From Scarcity to Visibility : Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers

by Long, J. Scott.; Panel to Study Gender Differences in Career Outcomes; Skidmore, Linda C.; Gaddy, Catherine D.; National Research Council (U. S.); Long, J. Scott.; National Research Council (U. S.) Panel for the Study of Gender differe

• ISBN13: 9780309055802
• ISBN10: 0309055806
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-09-01
• Publisher: Natl Academy Pr

Summary

Although women have made important inroads in science and engineering since the early 1970s, their progress in these fields has stalled over the past several years. This study looks at women in science and engineering careers in the 1970s and 1980s, documenting differences in career outcomes between men and women and between women of different races and ethnic backgrounds.This book explores the following questions and their policy implications: In what sectors are female Ph.D.s employed? What salary disparities exist between men and women in these fields? How is marital status associated with career attainment? Does it help a career to have a postdoctoral appointment? How well are female scientists and engineers represented in management?Within the broader context of education and the labor market, the book provides detailed comparisons between men and women Ph.D.s in a number of measures: financial support for education, academic rank achieved, salary, and others. The study covers engineering; the mathematical, physical, life, and social and behavioral sciences; medical school faculty; and recipients of National Institutes of Health grants.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary	p. 1
Introduction and Overview	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
History of the Report	p. 10
Structure of the Report	p. 12
Minority Scientists	p. 13
Data and Methods	p. 15
Fields	p. 15
Data Sources	p. 16
Year of Survey Year of Ph.D., Career Year, and Synthetic Cohorts	p. 18
Variable Descriptions	p. 20
Statistical Methods	p. 25
Entry into Science	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
The Pipeline to the Ph.D.	p. 31
Baccalureate Degrees	p. 32
Doctoral Degrees in Science and Engineering	p. 34
Summary of Degrees in Science and Engineering	p. 39
Background Characteristics of Scientists and Engineers	p. 40
Marriage and Family	p. 58
Conclusions	p. 60
Labor Force Participation	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
The Full-Time Scientific and Engineering Labor Force	p. 66
The Age of Structure in Science and Engineering	p. 70
Labor Force Participation	p. 74
Explanations for Differences in Labor Force Participation	p. 88
Years of Work Experience	p. 96
Summary and Conclusions	p. 97
Sector of Employment and Work Activity	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Sector of Employment	p. 103
Primary Work Activity	p. 112
Summary	p. 121
The Academic Career	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Full-Time Employment in Academia	p. 124
The Age Structure in Academia	p. 130
Type of Academic Institutions	p. 134
The Academic Ladder	p. 144
Research Productivity	p. 180
The Presence of Women in Academic Positions	p. 181
Gender Differences in Salary	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
Gross Gender Differences in Salary	p. 190
Professional Age and Doctoral Cohort	p. 192
Field Differences	p. 196
Employment Sector and Primary Work Activity	p. 199
Regression Results	p. 202
Salaries in Industry and Government	p. 205
Salaries in Academia	p. 207
Summary	p. 215
Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 218
Summary	p. 218
Recommendations	p. 219
The Need for Future Research	p. 220
Bibliography	p. 222
Appendixes
Carnegie Classifications	p. 231
Tables	p. 235
Tables	p. 257
Tables	p. 271
Tables	p. 307
Glossary	p. 310
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