Semitism	168	(6)
Chapter 12. The Minor Political Parties and Movements	174	(16)
The Landbund	174	(1)
Paramilitary Formations: The Heimwehr and the Frontkampfervereinigung	175	(5)
The Greater German People's Party	180	(3)
The Antisemitenbund	183	(7)
Chapter 13. The Austrian Nazi Party	190	(15)
The German Workers' Party	191	(3)
Nazi Demonstrations and Violence in the Early Republic	194	(2)
The Great Depression and the Resurgence of the Austrian Nazis	196	(2)
Scandalmongering: The Theater, the Cinema, and the Press	198	(2)
Nazi Solutions to the "Jewish Problem"	200	(2)
Anti-Semitism as a Unifying Element	202	(3)
PART IV. AUSTRIA'S JEWS AND THE ANTI-SEMITIC THREAT	205	(70)
Chapter 14. The Jews in Austrian Society	207	(14)
Anti-Semitic Estimates of "Ethnic" Jews in Austria	207	(2)
The Declining Jewish Population in Austria	209	(3)
Jewish Wealth, Poverty, and Employment	212	(5)
The "Jewish Press"	217	(4)
Chapter 15. A House Divided: Internal Jewish Politics	221	(10)
The Zionist Challenge	221	(3)
The Assimilationist Response to Zionism	224	(1)
Zionist Factionalism	225	(1)
Orthodox Judaism in Austria	226	(1)
Jewish Internal Politics and the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde	226	(5)
Chapter 16. The View from the South	231	(11)
The Jewish Press and the Rise of the Nazis	232	(3)
The Austro-Jewish Press and the Third Reich	235	(3)
Austrian Jews and Nazi Germany in the Middle 1930s	238	(4)
Chapter 17. The Defense against Anti-Semitism	242	(18)
Jewish Factionalism As a Hindrance to Self-Defense	242	(2)
The Legalistic Approach to Self-Defense	244	(1)
Zionist Self-Defense	245	(1)
Calls for Jewish Unity	246	(5)
Christian Allies	251	(7)
The Defense against Anti-Semitism: How Effective?	258	(2)
Chapter 18. Friend or Foe?: The Dollfuss-Schuschnigg Regime	260	(15)
The Jewish Press and the Dollfuss Regime	260	(3)
Restraining Influences on Government-Sponsored Anti-Semitism	263	(3)
The Jewish Press, the Socialist Uprising, and the Schuschnigg Chancellorship	266	(2)
Quiet Anti-Semitism	268	(7)
PART V. DEPORTATION, DEATH, AND DELIVERANCE	275	(60)
Chapter 19. From the Anschluss to Extermination	277	(24)
Jewish Optimism in the Last Days of Austrian Independence	277	(2)
Arrests and "Aryanization"	279	(5)
A Model for the Third Reich?	284	(2)
The November Pogrom	286	(2)
The Solution to Vienna's Housing Problem	288	(2)
Legal Discrimination	290	(3)
Emigration and Deportation	293	(5)
Cardinal Innitzer and Catholic Assistance to Baptized Jews	298	(3)
Chapter 20. Restitution and Recovery	301	(17)
Anti-Semitism after the Holocaust	301	(4)
Anti-Semitism and Public Opinion Polls	305	(2)
Restitution and De-Nazification	307	(3)
The Waldheim Affair	310	(2)
Renewed Efforts to Combat Anti-Semitism	312	(3)
Looking to the Future	315	(3)
Chapter 21. Final Thoughts	318	(17)
The Exploitation of Political Anti-Semitism	318	(6)
The Eternal Optimists	324	(3)
The Question of Responsibility	327	(2)
American and Austrian Racism and the Passing of Moral Judgments	329	(6)
Notes	335	(42)
Bibliography	377	(26)
Index	403